用CO_2改性碱渣废水强化炼油废水的硝化效能

针对炼油废水缺乏碱度而硝化效能受限问题,以CO_2曝气处理后的改性碱渣废水为碱度补充剂,按一定配比加入炼油废水好氧阶段以强化硝化效能。实验结果表明:经流量为1 L/min的CO_2连续曝气处理5 h后,碱渣废水p H可降至7.2~7.8,钙元素质量浓度可降低90.65%,并去除了部分汞、砷等有毒重金属;将该改性碱渣废水以1∶99的体积比加入炼油废水并进行生化处理,COD去除率可达90.2%;相较于未补充碱渣的炼油废水,出水ρ(NO3--N)提高25%~30%,硝化细菌菌群密度增加52%,污泥絮体形态结构未发生改变。     

隔离曝气生物反应器处理含硫含酚碱渣

采用隔离曝气生物反应器（简称反应器）处理含硫含酚碱渣（简称碱渣），探讨了碱渣中硫化物的去除机理．研究了反应器中的挂膜驯化过程，考察了水力停留时间、气水体积比（简称气水比）及反冲洗周期等对碱渣中硫化物、挥发酚、COD和油等污染物处理效果的影响。实验结果表明，在碱渣处理量为1m^3／h、气水比为36：1、水力停留时间为12．0h，反冲洗周期为3～5d的条件下，经过隔离曝气生物氧化工艺处理后碱渣的COD、硫化物、油和挥发酚的去除率分别为88％，99％，89％，85％，出水BOD，约为30mg／L，BOD，／COD小于0．1，处理1t碱渣的产泥量为0．17～0．26kg。     

有机磷农药生产废水处理方法的研究与进展 （上）

本文概括地介绍了近10年来国内有机磷农药废水治理方法研究工作的进展情况。介绍了磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯与二硫代磷酸酯类农药废水在活性炭吸附、水解、氧化与生物降解中的差异。认为生化法是处理有机磷农药废水的重要方法,废水生化处理的难易,主要取决于有机碳与硫含量的比例,通过预处理除去其中的有机硫,或调整废水中有机碳硫之比例,即可改善难生物降解废水的可生化性。文中简要介绍了吸附、水解与湿式氧化法预处理的效果。     

硫铝酸盐水泥对氟石膏的改性研究

以硫铝酸盐水泥为激发剂对氟石膏进行改性,实验表明:硫铝酸盐水泥的加入可以提高氟石膏的水化活性,缩短氟石膏的凝结时间,使试件的耐水性及强度均有较大幅度的提高.通过控制硫铝酸盐水泥(SAC)在氟石膏中的掺量可以取得最佳效果.     

含硫废水的治理

采用“空气氧化-亚硫沉淀-废酸分解-SO_2吸收-生化处理”工艺路线,对染料厂的含硫废水进行了治理。治理结果,含硫废水的氧化率为80%,COD去除率为70%,硫的去除率达100%;吨废水的处理成本约45元。     

国外动态

利用细菌除去废水中硫的氧化物31[3],3(1986) 日本同和矿业株式会社开发了利用细菌除去废水中硫的氧化物(连多硫酸)的技术。至今为止,被硫的氧化物一类无机物污染的废水,通常采用过氧化氢等化学品进行处理。然而采用细菌来处理的话,成本可降低一半。该公司开发的这项技术,使用了一种细菌,即硫氧化菌硫杆菌属硫氧化酶,能使溶入废水中的各     

炼油厂"三泥"离心脱水处理研究

通过对目前炼油厂“三泥”性状的调查，利用已有污泥处理设施进行了炼油厂“三泥”离心分离的现场试验，并分析了影响“三泥”离心分离处理工艺的主要因素，发现了离心机转速和絮凝剂投加量对“三泥”离心分离的有关规律和最佳操作条件，在此基础上，提出了适合炼油厂“三泥”处理系统的优化方案。     

