贵州兴仁煤矿开采旧址重金属Cd、 Hg和As在常见蕨类及其根际土壤中的含量与积累特征研究

本文对贵州兴仁某处煤矿区旧址自然定居的优势蕨类7科10属(分别为蕨菜、华中介蕨、栗蕨、狗脊、芒萁、顶芽狗脊、耳羽岩蕨、光里白、蜈蚣草和岭南铁角蕨)及其根际土壤重金属(Cd、Hg和As)含量进行了调查分析。结果表明,植物根际土壤Cd含量为0. 03～1. 9 mg/kg,超过了国家土壤二级标准; Hg和As含量分别为0. 5～15 mg/kg和537～5 330 mg/kg,均超过了国家土壤三级标准,其中As超标严重。蕨类植物中蜈蚣草富集As效果最佳,地上部分As含量达1 710 mg/kg,转运系数为1. 4。岭南铁角蕨地上部分Cd含量可高达1 490μg/kg,转运系数达56,具有极强的Cd富集能力。通过相关性分析发现,蕨类吸收Cd和As的量与根际土p H呈显著正相关关系(P0. 05),吸Hg量则与p H呈显著负相关(P0. 05)。土壤中重金属的可交换态与蕨类对重金属的吸收总量均呈显著正相关关系(P0. 05)。单因子污染指数法计算结果显示,废渣堆附近土壤Hg和As污染十分严重,其中As污染已扩散到下游区域。潜在生态风险程度评估表明,该煤矿区重金属Cd、Hg和As复合污染严重,其高风险程度应引起相关部门重视。     

野鸭湖湿地芦苇根际微生物多样性与磷素形态关系

以野鸭湖湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)根际微生物为研究对象,采用化学连续提取法分析了芦苇根际/非根际土壤中各形态磷随植物生长(4、7、10月)的变化规律,同时基于细菌的16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了芦苇根际/非根际土壤微生物多样性,进一步采用CCA法分析了土壤样品中特定微生物与磷素形态转化关系.结果表明,无机磷含量的总体顺序大小为:钙磷(Ca-P)闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)铁磷(Fe-P)交换态磷(Ex-P)铝磷(Al-P),无机磷含量变化主要受芦苇生长状况影响,在芦苇旺盛期达到最低,且根际土壤中的总无机磷含量普遍低于非根际.有机磷含量分布为高稳定性有机磷(HR-OP)中稳定性有机磷(MR-OP)中活性有机磷(ML-OP)活性有机磷(L-OP),各组分含量均随芦苇生长先降低后升高.芦苇根际/非根际土壤微生物中的优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria),但在芦苇生长过程中,其根际和非根际微生物群落结构受季节影响变化显著,且根际和非根际的变化有所差异.同时发现了芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)等可能是与磷形态转化有关的主要功能菌属,这些菌属能利用大部分的有机磷和无机磷,在湿地土壤磷素转化中起着关键作用.     

水稻光合碳在植株-土壤系统中分配与稳定对施磷的响应

为探究稻田土壤光合碳的输入及分配对施磷的响应特征,本研究选用籼性常规水稻品种（中早39）,在两个施磷（0 mg·kg^-1和80 mg·kg^-1;分别记为P₀和P₈₀）条件下进行盆栽试验,同时采用¹³CO₂连续标记技术量化光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中的分配.结果表明,施磷显著增加光合碳在水稻地上部的分配,降低其在根际土的分配（P<0.05）;施磷使拔节期水稻的光合碳含量增加了70%,根系干重降低了31%.与不施磷相比,施磷显著提高了水稻地上部全碳含量0.31 g·pot^-1（P<0.05）,显著降低了水稻根冠比;施磷使进入非根际土壤微生物量的光合碳（¹³C-MBC）显著增加了0.03 mg·kg^-1,但降低其在根际土壤的分配;光合碳在非根际土壤颗粒态有机碳（POC）和矿物结合态有机碳（MOC）的分配对施磷的响应不显著,但在根际土壤施磷处理显著降低了其在POC中的含量.因此,施磷增加了光合碳在水稻-土壤系统的分配,但降低了光合碳在土壤中的积累.本研究探讨施磷对水稻光合碳在水稻-土壤系统的分配及其稳定的影响,为缺磷土壤的合理施用磷肥及其对土壤有机碳积累的影响提供理论基础和数据支撑;对理解稻田土壤光合碳的传输与分配特征及其固碳潜力具有重要意义.     

Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

Rapid evaluation of arsenic contamination in paddy soils using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Arsenic (As) in paddy fields is deteriorating food security and human health through rice ingestion. Rice is the dominant food source of arsenic exposure to half of the world''s population. Therefore, an in situ effective method for As risk evaluation in paddy soil is strongly needed to avoid As exposure through rice ingestion. Herein, we developed a rapid analytical methodology for determination of As in plant tissues using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FP-XRF). This method was applied to rice roots in order to evaluate the As contamination in paddy soils. The results showed that rice roots with iron plaques were superior to rhizosphere soils for generating FP-XRF signals, especially for field sites with As concentrations lower than the soil detection limit of FP-XRF (30.0 mg/kg). Moreover, the strong linear relationships of As concentrations between the rice roots and corresponding leaves and grains proved that the rice root, rather than the soil, is a better predictor of As concentrations in rice grains. The research provides an efficient As monitoring method for As contaminated paddy fields by using wetland plant roots with iron plaques and XRF-based analytical techniques.     

黄河三角洲不同植物群落土壤酶活性特征及影响因子分析

土壤酶是滨海湿地群落构建和演替的关键因子,但水盐胁迫条件下土壤酶活性的驱动机制尚不明确.以黄河三角洲盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳这3种盐生植物群落为对象,研究其根际与非根际土壤中蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性特征及其分布规律,并结合土壤理化性质的变化探讨滨海湿地群落演替过程中土壤酶活性的驱动因子.结果表明,盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳群落的根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力指标均显著高于非根际土壤(P 0. 05).在根际土壤中,磷酸酶与过氧化氢酶活性均表现为盐地碱蓬芦苇柽柳,蔗糖酶与脲酶活性则分别表现为柽柳盐地碱蓬芦苇、盐地碱蓬柽柳芦苇,且不同盐生植物群落根际土壤理化性质存在显著差异(P 0. 05),说明植物类型及其根际效应均会影响土壤酶活性和土壤肥力特征,且根际效应对土壤酶活性的影响大于植被类型.土壤蔗糖酶活性与有效钾(AK)、有效磷(AP)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)显著正相关(P 0. 05);脲酶活性与全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、AK、AP、NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)显著正相关(P 0. 01);二者均与土壤电导率(EC)显著负相关(P 0. 01).磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤含水率(MC)、全碳(TC)、TN、全磷(TP)、SOM、AK和NH_4~+-N均呈显著正相关关系(P 0. 05),同时,pH、总钾(TK)、NO_3~--N还与过氧化氢酶活性显著正相关(P 0. 05).冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,黄河三角洲土壤酶活性特征的主要影响因子从大到小依次为:TC(P 0. 01)、SOM(P 0. 01)、MC(P 0. 01)、TN(P 0. 05)、NH_4~+-N(P 0. 05)和EC(P 0. 05),表明土壤肥力、水分与盐度是黄河三角洲盐生植物群落土壤酶活性的主要影响因子.     

Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmiumspeciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.     

苜蓿对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,多环芳烃菲对苜蓿的生长具有抑制作用,土壤中菲初始浓度越高抑制作用越明显.445.22 mg/kg条件下苜蓿茎叶和根的生物量最小,仅为无污染对照土壤的57.31%和31.20%.经过60 d的修复试验,苜蓿能够明显促进土壤中菲的降解.根际和非根际土壤中菲的去除率分别为85.68%～91.40%和75.25%～86.61%.同处理中根际土壤中菲残留浓度低于非根际土壤,而脱氢酶活性高于非根际土壤.无论是在非根际还是根际土壤中随着菲初始浓度增大,菲降解率和脱氢酶活性降低.脱氢酶活性与降解率的关系表明,脱氢酶活性与菲降解率显著正相关.所以植物根系的存在能够有效促进土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解.     

