Effect of traffic restriction on atmospheric particle concentrations and their size distributions in urban Lanzhou, Northwestern China

During the 2012 Lanzhou International Marathon, the local government made a significant effort to improve traffic conditions and air quality by implementing traffic restriction measures. To evaluate the direct effect of these measures on urban air quality, especially particle concentrations and their size distributions, atmospheric particle size distributions(0.5–20 μm) obtained using an aerodynamic particle sizer(model 3321, TSI, USA) in June 2012 were analyzed. It was found that the particle number, surface area and volume concentrations for size range 0.5–10 μm were(15.0±2.1) cm-3,(11.8±2.6) μm2/cm3and(1.9±0.6) μm2/cm3, respectively, on the traffic-restricted day(Sunday), which is 63.2%, 53.0% and 47.2% lower than those on a normal Sunday. For number and surface area concentrations, the most affected size range was 0.5–0.7 and 0.5–0.8 μm, respectively, while for volume concentration, the most affected size ranges were 0.5–0.8, 1.7–2.0 and 5.0–5.4 μm. Number and volume concentrations of particles in size range 0.5–1.0 μm correlated well with the number of non-CNG(Compressed Natural Gas) powered vehicles, while their correlation with the number of CNG-powered vehicles was very low, suggesting that reasonable urban traffic controls along with vehicle technology improvements could play an important role in improving urban air quality.     

添加剂对柴油机燃用乙醇柴油时排放颗粒特性的影响

为研究十六烷值改进剂和消烟剂对柴油机燃用乙醇柴油时颗粒排放特性的影响,在乙醇柴油中加入0.1%(以w计)、0.3%和0.5%的十六烷值改进剂或消烟剂,并在YZ4DB3柴油机上分别对这些燃料的排气烟度、颗粒比排放和粒径分布等进行研究. 结果表明:含添加剂的乙醇柴油颗粒物排放远低于0#柴油,降幅在50%以上;与0#柴油相比,添加0.3%十六烷值改进剂的乙醇柴油降低颗粒排放效果较显著,降幅高达64.2%,而添加0.1%消烟剂的乙醇柴油颗粒物排放降幅更高达84.0%,表明消烟剂的降颗粒效果更加显著. 柴油机燃用柴油时,排放颗粒的粒径呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.56和0.18μm左右;但燃用含添加剂的乙醇柴油时,排放颗粒的粒径则呈单峰分布,其峰值均在>0.56~1.00μm粒径范围内. 柴油机燃用含添加剂的乙醇柴油后,0.18~0.32μm粒径范围内的排放颗粒显著减少,但在>0.32~1.00μm粒径范围内增加;同时,排放颗粒物中的积聚模态颗粒占排放颗粒总质量的比例降低,而粗粒子模态颗粒的所占比例相应增加. 排气烟度与积聚模态颗粒质量分布密切相关. 研究结果表明,柴油添加剂能够显著改善柴油机颗粒物排放特性,有利于改善大气质量.      

Particle number concentration, size distribution and chemical composition during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution as well as size-resolved particle chemical composition were measured during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai in 2009. The number of haze days accounted for 43%, of which 30% was severe （visibility 〈 2 km） and moderate （2 km 〈 visibility 〈 3 km） haze, mainly distributed in winter and spring. The mean particle number concentration was about 17,000/cm3 in haze, more than 2 times that in clean days. The greatest increase of particle number concentration was in 0.5-1μm and 1-10 μm size fractions during haze events, about 17.78 times and 8.78 times those of clean days. The largest increase of particle number concentration was within 50-100 nm and 100-200 nm fractions during photochemical smog episodes, about 5.89 times and 4.29 times those of clean days. The particle volume concentration and surface concentration in haze, photochemical smog and clean days were 102, 49, 15 μm3/cm3 and 949, 649, 206 μm2/cm3, respectively. As haze events got more severe, the number concentration of particles smaller than 50 nm decreased, but the particles of 50-200 nm and 0.5-1μm increased. The diurnal variation of particle number concentration showed a bimodal pattern in haze days. All soluble ions were increased during haze events, of which NH4, SO24- and NO3 increased great/y, followed by Na＋, IC, Ca2＋ and CI-. These ions were very different in size-resolved particles during haze and photochemical smog episodes.     