RH大孔吸附树脂处理炼油厂碱渣废水的研究

在研究ＲＨ大孔吸附树脂吸附和解吸性能的基础上，以ＲＨ树脂处理炼油厂的碱渣进行了试验。结果表明，ＲＨ树脂可用于碱渣脱酚，在一定条件下，树脂的吸酚量可达１３０ｍｇ／ｍｌ，吸附饱和后的树脂，解吸后可重复使用，碱渣中的硫不会树脂中毒而降低吸酚量。     

有机磷农药生产废水处理方法的研究与进展（下）

四、湿式氧化法对有机磷农药生产废水的处理方法进行系统的研究后,进一步得出结论:影响废水生化处理效果的最主要的原因是废水中有机硫的含量(包括硫代磷酸酯、水解得到的巯基化合物和硫化氢中的硫),而不能简单地看作有机磷的影响。例如,敌敌畏是由敌百虫碱解而得,废水中不含硫,COD:有机磷=6—8∶1时,生化处理运转稳定,COD 去     

臭氧-活性炭联用法处理含硫废水的研究

臭氧-活性炭联用法处理含硫废水,降低了反应时间和臭氧投加量,提高了臭氧利用率和处理效果,氧化处理产物主要是硫酸盐和硫代硫酸盐.该法处理含硫废水反应级数为1.5级、反应速度常数为0.3076克~(0.5)升~(0.5)分~(-1).该法的特点是时间短、氧化程度深、经济可行,且无二次污染.     

Innovative reuse of drinking water sludge in geo-environmental applications

In recent years, the replacement of natural raw materials with new alternative materials, which acquire an economic, energetic and environmental value, has gained increasing importance. The considerable consumption of water has favoured the increase in the number of drinking water treatment plants and, consequently, the production of drinking water sludge. This paper proposes a protocol of analyses capable of evaluating chemical characteristics of drinking water sludge from surface water treatment plants. Thereby we are able to assess their possible beneficial use for geo-environmental applications, such as the construction of barrier layers for landfill and for the formation of “bio-soils”, when mixed with the stabilized organic fraction of municipal solid waste. This paper reports the results of a study aimed at evaluating the quality and environmental aspects of reconstructed soils (“bio-soil”), which are used in much greater quantities than the usual standard, for “massive” applications in environmental actions such as the final cover of landfills. The granulometric, chemical and physical analyses of the sludge and the leaching test on the stabilized organic fraction showed the suitability of the proposed materials for reuse.The study proved that the reuse of drinking water sludge for the construction of barrier layers and the formation of “bio-soils” reduces the consumption of natural materials, the demand for landfill volumes, and offers numerous technological advantages.     

氟化工“三废”的资源化利用

结合我国氟化工行业发展现状,分析了含氟"三废"产生情况及处置方法的最新研究进展,并通过实际工程案例进行论述。氟化工生产过程污染物主要有含氟废气及副产氯化氢、含氟高沸物及含氟污泥等。通过将氯化氢用于工业清洗及制备氯化钙、氯化铝等化学品能够合理消耗副产盐酸。焚烧处理含氟有机废气产生的氟化氢气体经水洗后副产氢氟酸。含氟高沸物通过精馏分离出高沸物组分生产高附加值产品。含氟污泥可制成建筑材料,最优工业化利用途径仍在积极研究中。     

Absorption behavior of chlorine and sulfur by Ca(OH)<Subscript>2</Subscript> under simulated conditions with a fluidized bed combustor

This study was carried out to investigate the absorption reaction of chlorine and sulfur with Ca(OH)₂ under simulated conditions related to the co-combustion of refuse-derived fuel and sewage sludge in the fluidized bed combustor, such as high temperature, moisture and a mixing of samples. The combustion experiments were carried out in an electrical furnace with PVC and sulfur powders as the waste samples. High-purity slaked lime powder was used to capture the chlorine and sulfur. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies of both chlorine and sulfur were over 90% when the mole ratios of Ca on Cl and S were over 2.5. Furthermore, simultaneous absorption was helpful in improving the removal efficiency of chlorine and sulfur. The presence of chlorine markedly increased the removal efficiency of sulfur. The removal efficiency of chlorine was the highest at 700°C in both independent and simultaneous absorption. The removal efficiency of sulfur increased as the temperature increased, but the removal efficiency of chlorine sharply decreased from 95 to 83% when the moisture content in gases increased from 0 to 20 vol%. These results were confirmed by the combustion test of granular CaCl₂.     