生物质炭对Cd污染土壤根际微团聚体Cd形态转化的影响

为明确生物质炭对土壤Cd形态分布的团聚体机制,采用盆栽试验,以秸秆生物质炭为试验材料,研究了秸秆生物质炭对Cd在不同粒级微团聚体中的富集以及根际、非根际微团聚体Cd形态转化的影响.结果表明:外源Cd进入土壤后,主要分布于土壤不同粒级微团聚体中且随粒级减小而增加,富集顺序由大到小为 < 0.01、0.05~0.01、0.25~0.05、 > 2 mm.添加生物质炭后显著降低了Cd在不同粒级微团聚体中的富集系数（P < 0.05）.与对照相比, > 2、0.25~0.05、0.05~0.01、 < 0.01 mm粒级微团聚体土壤对Cd的富集系数分别降低了0.04~0.16、0.04~0.15、0.07~0.17、0.06~0.21.不同处理下,根际、非根际土壤不同粒级微团聚体中Cd主要以残渣态为主且向小粒级团聚体（< 0.01 mm）富集,其中可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Cd的含量（以质量分数计）及占比均有不同程度的下降.对于根际、非根际不同粒级微团聚体各形态中有机结合态Cd,与对照相比,在Cd1B10处理下,分别于 < 0.01、0.05~0.01 mm微团聚体中的降幅最高,达49.5%、62.3%;对于残渣态Cd,在Cd1B10处理下,分别于0.25~0.05、0.05~0.01 mm微团聚体中的降幅最高,达19.8%、20.5%,但各处理下残渣态Cd占比趋于上升,最高占比分别达74.0%、78.2%.表明Cd进入土壤后主要转化成了残渣态,土壤中Cd的生物有效性降低,其中,当Cd污染程度（1 mg/kg）较低、生物质炭施用量（10 g/kg）最高时,该效果达显著水平.研究显示,施用高量（10 g/kg）生物质炭能够降低土壤不同粒级微团聚体中各形态Cd的含量,并且Cd污染程度越低、粒级越小,降低效果越显著.      

转cry1Ab和epsps基因玉米C0030.3.5对土壤固氮细菌丰度和群落结构的影响

为评估转基因玉米种植对土壤氮周转功能微生物的潜在风险,以转cry1Ab和epsps基因玉米C0030.3.5(TM)及其亲本玉米DBN318(PM)为研究对象,于2015年拔节期、抽雄期、乳熟期、完熟期采集根际土和非根际土进行试验,并采用荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,q PCR)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,TRFLP)技术分析土壤固氮微生物nif H基因丰度和多样性.结果表明,TM和PM根际土和非根际土固氮细菌nif H基因丰度随生长时期整体呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,无论是根际土还是非根际土,同一生长时期2种玉米nif H基因丰度间差异均不显著.相关分析显示,土壤固氮细菌nif H基因丰度与有机质含量呈极显著正相关.T-RFLP结果表明,所获得的14种TRFs中,43 bp和155 bp片段所代表的固氮细菌为共有优势种群,无论是根际土还是非根际土,同一生长时期各T-RFs的相对丰度在TM和PM间差异同样不显著.土壤固氮细菌的Shannon指数和Evenness指数随生长期整体呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,无论是根际土还是非根际土,同一生长时期TM和PM的Shannon指数间及Evenness指数间均无显著差异.主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)表明TM和PM土壤固氮细菌群落结构组成无显著差异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)显示土壤铵态氮和p H对固氮细菌群落结构组成影响显著.     