杭州灰霾天气超细颗粒浓度分布特征

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(FMPS)对杭州2013年12月6～11日连续灰霾天气和灰霾消退过程超细颗粒进行监测,分析颗粒物浓度变化和粒径谱分布特征及其与气象的相关性.结果表明,颗粒物日变化特征为夜晚数浓度较高,凌晨数浓度开始降低,08:00和18:00上下班高峰期出现一个小峰值,体现出明显的交通源峰值,表明交通排放对大气污染影响较大.灰霾天气下颗粒物最高数浓度达到8.0×104cm-3.粒径谱呈双峰分布,峰值粒径分别为15 nm和100 nm,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子占大多数,粒子以爱根核模态和积聚模态为主,平均数量中位径CMD(count medium diameter)为85.89 nm.而在灰霾消退过程,颗粒物数浓度降低,峰值粒径向小粒径演变,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子逐渐减少,核模态粒子增多,大于积聚模态,平均CMD为58.64 nm.气象因素中能见度和风力与数浓度主要呈负相关,相关系数R分别为-0.225和-0.229,相对湿度与数浓度正相关,相关系数R为0.271,冬季大气比较稳定,水平温度与数浓度的相关性较小.研究灰霾天气数浓度分布和气象因素的综合影响对其形成机制及控制有重要意义.     

Ultrafine particle emission characteristics of diesel engine by on-board and test bench measurement

This study investigated the emission characteristics of ultrafine particles based on test bench and on-board measurements. The bench test results showed the ultrafine particle number concentration of the diesel engine to be in the range of (0.56-8.35) × 10⁸ cm^-3. The on-board measurement results illustrated that the ultrafine particles were strongly correlated with changes in real-world driving cycles. The particle number concentration was down to 2.0 × 10⁶ cm^-3 and 2.7 × 10⁷ cm^-3 under decelerating and idling operations and as high as 5.0 × 10⁸ cm^-3 under accelerating operation. It was also indicated that the particle number measured by the two methods increased with the growth of engine load at each engine speed in both cases. The particle number presented a "U" shaped distribution with changing speed at high engine load conditions, which implies that the particle number will reach its lowest level at medium engine speeds. The particle sizes of both measurements showed single mode distributions. The peak of particle size was located at about 50-80 nm in the accumulation mode particle range. Nucleation mode particles will significantly increase at low engine load operations like idling and decelerating caused by the high concentration of unburned organic compounds.     

2011年秋季广州城区大气PM2.5微观形貌和粒度分布

利用高分辨率扫描电镜加能谱仪(SEM-EDX)和图像数据分析技术对2011年秋季广州市中心大气PM2.5的微观形貌和粒度分布特征进行研究,系统获得3种典型颗粒(矿物、烟尘集合体和燃煤飞灰)和其它未知颗粒的数量-粒度分布和体积-粒度分布数据.结果表明,PM2.5颗粒数量-粒度分布峰值落在0.1~0.2μm之间,属于积聚模态中含有气相反应产物的凝结亚模态.3种典型颗粒对PM2.5的数量和体积贡献均为矿物>>烟尘集合体>飞灰.矿物主要分布在0.1~0.3μm范围内,所占数量百分比为41.97%,其中0.1~0.2μm范围内矿物占比高达26.42%,是影响PM2.5颗粒整体分布的主要因素.不同采样时段(上午、下午、晚上)和下雨前后PM2.5颗粒的粒度分布特征基本一致,但晚上和下雨后小于0.1μm的颗粒比例有明显减少趋势.     

石家庄地区大气细粒子增长特征初步研究

为研究石家庄地区大气细粒子的微物理特征,2010年5月在石家庄市气象局观测站,对大气颗粒物、NOx和SO2进行了外场观测.结果表明:石家庄地区粒径小于1.0μm的大气颗粒物中,0.01~0.1μm粒径范围的粒子所占比例高达89.3%,大气细粒子污染较为严重.0.01~0.02μm和0.02~0.1μm粒径范围的颗粒物具有大致相似的变化规律,且与0.1~1.0μm粒径范围的粒子数浓度变化趋势明显不同.通过对典型粒子增长事件的研究发现,0.01~0.02μm的粒子数浓度在上午8:00左右会急剧升高,并达到全天的最大值.其后,0.01~0.02μm的颗粒物粒径会不断增长,由于增长消耗,其数浓度会迅速下降,使得0.02~0.04μm的粒子数浓度在上午12:00前会迅速升高.通过对气象要素和污染气体的分析,发现在相对湿度较低、风速风向变化不大,太阳辐射增加的情况下,SO2气相成核参与颗粒物增长的可能性较大.     

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallization：Property of aggregates

Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. To date, although various kinds of reactor systems have been developed, supporting methods are required to control the struvite fines flushing out of the reactors. As an intrinsic property, aggregation is normally disregarded in the struvite crystallization process, although it is the key factor in final particle size and therefore guarantees phosphorus recovery efficiency. The present study developed a method to analyze the characteristics of struvite aggregates using fractal geometry, and the influence of operational parameters on struvite aggregation was evaluated. Due to its typical orthorhombic molecular structure, struvite particles are prone to crystallize into needle or rod shapes, and aggregate at the corners or edges of crystals. The determined fractal dimension(Dpf) of struvite aggregates was 1.52–1.31, with the corresponding range of equivalent diameter(d0.5) at 295.9–85.4 μm. Aggregates formed in relatively low phosphorus concentrations(3.0–5.0 mmol/L) and mildly alkaline conditions(pH 9.0–9.5) displayed relatively compact structures, large aggregate sizes and high aggregation strength. Increasing pH values led to continuous decrease of aggregate sizes, while the variation of Dpfwas insignificant. As to the aggregate evolution, fast growth in a short time followed by a long steady stage was observed.     