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的反应机理及启动过程影响因素综述

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化(S-ANAMMOX)可将废水中的氮硫元素同时去除,避免了氨氮、硫酸盐分别处理时过程不稳定、去除效率低等不足,且不产生二次污染。但该反应的启动耗时长以及机理不明确影响了其应用。本文在探讨S-ANAMMOX反应机理的基础上,对反应器、污泥源、填料、碳源及运行条件等启动过程影响因素进行了阐述,并对今后的研究做出了展望。指出:应在量化反应产物的基础上深入对反应机理和功能微生物特性的研究;分析反应器、污泥源等启动因素的差异性;促进S-ANAMMOX在实际废水处理中的应用。     

Sludge as dioxins suppressant in hospital waste incineration

Nitrogen containing compounds such as ammonia, urea and amines can effectively inhibit the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Sewage sludge accumulates both sulfur and nitrogen during wastewater treatment so it could be used to reduce PCDD/Fs formation. Indeed, it is observed in this study that the gas evolving from the sludge drying process can significantly suppress chlorobenzene (CBz) and PCDD/Fs formation from fly ash collected from a hospital waste incinerator. For instance, the reduction of hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and PCDD/Fs amount was 92.1% and 78.7%, respectively, when the drying gas evolving from 2g sludge flew through 2g fly ash. These tests were conducted in the frame of projects devoted to hospital waste incineration. The disposal technology for hospital waste (HW), developed in this institute, features rotary kiln pyrolysis combined with post-combustion followed by flue gas cleaning. Hence, some preliminary tests were devoted to investigate dioxins suppression by co-pyrolysis and co-combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and sludge in lab scale. More experimental research will be conducted to appropriately assess these effects of sludge on PCDD/Fs emissions during co-pyrolysis/combustion of HW and sludge.     

Risk management for outsourcing biomedical waste disposal – Using the failure mode and effects analysis

Using the failure mode and effects analysis, this study examined biomedical waste companies through risk assessment. Moreover, it evaluated the supervisors of biomedical waste units in hospitals, and factors relating to the outsourcing risk assessment of biomedical waste in hospitals by referring to waste disposal acts. An expert questionnaire survey was conducted on the personnel involved in waste disposal units in hospitals, in order to identify important factors relating to the outsourcing risk of biomedical waste in hospitals. This study calculated the risk priority number (RPN) and selected items with an RPN value higher than 80 for improvement. These items included “availability of freezing devices”, “availability of containers for sharp items”, “disposal frequency”, “disposal volume”, “disposal method”, “vehicles meeting the regulations”, and “declaration of three lists”. This study also aimed to identify important selection factors of biomedical waste disposal companies by hospitals in terms of risk. These findings can serve as references for hospitals in the selection of outsourcing companies for biomedical waste disposal.     

Study on optimal energy efficiency of a sludge drying-incineration combined system

Thermal drying is a frequently used technology to further remove the water in dewatered sludge. However, it is an expensive solution due to its highly energy consumption. The combination of sludge drying and incineration system, in which, the energy generated from sludge incineration is reused to sludge drying, can largely save the energy consumption of sludge treatment facilities. A bench-scale paddle sludge dryer was built to study the drying characteristics of sludge. Results show that, a significant fluctuation of sludge drying rate and stirring power emerges at the moisture content of 55–65 %. An energy model was established based on a sludge drying and incineration project. The most reasonable dryness of sludge outlet from sludge dryer and input to sludge incinerator was analyzed, in the purpose of achieving optimal energy efficiency. The mono-incineration of dry sludge can be achieved at 850 °C combustion temperature, when sludge lower heating value (LHV) is about 11213 kJ/kg and moisture content is about 60 % w/w. The effect of operation conditions, including sludge moisture content, LHV, and operation load were analyzed based on the energy model. This energy model could be applied for the improvement of energy efficiency of sludge drying and incineration combined system.     