环境中磷化氢对水稻根际环境与土壤有效磷的影响研究

以稻田湿地中磷化氢为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了不同浓度的磷化氢(0,1.4,4.2,7.0 mg·m-3)对水稻根际与非根际土壤的p H值、氧化还原电位、Fe2+、Mn2+、磷酸酶活性及有效磷的影响.结果表明:磷化氢导致根际土壤p H明显下降,非根际土壤中p H变化不明显.而氧化还原电位(Eh)则不同,磷化氢使水稻根际与非根际土壤的Eh均增大.磷化氢对Fe2+、Mn2+和碱性磷酸酶的影响具有相似性,磷化氢处理的前15 d,根际土壤中的Fe2+、Mn2+和碱性磷酸酶变化不明显,随着水稻的生长,根际土壤中的Fe2+和Mn2+随磷化氢浓度的增大而增加,随暴露时间的增加而减少;而根际土壤中的碱性磷酸酶随磷化氢浓度和暴露时间的增加而增加.非根际土壤中的Fe2+、Mn2+和碱性磷酸酶在磷化氢作用下变化不明显.水稻在磷化氢的环境影响下,根际与非根际土壤的有效磷含量都提高,表明一定浓度的磷化氢对土壤磷表现出活化效应.     

野外条件下土壤砷浓度对蜈蚣草砷富集特征的影响

以As超富集植物蜈蚣草广泛分布的湖南省郴州市为例,调查了不同As污染程度下植物对As的富集和转运特点.结果表明,在野外条件下根际土壤中As浓度相对较低时(64～1000mg/kg),蜈蚣草地上部As浓度随根际土壤中As浓度的增加而逐渐增加,而在根际土壤中As浓度相对较高(1000～2712mg/kg)时,蜈蚣草地上部As浓度表现为逐渐下降的趋势.在调查的所有样点中,蜈蚣草对As的转运系数介于1.08到6.03之间,显示出超富集植物的典型特征.结果还表明,在污染区土壤As浓度存在很大的空间变异性,根际土壤与非根际土壤之间的As浓度也存在很大差异.因此,在野外调查时最好是直接采取距离植物根部最近的根际土壤.     

桂中典型碳酸盐岩区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

硒对人体的健康具有重要意义。水稻作为中国南方的主要粮食作物,研究水稻籽实与根系土硒含量特征及其影响因素,可为富硒水稻种植、富硒产业开发、提升土地利用价值提供科学依据。本文以桂中典型碳酸盐岩地区为研究区,通过采集、测试400套水稻籽实及对应的根系土样品,研究讨论其含硒水平及影响因素。结果表明:(1)水稻根系土硒含量为0.11～3.82 mg/kg,平均值为0.61 mg/kg,明显高于全国其他省份表层土壤硒含量值。(2)根系土中Cd、Cr、Hg、S元素含量高于全国土壤背景值,Cd、Cr、Hg富集现象显示了广西典型碳酸盐岩区土壤重金属高背景属性,碳酸盐岩区Se与Cd等重金属元素次生富集特征近似。(3)根系土中硒含量主要受成土母质岩系控制,土壤中Se高含量主要与石炭系、泥盆系、二叠系、三叠系地层碳酸盐岩、硅质岩的分布密切相关。此外,与土壤有机质呈明显正相关,土壤中的有机质能对硒起吸附固定作用,使得硒在土壤表层富集。(4)研究区水稻籽实硒最小值为0.015 mg/kg,最大值为0.532 mg/kg,平均值为0.08 mg/kg,富硒率高达81.5%。水稻籽实硒含量除了与根系土硒含量有关外,还与土壤中的有机质、S、pH呈显著负相关性。     

