燃煤电厂冲渣水处理试验研究

在对燃煤电厂冲渣水水质分析和稳定性判断基础上，通过凝聚和防垢试验，提出了适合冲渣水回收试验方案，为工程设计提供了理论依据。     

高炉冲渣水闭路循环新工艺

根治冲渣废水污染的最佳途径是实行闭路循环,其方法有多种,目前较成熟的工艺有OCP法、RASA法和INBA法。C-C法的研制成功克服了以上三种工艺存在的水泵及管道磨损严重、寿命短的主要缺点。新工艺在冲制水渣、渣水分离及水循环3个方面均有重大突破,它能使水中悬浮物降至100mg/L以下。以100m~3高炉为例,每年可降低主要污染负荷为:悬浮物1200.17t/a;硫化物1.06t/a;COD8.09t/a。同时减少外排废水近33万吨,提高了水的循环利用率。具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。     

CC法冲制高炉水渣

成都钢铁厂与重庆钢铁设计研究院共同研制的高炉水渣粒化、渣水分离和水循环系统,是一种活动滤床加预沉淀的渣水分离新方法。即细颗粒粒化、细网渣水分离和预沉淀循环法。该法1936年2月～1988年3月设计、制造、安装、调试、试验。同年4月正式投入试生产。1989年3月由冶金部科技司主持在成都通过了技术鉴定。该法与国内其它渣水分离法相比,尚无先例,独具特色。现命名水渣粒化、渣水分离和水循环系统为"CC法"。     

小龙潭电厂冲渣水系统零排放改造工程

详细介绍了小龙潭电厂冲渣水回收系统改造成闭路循环“零排放”的工艺及设计过程,分析了原系统不合理的原因和改造前后的经济比较,为火电厂废水处理与重复利用提供了设计与运行经验。     

钢铁企业高炉冲渣水余热利用技术的应用

在分析高炉炉渣水余热利用现状的基础上,探讨了该技术的现状、优点和存在的问题。本文以国内冶金企业的高炉冲渣水余热回收利用取暖项目为例,介绍了余热回收技术在工业钢铁企业节能领域的应用。     

用锅炉冲渣水为水源的湿式除尘器脱硫

通过对大连重工集团五台文丘里—麻石除尘器脱硫率的测定、各关键点pH值的测定、渣池中各金属含量的测定，说明了以锅炉冲渣水为水源进行湿法除尘，既经济又可达到稳定脱硫的目的。     

旋风炉附烧处理后解毒铬渣的安定性研究

着重阐明了铬渣经肇风炉附烧及炉餐水淬处理后生成的玻璃体粒化解毒渣的安定性问题，通过对解毒渣的物相结构，浸溶性和高温稳定性等试验分析，最终判明解毒渣在≤５００℃条件下没有玻璃化倾向，在自然环境中储放和用作建材，都是安定和安全的。     

卧螺式离心脱水机在炼油“三泥”脱水中的应用

通过大庆石油化工分公司炼油厂采用卧螺式离心脱水机的工程实例,就其水,油、渣三相分离效果及流程,运行参数加以介绍。     

高炉水淬渣吸附Zn~(2+)的平衡与动力学研究

研究了Zn~(2+)在高炉水淬渣(WBFS)上的吸附情况,并用电镜扫描(SEM)、电感耦合等离子体质谱分析仪(ICP)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)等对高炉水淬渣的理化性质进行了表征.通过批量平衡实验,从动力学和热力学角度探讨了Zn~(2+)在高炉水淬渣上的吸附作用机理.结果表明:吸附等温线能较好地用Langmiur模型来描述,分离因子RL值介于0~1之间,属于优惠吸附.ΔH和ΔS值分别为52.45 k J·mol~(-1)和167.52J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1),表明Zn~(2+)在高炉水淬渣上的吸附是吸热过程,并且吸附过程增加了系统的混乱度,而ΔG值仅仅在温度高于318 K后才为负值,说明高炉水淬渣对Zn~(2+)吸附的自发性与温度成正比.吸附动力学很好地符合伪二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主.高炉水淬渣重金属浸出浓度低,环境安全性能优良,可以作为一种较为理想的吸附剂.     

