新疆雅克拉断凸下古生界碳酸盐岩储层特征

新疆雅克拉油气田具有多套含油层系,其中下古生界碳酸盐岩也是重要储层之一.过去由于研究手段和方法上的限制,对于这套储层缺乏深入认识,给碳酸盐岩的勘探开发工作带来了一定的难度.为了搞清这一问题,充分利用了钻井、录井、测井、地震、岩心薄片和分析化验资料,并进行了高分辨率测井约束地震反演.通过综合分析和新技术的应用,对雅克拉油气田碳酸岩储层的纵、横向的展布特征有了比较明确的认识.确定了有利的储集相带主要发育在潮坪和台滩微相中,受后期改造作用,分布在构造较高部位,可作为碳酸盐油气藏勘探的主攻方向.     

基于熵权法的水淹层综合定量评价——以渤中34-2/4油田沙三中段为例

综合渤中34-2/4油田钻井、测井和开发动态资料,提出了一套定量表征水淹非均质性的方法"熵权法",并引入水淹指数的概念来定量表征剩余油分布。研究表明:泥质含量是影响研究区储层水淹强度平面分布的首要因素。根据微观地质分析,孔隙少、黏土矿物含量高、伊蒙混层含量高这三个原因导致泥质含量是影响水淹强度的决定因素。根据水淹指数可将水淹层定量划分为四个级别,分别为未水淹、弱水淹、中水淹和强水淹。研究区剩余油呈现尖灭型和离散型两种分布样式。根据水淹层定量评价研究结果,在研究区部署了调整井,生产情况表明该井开发效果良好。     

礁滩灰岩油田基于地质模型的储量不确定性分析——以珠江口A油田为例

生物礁滩灰岩,储层非均质性强,横向变化快,在开发前期井少条件下储量不确定性大。通过对地质模型的储量不确定性成因分析,获得了油藏储量的概率分布,评价了储量的不确定性且预测了储量存在的风险和潜力,优选出了后续开发方案研究的基础模型。同时明确了储层构造、地震预测对地质模型的影响程度,储层变差函数及油水界面,有效厚度下限是影响非均质性强的礁滩灰岩油藏地质储量计算结果的主要因素,并针对各不确定性变量进行敏感性分析,提出了减小储量不确定性的建议,指出了地震预测对有效储层的识别能力是油田储量的潜力及风险的关键因素。这种储量不确定性分析方法可为下一步投资建议、井位部署提供科学决策的依据。     

薄互层油储地球物理测井方法的研究和应用

薄互层油储地球物理测井方法是我国关于陆相薄互层地球物理的理论和方法的重要研究课题之一,并且受到我国"八五"自然科学基金会的高度重视。他主要的研究内容是在薄互层油电磁波、声波和电阻率等几个方面的理论和应用,和涉及到其他方面的全面讲述体系,以对薄交互储层进行分析、地震反演以及井孔之间储层探寻,对其进行解释并给出了准确的相关资料。     

油基钻井液施工条件下井场HSE风险与防控

针对油基钻井液钻井施工特点,分析了作业过程中存在的火灾、燃爆、滑跌等安全风险,以及使用油基钻井液可能导致的环境污染和职业健康危害。结合现场实践,提出了油基钻井液钻井施工作业现场安全生产、环境保护和职业健康风险的防控对策,值得行业内油气勘探开发公司和工程服务公司借鉴。     

油田勘探开发建设中噪声对环境的影响

在石油勘探开发过程中，噪声主要来源于地震勘探阶段、钻井阶段、并下作业过程、油气采集和储运过程及油田地面建设时所产生的施工噪声、交通噪声。油田勘探开发过程中产生的这些噪声会给周围环境及作业人员带来不同程度的危害。1前言油田勘探开发工程是一项以生产石油为目的的综合性系统工程，整个过程包括了勘探、钻井、采油、井下作业、油气集输和储运等工艺。数重众多的油井、计量站、接转站、联合站等设施，是由油、气、水管网联成的一个整体，它们使油田开发工程具有区域广、噪声源分散诸特点。在油气勘探开发过程中，能对环境中生较…     

乌多坎含铜砂岩矿床(摘要)

1949年在外贝加尔东北部发现的乌多坎含铜砂岩矿床，无论是在铜的勘探工业储量方面还是在其有别于已知建造的含铜砂岩矿床的一系列突出地质特点方面均是独一无二的。根据勘探结果，乌多坎矿床的铜储量为20百万吨以上，铜的平均含量为1．5％。伴生组分：银，平均含量为13g／t矿石中）；金，含量为0．5g／t（精矿中）；铁，与黄铁矿结合的。该矿床是含铜砂岩矿石建造的典型代表，具有该矿石建造所固有的一切特征（矿化局限于红色岩组的沉积建造中，具成层现象；矿体顺围岩层产出，在地质年龄沿横向变化的剖面中成层分布，具有原生矿物分带）。…     

莱州湾凹陷垦利10油田沙三中段沉积相及演化

古近系沙河街组沙三中段储层是油田主力开发层系。沉积相类型以辫状三角洲前缘为主,结合测井、岩心和地震资料,将工区沙三中段划分为低位域和高位域,在高位域内部识别出6个四级旋回,低位域内部识别出1个四级旋回。在高精度层序框架约束下,利用地震相分析和属性地层切片,刻画沙三中段砂体的横向展布特征,实钻井证实符合程度高。     

水体富营养化预测方法探讨

1引言水体富营养化是指在人类活动和自然作用的影响下，生需的氮、磷等营养物质大量进入湖泊、河口等缓流水体，引起藻类及其它浮游生物迅速繁殖，水体溶解氧量下降，水质恶化，鱼类及基它生物大量死亡的现象。影响藻类生长的物理、化学和生物因素极为复杂，除氮、磷等关键因素外，还有光照，营养盐类、季节变化、水温、水的PH值，以及生物本身的相互关系等，因此，很难准确预知藻类的生长状况。鉴于目前水体富营养化尚缺乏系统的预测方法，为能预测水体富营养化的发生可能性和发展趋势，本文结合在建的大凌河白石水库工程的实际情况，对水…     

气串千万家 绿歌响四方——川东钻探公司环境保护纪实

川东钻探公司隶属于四川石油管理局，是四川油氯勘探的主力军，现有职工11000余人，下属14个分公司及42个钻井队，勘探区域分布于川东4地市24个县的5.5万Km^2的山区中，战线西行程500多km，南北行程500多km，公司在生产与环保工作中，克服勘探作业点多、面广，环境保护工作难度大等困难，坚持勘探和保护并重的原认真执行国家环境保护的方针，     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.