旱地作物根际和非根际土壤硝酸盐异化还原成铵细菌群落组成的研究

为研究典型旱地农田土壤硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程(Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,DNRA)的群落组成,针对DNRA过程的功能基因nrfA进行高通量测序.根际和非根际、4种典型农作物共16个样品,质控后每个样品得到87000条序列,在相似度≥90%下划分到27952个OTUs,选取其中丰度较高的258个代表OTUs进行生态学分析.多样性分析(OTUs水平)结果表明:3/4的作物根际土壤样品中的DNRA群落丰富度、物种多样性和物种均匀度高于相应非根际样品,对比4种作物,粟作物根部土壤DNRA群落多样性最高,玉米作物非根际土壤最低.对代表OTUs进行分类,共定义到6个门(Phylum),19个属(Genus).其中相对丰度最高的3个属为Hyalangium(29.31%)、Chthoniobacter(20.33%)和Nitrospira(13.41%),表明三者在群落组成中占主导地位.结合土壤理化因子分析,DNRA群落相对丰度与NO~-_2-N、TN、含水率、TOM、pH及温度呈显著相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了旱地农田土壤DNRA细菌的群落组成、多样性及与土壤环境因子的关系,为提高氮肥的利用效率和减小环境污染提供理论依据.     

Tracing the behaviour of hexachlorobenzene in a paddy soil-rice system over a growth season

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a persistent organic pollutant (POP), has been found in paddy soils. To improve the understanding of HCB contamination in paddy soils, a laboratory simulative study was carried out to investigate the behavior of HCB in a paddy soil and rice plants. This study was divided into three experiments. First, an experiment aimed to examine the evaporation of HCB in paddy soil. In the second experiment, rice was planted in 10 mg/kg HCB contaminated soil and after pot culture at 3, 6, 9, and 27 weeks (at maturity), both soil and plant samplings were scheduled to be sampled. The soil samples comprised rhizosphere soil, nonrhizosphere soil, and unplanted contaminated soil, whereas plant samples included shoots, roots, and rice grains (dehusked). Lastly, in this part, HCB in xylem saps was designed to be examined. The results showed that (1) the HCB translocation from paddy soil to rice by vaporization; (2) the HCB concentration in rice grains was surprisingly high; (3) the observed HCB decrease in rice rhizosphere offers a potential means for in situ HCB degradation; (4) HCB might not be transported along transpiration in rice.     

Structure and function of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial community respond differently to elevated ozone in field-planted wheat

To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone(O_3), wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum Linn.) were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O_3(e O_3)concentration. Three treatments were employed:(1) Control treatment(CK), AOT40 = 0;(2) O_3-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm·h;(3) O_3-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm·h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles(CLPPs), and phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs). EO_3 concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil.The results of the PLFAs showed that e O_3 concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that e O_3 concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O_3 exposure.     

不同水分管理模式对水稻吸收土壤砷的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了淹水灌溉(F)、灌浆期前湿润灌溉(A-F)、灌浆期后湿润灌溉(F-A)、淹水与湿润交替(AFA)这4种水分管理模式对水稻吸收土壤As的影响.结果表明,同F处理比较,A-F处理能显著降低水稻根和茎叶As含量,F-A和AFA处理都能显著降低水稻茎叶、谷壳、糙米As含量和糙米无机As含量.A-F、F-A、AFA处理对水稻生物量影响都不大,仅AFA处理减少了水稻根系生物量.F-A和AFA处理降低糙米As含量的机理是:灌浆期是水稻糙米吸收土壤As的关键时期,此时的湿润灌溉提高了土壤E h,土壤溶液As(Ⅲ)与As(Ⅴ)浓度之和、As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)的比例都显著降低,从而使土壤As的迁移能力得到抑制.F-A处理降低水稻糙米总As和无机As含量的效果与AFA处理无显著差异,但F-A处理的操作更简单,因此,F-A处理应当是污染土壤中控制水稻糙米累积As的最佳水分管理模式.     