对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附机制及表面分形研究

研究了对硝基苯酚(p-NP)在高炉水淬渣(WBFS)上的吸附情况,用电镜扫描(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、比表面积测定仪(BET)等对高炉水淬渣的理化性质进行了表征.通过批量平衡实验,从动力学和热力学角度探讨了对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附作用机制.结果表明,吸附等温线能较好地用Freundlich模型来描述.ΔH和ΔS值分别为3.29 k J·mol~(-1)和4.66 J·(mol·K)~(-1),表明对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附是属于吸热熵增的过程,无化学键等强作用力.ΔG值随着温度的升高而逐渐降低,说明高炉水淬渣对对硝基苯酚吸附的自发性与温度呈正比.高炉水淬渣对对硝基苯酚的吸附可分为快速的表面覆盖和慢速的内部扩散吸附2个过程,整个吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型.运用Freundlich吸附分形模型计算了不同温度下高炉水淬渣表面的分形维数D分别为2.78、2.80、2.84以及2.87,表明高炉水淬渣的表面确实存在着分形现象,温度越高,D值越大.     

再生水水质对冷却水系统结垢的影响研究

通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察了再生水回用过程中,水质对回用系统结垢的影响。结果表明,Ca2+、HCO3-、PO43-和温度是导致冷却水系统结垢的4个最重要因素,NH4+-N对冷却水系统结垢表现出一定的抑制作用。     

Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems

The qualified finished water from water treatment plants (WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.     

燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘一体化系统的无垢运行研究

在燃煤锅炉上采用双碱法脱硫工艺,分析了系统运行过程中可能出现的结垢问题,并进一步讨论了解决问题的方法。实验结果表明,将一定量进水投入浆池后,用石灰再生并补充纯碱后打入出水能有效防止系统内部的结垢,当进水的pH值为6.6￣6.8,浆池中水的pH值为10￣11时,系统无垢运行效果最佳。     

表面活性物质对HPMA阻垢缓蚀性能的影响

表面活性物质的加入可明显提高水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA)的阻垢、缓蚀性能,且不同表面活性物质影响程度不同,通过剩余硬度法测定阻垢性能,静态失重法测定缓蚀性能,从而比较异丙醇、葡萄糖酸钠对HPMA阻垢、缓蚀性能的影响。实验结果表明,异丙醇与HPMA复合使用时效果较好,阻垢率达到 79 0 %,缓蚀率达 70 7%,且阻垢率随Ca2 + 浓度增大而增大。     

IMC-932-H除氧缓蚀阻垢杀菌剂对水环境质量影响的安全性评估

依据美国环境保护局工业环境实验室提出的多介质环境目标值（MEG）及其综合排放指数对IMC-932-H除氧缓蚀阻垢杀菌剂在使用过程中一旦泄漏或排放,可能对水环境质量、人体健康和生态系统产生的影响进行了安全性评估。     

基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划——以浑河流域为例

从环境战略管理的高度,提出了一种基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划分方法.在现行水环境功能区划的基础上,结合生态管理理念及相关理论,并充分考虑我国水环境管理能力及发展趋势,进行流域水环境功能区划分.流域水环境功能区划以流域水生态分区为基础,根据参考条件评估水体的生态状况,考虑水体生态保护功能和最小生态需水量,提出新的流域水环境功能区划的理论基础和技术方法体系.首次将水生态分区、水生态保护目标和生态需水量引入水环境功能区划之中,对原水环境功能区划的内涵进行了拓展.该方法以浑河流域为案例做了实证研究.     