Limitation of the concentration of organic pollutants in sewage sludge for agricultural purposes: A case study in South Spain

In 2000, the EU published the third draft of a future sludge directive entitled “Working document on sludge” where limit values for some organic compounds, including di-(2-ethyhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), sum of nonylphenol (NP), nonyphenol mono-(NP1EO) and diethoxylates (NP2EO), seven polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS), are fixed. In the present work, the monitoring of these organic compounds in sludge samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is reported. All WWTPs use anaerobic biological stabilization of sludge. The highest concentration levels were found for LAS, NPE and DEHP, in this order, with, in general, anaerobically-digested dehydrated sludge and compost samples being the most contaminated samples. DEHP, NPE, LAS and PAH were found at concentration levels above the limit values fixed in the third draft of the future EU sludge directive in the 44%, 88%, 13% and 6% of the analyzed anaerobically-digested dehydrated sludge and compost samples.     

Heavy metal removal from contaminated sludge for land application: a review

In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from sewage sludge have been extensively studied in order to minimize the prospective health risks of sludge during land application. In this paper, a comparative review and critical analysis of the application of chemical extraction, bioleaching, electroreclamation, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), in removing heavy metals from contaminated sludges is presented. Moreover, speciation studies, which can indicate ease of leachability of the different forms of heavy metals in sludge, are also presented. Experimental studies revealed a broad range in metal extraction efficiencies of the different extraction technologies. Acid treatment seemed to effectively remove Cd, attaining as much as 100% removal for some studies, as compared to bioleaching. SFE also gave higher removal efficiency than bioleaching. Cr, Pb and Ni seemed to be also effectively removed by the acid treatment. For the removal of Cu, Mn and Zn, the bioleaching process seemed to be appropriate with maximum removal efficiencies of 91%, 93% and 96% for the three metals, respectively, and as high as 64% minimum removal efficiency for Zn. The SFE process also gave good results for Cu, Mn and Zn removal. Electroreclamation exhibited better removal efficiency for Mn, but is still inferior to acid treatment and bioleaching processes. For chemical extraction, because of the adverse impacts that can result from the use of inorganic acids and complexing agents, interest can be directed more toward utilizing organic acids as extracting agents because of their biodegradability and capability to remove metals at mildly acidic condition, hence requiring less acid. The bioleaching process, although it seems to give a higher yield of metal extraction with lower chemical cost than chemical extraction, may be limited by the inability of the system to cope with the natural environmental conditions, requires strict monitoring of aeration rate and temperature and has applicability to only low sludge solids concentration. A full-scale study would be useful to better assess the efficiency of the process. The electroreclamation technology is limited by its relatively higher energy consumption and limited applicability to sludge. The SFE method, on the other hand, is limited by the complexity of the process and the cost of ligands suitable for effective metal extraction. Both of these technologies are still in their early stage of application and hence there is a need for further basic and applied studies. Finally, the common advantage for almost all treatment technologies studied is that the extraction efficiencies for some metals are high enough to remove metals from sludge to levels suitable for land application.     

Simultaneous capture of metal, sulfur and chlorine by sorbents during fluidized bed incineration

Metal capture experiments were carried out in an atmospheric fluidized bed incinerator to investigate the effect of sulfur and chlorine on metal capture efficiency and the potential for simultaneous capture of metal, sulfur and chlorine by sorbents. In addition to experimental investigation, the effect of sulfur and chlorine on the metal capture process was also theoretically investigated through performing equilibrium calculations based on the minimization of system free energy. The observed results have indicated that, in general, the existence of sulfur and chlorine enhances the efficiency of metal capture especially at low to medium combustion temperatures. The capture mechanisms appear to include particulate scrubbing and chemisorption depending on the type of sorbents. Among the three sorbents tested, calcined limestone is capable of capturing all the three air pollutants simultaneously. The results also indicate that a mixture of the three sorbents, in general, captures more metals than a single sorbent during the process. In addition, the existence of sulfur and chlorine apparently enhances the metal capture process.