重金属Ni、Cr复合污染下李氏禾的根际环境特征

为了将李氏禾应用于Ni、Cr复合污染土壤修复领域,通过根箱实验,研究了Ni、Cr复合污染下李氏禾根际环境特征的变化。结果表明:在不同浓度的Ni、Cr处理下,李氏禾根际土壤的pH值均显著低于(P<0.01)非根际土壤与基质土壤,根际土壤的脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、酸性转化酶活性均显著高于(P<0.05)非根际土壤与基质土壤。随着Ni、Cr处理浓度升高,李氏禾的pH值、土壤酶活性均呈不同程度的下降,李氏禾的株高、生物量及富集系数也受到抑制。在相关性分析中,李氏禾的株高和生物量与土壤pH值、土壤酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.01),土壤pH值与土壤酶活性同样呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。高通量测序结果表明:李氏禾根际土壤相对丰度最高的3种菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);相对丰度最高的3种菌属依次为Alicyclobacillus属、Bordetella属和Mucilaginibacter属;Hydrotalea属对李氏禾的生长及富集能力可能具有促进作用。李氏禾可耐受较高水平的Ni、Cr污染,其根际可能存在金属抗性细菌,是一种潜在的可用于Ni、Cr复合污染土壤修复的植物。     

茂兰喀斯特地区常见蕨类植物根际土氮、磷、钾营养元素含量特征

为探讨喀斯特地区植物根际土壤的养分含量特征及植物的适生机制,本文以茂兰喀斯特地区的专性钙生植物种、厌钙植物种和广布种三类对石灰土环境适生能力不同的蕨类植物为研究对象,采用剥落分离法收集根际和非根际土壤,分别对其氮、磷、钾元素进行测定分析。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤全氮含量无论是根际土还是非根际土均较高,根际土为专性钙生植物种广布种厌钙植物种,非根际土为石灰土酸性土,不同种(类)植物根际土壤间差异显著(p0.05)。全磷和有机磷含量均是石灰土显著高于酸性土(p0.05);石灰土非根际土全P含量处于较高水平,有效P偏低,酸性土非根际土有效P处于极低水平;不同种(类)植物根际土各形态磷素含量变异特征与非根际土各形态磷素含量变异特征基本一致。全钾含量无论根际还是非根际均是酸性土稍高于石灰土,而速效钾含量却是石灰土显著高于酸性土(p0.05);各植物种根际土壤速效K含量多处于中等偏低水平,而在不同类植物根际土壤中,除厌钙植物种处于较低水平外均达到较高水平,在石灰土非根际土壤和酸性土非根际土壤中也达到高到极高水平;各类土壤全钾含量均处于较低水平。(2)专性钙生植物种根际土壤较厌钙植物种根际土壤对土壤全N、全P、全K、有机P、有效P和速效K的根际效应均要强,其中,专性钙生植物种根际土壤中的全N、全P、有机P和有效P含量均高于非根际土壤。专性钙生植物种和广布种对土壤P、K具有较强的活化能力,厌钙植物种的活化能力相对较弱,但对其需求、吸收的程度较高。(3)根际及非根际土壤各元素含量及变异特征主要受土壤类型、质地、水热条件、生物活动等因素的影响。厌钙植物种对土壤P、K活化能力较弱而需求较高可能是其在石灰土上生长受限的原因之一。     

Plant enhanced degradation of phenanthrene in the contaminated soil

The degradative characteristics ofphenanthrene, microbial biomass carbon, plate counts ofheterotrophic bacteria and most probable number （MPN） of phenanthrene degraders in non-rhizosphere or rhizosphere soils with uninoculating or inoculating phenanthrene degraders were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg phenanthrene/kg soil, the half-lives of phenanthrene in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non-rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured to be 81.5, 47.8, 15.1 and 6.4 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The highest degradation rate of phenanthrene was observed in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of phenanthrene were closely related to the effects of vegetation on soil microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but barely influence those community components responsible for phenanthrene degradation. Results suggested that combination of vegetation and inoculation with degrading microorganisms of target organic contaminants was a better pathway to enhance degradation of the organic contaminants in soil.