“The commons” as a dynamic variable in understanding strategic alliances of scale: A groundwater case study in Pajaro Valley,California

Groundwater, a critical resource in many parts of the world, is often characterized as a common pool resource (Brozovic et al., 2006). Multiple individuals utilize groundwater from a basin, and each person has the capacity to reduce the quantity or quality available to others. We turn to a case study of the Pajaro Groundwater Basin in Central California to re-envision the characterization of “commons.” While providing a useful frame from which to analyze groundwater depletion in the Pajaro, we find Common Pool Resource (CPR) theory to be imprecise in its approach to a geographic scale. The notion of the “commons” is central to CPR studies, but there is wide divergence in what the “commons” constitutes, both spatially and socially (Laerhoven and Ostrom, 2007). Rather than propose a normative definition for the “commons,” we suggest that the “commons” as a geographic category is socially constructed and dynamically active over time, akin to the analytic of scale as developed within the fields of political ecology and geography. This move from situating the “commons” as a fixed and discrete geographic area to that which is constantly changing and relational helps us to better understand the ways in which water users collaborate and communicate around shared groundwater sources.     

废石膏用于道路回填材料的处理工艺及性能研究

讨论了化工废石膏在矿物掺合物、粉煤灰、激发剂、外加剂等存在时，在不同配比下的力学性能、凝结时间、溶蚀率、软化系数和体积稳定性，并分析了该材料水化、硬化规律，硬化体结构及与性能的关系，试验结果表明，化工废石膏掺加量的多少将直接影响到各项性能指标，采用复合早强减水剂，对于粉煤灰活性激发，及加速胶结材料凝结水化、降低用量，有显著效果。     

规模化畜禽养殖小区替代分散养殖模式污染物减排核算及建议

规模化畜禽养殖小区采用生态工程处理养殖废水和粪便,是一种新出现的环保型养殖模式,与传统的分散养殖方式相比,具有集约型、减量化的特点.本文通过实地调查,监测某规模化畜禽养殖小区及其替代同等规模分散养殖户的主要污染物排放浓度和排放总量,为核算污染物初始排放量、削减量及外排量提供基础数据,以研究和核定实施集约化养殖后污染物减排成效.结果表明,规模化畜禽养殖替代散户养殖,能大幅度减少规模养殖区域养殖废水及污染物外排量,减少幅度为:废水量41.6％,COD 93.5％,NH3-N 99.9％,TP 99.4％,SS 90.5％.养殖小区通过源头减排,提高末端治理效率,并配套农牧结合的有效实施,可使替代养殖户的排污量削减全额认定,实现污染物“零排放”.     

Collaboration mobilises institutions with scale-dependent comparative advantage in landscape-scale biodiversity conservation

Landscape-scale approaches are emerging as central to ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation globally, triggering the requirement for collaboration between multiple actors and associated risks including knowledge asymmetries; institutional fragmentation; uncertainty; power imbalances; “invisible” slow-changing variables; and entrenched socio-economic inequities. While social science has elucidated some dimensions required for effective collaboration, little is known about how collaboration manages these risks, or of its effects on associated social-ecological linkages. Our analysis of four different Australian contexts of collaboration shows they mobilised institutions matched to addressing environmental threats, at diverse scales across regulatory and non-regulatory domains. The institutions mobilised included national regulatory controls on development that threatened habitat, incentives to farmers for practice-change, and mechanisms that increased resources for on-ground fire and pest management. Knowledge-sharing underpinned effective risk management and was facilitated through the use of boundary objects, enhanced multi-stakeholder peer review processes, interactive spatial platforms, and Aboriginal-driven planning. Institutions mobilised in these collaborations show scale-dependent comparative advantage for addressing environmental threats. The findings confirm the need to shift scientific attention away from theorising about the ideal-scale for governance. We argue instead for a focus on understanding how knowledge-sharing activities across multiple scales can more effectively connect environmental threats with the most capable institution to address these threats.