Photochemical properties and source of pollutants during continuous pollution episodes in Beijing, October, 2011

Beijing sufered from serious air pollution in October, 2011 with the occurrence of three continuous episodes. Here we analyze the pollution status of particulate matter, the relationship between the gaseous pollutants, physical and chemical properties of single particles, and the profile of watersoluble ions in PM2.5during the three episodes. Regional and photochemically aged air masses, which were characterized as having high values of O3and SO2, were hypothesized to have played a dominant role in the first episode. After mixing local air masses with freshly-emitted primary pollutants, the concentration of NOx continued to increase and the size of SO4 2, NO3 and NH4 +in the particle population continued to become smaller. The amount of elemental carbon-rich and organic carbonrich particles in the scaled single particles(0.2–2 μm) and water-soluble K+in PM2.5also increased in the episodes. All the available information suggests that the biomass or fuel burning sources in or around Beijing may have had a huge impact on the last two episodes.     

南京冬季大气气溶胶粒子谱分布及其对能见度的影响

2009年11～12月采用宽范围气溶胶粒径谱仪（WPS）、自动气象站和能见度仪等高分辨率仪器对南京北郊气溶胶粒子的谱分布特征与气象因子的关系及其对大气能见度的影响进行研究.结果表明,数浓度谱呈双峰分布,主峰集中在0.04～0.1μm;质量浓度谱的2个主峰位于0.5～0.7μm和2.7μm左右;表面积谱的2个主峰分别位于...     

各类除尘设施的收尘效率分析

探查各类除尘设施对烟气中不同粒径尘的捕集效率 ,证明了除尘前烟气中尘粒约有 70 %集中在大于 1 0μm的粒径范围 ,除尘后尘粒约 64%集中在小于 1 0 μm范围。尘粒的 d50 值由除尘前的 2 6.71 μm降至除尘后的 7.0 7μm。重力式除尘器对烟尘的大颗粒捕集效果较好 ,湿式除尘对 1～ 3 μm的尘粒捕集效率已达 5 5 %以上 ,静电式除尘对各种尘粒的捕集效率都较高。     

Effect of sediment size on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

The effect of sediment size on metals bioleaching from bay sediments was investigated by using fine (< 45 μm), medium (45-300 μm), and coarse (300-2000 μm) size fractions of a sediment sample contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical speciation of the metals in bulk and size fractions of sediment were studied before and after bioleaching. Microbial activity was provided with mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioleaching process was carried out in flask experiments for 48 days, by using 5% (W/V) of solid concentration in suspension. Bioleaching was found to be efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals from every size fraction of sediments, where the experiments with the smaller particles resulted in the highest solubilization ratios. At the end of the experimental period, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were solubilized to the ratios of 68%, 88%, 72%, and 91% from the fine sediment, respectively. Higher removal efficiencies can be explained by the larger surface area provided by the smaller particles. The changes in the chemical forms of metals were determined and most of the metal releases were observed from the reducible and organic fractions independent from grain size. Higher concentrations were monitored in the residual fraction after bioleaching period, suggesting they are trapped in this fraction, and cannot be solubilized under natural conditions.     

汽车排放超细微粒数浓度及粒径谱特征的实验研究

采用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)结合汽车尾气分析仪对3辆不同型号汽车排放超细颗粒数浓度进行测量,分析了空载情况不同转速下排气管附近超细颗粒数浓度及粒径谱特征.结果表明,在怠速800 r·min-1情况下,汽车排放的颗粒数浓度最低,随着空载转速的增加颗粒数浓度呈增高趋势.尾气颗粒以核模态和爱根核模态为主,峰值粒径集中在10 nm和50 nm.汽车加速过程排放颗粒数浓度有明显的急剧升高过程,在车速稳定后颗粒物浓度趋于稳定.在排气管尾部轴向距离0.4 m范围内颗粒稀释后数浓度衰减迅速,在0.4~1 m范围稀释不明显,均大于背景浓度.空载情况下随发动机转速增加,汽车排放尾气CO、HC和NO浓度呈减少趋势,与颗粒物数浓度排放趋势相反.     

