褐煤经磺化及碱化处理对重金属离子吸附性能研究

褐煤经磺化和碱化处理对褐煤吸附重金属的性能影响显著,通过对金属离子Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｐｂ＾２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｃｄ＾２＋,Ｎｉ＾２＋的单组分或多组分溶液进行吸附研究,对比了吸附速率、吸附容量、吸附选择性、耐酸性以及抗干扰能力等方面的差异,探讨了磺化褐煤和碱化褐煤对重金属离子的吸附机理,指出了今后的研究方向。     

泥炭和褐煤对Zn^2＋,Cu^2＋,Pb^2＋等重金属离子的吸附特征

利用天然有机吸附剂泥炭和褐煤对重金属离子Ｚｎ＾２＋，Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋的单组分水溶液进行吸附研究。对吸附模型，吸附时间，不同吸附剂投放量，金属离子种类等给予表征，基本符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温线。     

黄棕壤和红壤吸附磷酸根后对Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋次级吸附的动力学

本文用流动法考察湖北省黄棕壤和湖南省红壤吸附磷酸根后，对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的动力学。结果表明，Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋的次级吸附动力学可用一级议程拟合。初级吸附的磷酸根可造成黄棕壤对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的速率下降；而红壤对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的快反应速率下降，慢反应速率加大。Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋浓度增高可加快次级吸附反应速率；升高温度也可增快次级吸附速率。扩散作用对     

镍（Ⅱ）模板一缩二乙二醇双缩水甘油醚交联壳聚糖的合成及其吸附特性

以镍离子为模板剂，合成一缩二乙二西文缩水甘油醚交联的壳聚糖树脂，并研究了该类树脂对金属离子的静态吸附性能。结果表明，以模板法合成的吸附剂比非模板合成的吸附剂具有更高的吸附能力，其对Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｃｏ＾２＋的吸附量分别达２．５２，２．１０，１．３９ｍｍｏｌ．ｇ＾－１。     

交联壳聚糖乙酯酯冠醚对金属离子的吸附性能研究

本文合成了二苯并－１６－冠－５－氯代乙酸酯冠醚和３，５－二叔丁基－二苯并－１４－冠－４－双氯代乙酸酯冠醚 ，然后分别将之与交联壳聚糖反应，制备了交联壳聚糖二苯并－１６－冠－５－乙酸酯冠醚 和交联壳聚糖３，５－二叔丁基－二苯并－１４－冠－４－双乙酸酯冠醚，并研究了它们对Ｐｂ＾２＋，Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｃｒ＾３＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｃｄ＾２＋的吸附性能。结果表明这两种吸附剂对Ｐｂ＾２３＋，Ｃｕ＾２＋有较高的吸附选择     

经过水泥固化的重金属废物的穿透渗漏实验

采用穿透渗漏实验方法研究了经水泥固化的重金属废物的长期渗漏行为。用由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ＾６＋５种重金属组成的合成废物样品进行２组实验。实验研究了渗漏实验液流速、ＰＨ的变化和金属渗漏能力对固体废物长期渗漏行为的影响。     

离子强度对恒电荷土壤胶体吸附Cu2+和Pb2+的影响

采用平衡法研究了离子强度、表面电位对恒电荷土壤胶体吸附Ｃｕ２＋和Ｐｂ２＋的影响．结果表明,离子强度越小,表面电位越高,土壤胶体对Ｃｕ２＋和Ｐｂ２＋的吸附量越大．在离子强度小于１．０ｍｏｌ·ｋｇ－１范围内,土壤胶体对Ｃｕ２＋和Ｐｂ２＋的吸附包括静电吸附和专性吸附;离子强度大于１．０ｍｏｌ·ｋｇ－１以后,土壤胶体对Ｃｕ２＋和Ｐｂ２＋的吸附受专性吸附控制．     

麦饭石对Pb2+离子吸附的动力学研究

本文研究了水溶液中麦饭石对Ｐｂ＾２＋离子去除的反应动力学,考察了ＭＦＳ粒度、溶液ＰＨ值和铅离子的初始浓度对吸附反应的影响。结果表明,ＭＦＳ对Ｐｂ＾２离子具有较强的吸附性能,ＰＨ值是影响吸附的主要因素,Ｐｂ＾２＋离子吸附的最初速率与浓度符合一级反应动力学;吸附过程符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式;离子交换和表面络合反应是主要吸附形式。     

产中性纤维素酶芽孢杆菌Y106产酶条件优化

筛选得到一株高产中性纤维素酶的芽孢杆菌Ｙ１０６，并对其发酵条件进行了优化，麸皮能够较大幅度地促进产酶，果糖是良好的诱导物，有机氮流促进产酶的效果优于无机氮源，最优的有机氮源是蛋白胨。Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋可以促进纤维素酶的合成，而Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｏ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋则对合成起遏制作用，在酶反应系统中Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋能激活纤维素酶活性，Ｃｏ     

可变电荷土壤和矿物对Pb~（2＋）和Cu~（2＋）的吸附动力学Ⅵ．搅拌速度和土

利用双离子选择电极法研究了搅拌速度和土／水比对Ｐｂ２＋和Ｃｕ２＋在可变电荷土壤和矿物表面的吸附动力学的影响。结果表明：当搅拌器上所加电压为０—１００Ｖ时，Ｐｂ２＋和Ｃｕ２＋的吸附转化率随电压的增加而增大；当电压＞１００Ｖ后，吸附转化率不再变化。这表明在＜１００Ｖ的低速搅拌下，外扩散是Ｐｂ２＋和Ｃｕ２＋吸附反应的速率控制步骤，而在＞１００Ｖ的高速搅拌下，吸附步骤为速率控制步骤。Ｐｂ２＋和Ｃｕ２＋的吸附量随土／水比的增大而减小。在二级动力学方程中，最大吸附量Ｘｍ随土／水比的增大而减小，动力学常数Ｋ随土／水比的增加而增大。Ｐｂ２＋的Ｘｍ和水／土比（ｍｌ／ｇ）呈极显著正相关。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.