煤燃烧超细颗粒物的粒径分布及数浓度排放特征试验

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)对煤燃烧排放的超细颗粒物粒径分布特征进行测量研究,并对单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的超细颗粒物数量排放因子进行分析.结果表明,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度粒径谱呈对数双峰分布,颗粒几何平均粒径(the geometry mean diameter,GMD)约为23.1 nm.在燃烧阶段,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度随时间呈指数增长,各模态颗粒物数浓度与煤粉量呈线性相关关系,单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的核模态颗粒物数量排放因子为(1.50±0.64)×1010个·mg-1,爱根核模态颗粒为(1.18±0.56)×1010个·mg-1,积聚模态颗粒物为(0.19±0.06)×1010个·mg-1,总颗粒物为(2.87±1.09)×1010个·mg-1.在扩散过程中,颗粒粒径随时间呈线性增长,粒径增长速率与煤粉量呈线性相关关系.单位质量煤粉燃烧排放的颗粒粒径平均增长速率为7.5 nm·h-1·mg-1.     

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-1...     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

贵阳市不同粒级地表灰尘中As、Ni水平及权重

根据贵阳市城区土地利用的情况,在不同功能区地表采集灰尘样品,分析As、Ni含量及变异规律。结果表明:贵阳市地表灰尘As、Ni含量分别为17.4mg/kg和50.0mg/kg。工业区地表灰尘中As、Ni含量最高,商贸区和校园等区域As、Ni水平较低。贵阳市地表灰尘中不同颗粒物的质量百分比大小为细颗粒(<105μm)>中等颗粒(105～250μm)>粗颗粒(250～425μm)。As在不同粒径灰尘中含量差别不大,Ni在不同粒径灰尘中含量随粒径增加而降低。细颗粒对灰尘As、Ni的贡献分别为42%和47%。除垃圾站外,贵阳市各功能区地表灰尘不同粒径颗粒物百分比随粒径增大而减小,其中交通区地表灰尘细颗粒所占比例最大。垃圾站地表灰尘中不同粒径颗粒百分比则随粒径增大而增大,As、Ni在垃圾站地表灰尘中颗粒物贡献为中等颗粒>粗颗粒>细颗粒,其余功能区不同粒径颗粒物的贡献基本为细颗粒大于粗颗粒。     

Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed, deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

Mixed crude palm oil(MCPO),the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil,has become of great interest as a renewable energy source.It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits.In the present work,the degummed,deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage.The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler.The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10,2.5 and 1μm,while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1μm.Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography.The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles(< 1μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs(4-6 aromatic rings),especially pyrene.The mass median diameter,PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content,but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased.In addition,Commercial petroleum diesel(PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent(BaP eq) for all particle size ranges.As the palm oil was increased,the BaP eq decreased gradually.Therefore the degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.     

Understanding nutrient build-up on urban road surfaces

This article discusses the outcomes of a research project on nutrients build-up on urban road surfaces.Nutrient build-up was investigated on road sites belonging to residential,industrial and commercial land use.Collected build-up samples were separated into five particle size ranges and were tested for total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP) and sub species of nutrients,namely,NO 2- ,NO 3- ,TKN and PO 43-.Multivariate analytical techniques were used to analyse the data and to develop detailed understanding on build- up.Data analysis revealed that the solids loads on urban road surfaces are highly influenced by factors such as land use,antecedent dry period and traffic volume.However,the nutrient build-up process was found to be independent of the type of land use.It was solely dependent on the particle size of solids build-up.Most of the nutrients were associated with the particle size range 150 μm.Therefore,the removal of particles below 150 μm from road surfaces is of importance for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from road surface solids build-up.It is also important to consider the difference in the composition of nitrogen and phosphorus build-up in the context of designing effective stormwater quality mitigation strategies.     

Characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from burning of biomass fuels

The characteristics of the particles of the smoke that is emitted from the burning ofbiomass fuels were experimentally investigated using a laboratory-scale tube furnace and different types of biomass fuels： rubber wood, whole wood pellets and rice husks. Emitted amounts of particles, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC） are discussed relative to the size of the emitted particles, ranging to as small as nano-size （〈70 nm）, and to the rate of heating rate during combustion, differential thermal analysis （DTA） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG） techniques were used to examine the effect of heating rate and biomass type on combustion behaviors relative to the characteristics of particle emissions. In the present study, more than 30% of the smoke particles from the burning ofbiomass fuel had a mass that fell within a range of 〈 100 nm. Particles smaller than 0.43 μm contributed greatly to the total levels of toxic PAHs and WSOC. The properties of these particles were influenced by the fuel component, the combustion conditions, and the particle size. Although TC--DTA results indicated that the heating rate in a range of 10-20℃did not show a significant effect on the combustion properties, there was a slight increase in the decomposition temperature as heating rate was increased. The nano-size particles had the smallest fraction of particle mass and particle-bound PAHs, but nonetheless these particles registered the largest fraction of particle-bound WSOC.