台湾海峡及周边海区气溶胶时空分布特征的遥感分析

首次利用连续3年(2002～2004)的MODIS气溶胶卫星遥感资料分析了台湾海峡及周边海区的气溶胶时空分布特征.研究表明,台湾海峡及周边海区气溶胶多年平均光学厚度沿岸呈带状分布且表现出随离岸距离呈指数降低的空间分布特征.各典型海区中,台湾海峡多年平均气溶胶光学厚度最高;其次为东海南部和南海北部,西北太平洋海区的气溶胶光学厚度最低.4个季节的气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征明显不同,呈现出春季高、冬季略高于秋季、夏季低的特点.春季受我国北方沙尘天气影响,整个海区气溶胶光学厚度高于其它季节,达到0.32;沙尘气溶胶在冬季季风的作用下能够向南跨越东海,最远传输到西北太平洋海区上空,使得该海区的气溶胶光学厚度值达到0.22,明显高于其它季节,夏季则由于东南季风和多降雨天气的影响,陆源污染物向海扩散条件差,气溶胶光学厚度低,仅为0.12,气溶胶类型分布分析表明,近岸海区的气溶胶类型主要以来自陆源的污染和烟尘气溶胶为主,春、秋以及冬季在大气动力的作用下可以输送到较远的海区上空;远岸海区的气溶胶类型则可能主要以海盐气溶胶或沙尘气溶胶(春季)为主;近远海之间海区的气溶胶类型分布则主要以污染气溶胶和海盐气溶胶(或沙尘气溶胶)混合为主.     

北京地区MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶资料的检验与应用

利用NASA发布的MODISlevel2产品 ,结合在北京大学多波段太阳光度计观测的数据 ,分析检验了 2 0 0 1 0 1— 2 0 0 2 11北京地区大气气溶胶光学厚度 (5 5 0nm)的变化情况 ,结果表明 ,MODIS卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度具有一定的精度 ,在一定程度上可以反映气溶胶污染物较大范围的空间分布 ,对分析有关气溶胶源和区域性输送等问题提供了一个有效的手段     

亚洲地区MODIS和Himawari-8细模态气溶胶产品验证及其时空分布分析

利用AERONET观测网数据,结合MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)及Himawari-8(新一代地球同步气象卫星)的气溶胶产品分析了亚洲41个站点2015—2016年细模态气溶胶光学特性.结果表明,MODIS和Himawari-8反演气溶胶细模态比例(FMF)及细模态气溶胶光学厚度(fAOD)落在误差区间EE(期望误差)内的比例均不超过80%,其中8个典型站点则不超过50%,总体上MODIS要优于Himawari-8,但与AERONET地基观测资料相比还存在一定的误差.因此,需要进一步研究反演方法,提升地表反射率的确定精度,从而提高卫星遥感反演精度.通过季节平均的比较,发现春、夏、秋、冬四季MODIS和Himawari-8的反演值均有所低估,MODIS fAOD各季节平均偏差相对较小.Himawari-8 FMF秋季在Dhaka_University站的平均偏差较大,MODIS FMF春、冬季的平均偏差最大值相对较大,夏、秋季则相对较小;对于同一站点在相同季节均为Himawari-8 fAOD偏差较大,并且MODIS fAOD各季节的平均偏差最大值均小于Himawari-8 fAOD的偏差值.同时,利用卫星观测分析了亚洲地区FMF和fAOD年均及季节平均分布特征,发现MODIS和Himawari-8 FMF年均分布高值区主要位于华北平原、东北平原、四川盆地和中南半岛,MODIS fAOD年均分布高值区主要位于中南半岛,Himawari-8 fAOD年均值则普遍较低.MODIS FMF和fAOD季节平均分布呈现出夏秋高、春冬低的趋势,Himawari-8 FMF和fAOD季节平均分布则呈现出春秋高、夏冬低的特征,高值区的位置和量值均有明显的季节变化.     

香港及珠三角地区MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演

为了有效解决地区性和城市范围内的气溶胶分布并反演陆地上气溶胶的性质,一种针对中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)的气溶胶反演新算法应运而生.本文首先通过改良的最小反射率技术(MRT)来确定季节性的地表反射率和利用瑞利通道辐射率中解析出大气上气溶胶的反射率来估计气溶胶的反射系数.结果表明,MRT地表反射率的图像和MODIS地表反射系数的产品(MOD09)有很好的契合度.两者的相关系数高达0.9.此外,考虑到不同气溶胶的光学性质和太阳观测组合对计算辐射传输的影响,本研究还制定了全面广泛的差算表(LUT).由此产生的卫星500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和香港太阳光度计(AERONET)及MicrotopsⅡ观测资料的相关系数r分别为0.96和0.87(相伴概率值P<0.0001).该研究证明了城区高分辨率气溶胶反演的可行性,还能帮助研究气溶胶的分布和城区大气瞬态污染的影响.此外,MODIS 500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度图像还可用于研究跨境气溶胶,使定位珠江三角洲区域污染源变得可行.     

北京地区多气溶胶遥感参量与PM2.5相关性研究

利用卫星和地基遥感气溶胶数据分析了北京地区多气溶胶性质参量与PM2.5的相关性,提出了计算粒子直径小于2.5μm的气溶胶体积浓度和光学厚度(AOD)的方法,并用该方法对2012年3～9月北京地区地基遥感气溶胶体积浓度和光学厚度进行了尺度校正.结果表明:多种气溶胶遥感参量如气溶胶光学厚度、体积浓度和质量浓度等均与PM2.5存在一定的相关性;相比于卫星遥感参量,地基遥感参量与PM2.5的相关性更好;各波段的总气溶胶光学厚度与PM2.5的相关性随波长的增加而减小;经粒子尺度校正后,气溶胶的体积浓度和长波段总气溶胶光学厚度与PM2.5的相关性明显增加.     

京津冀地区MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品与10 km产品的对比分析

本文以京津冀为研究区,对该地区的大气气溶胶光学厚度的分布及变化进行分析.利用AERONET地基观测的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据,对最新发布的MODIS/Aqua C6.1 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的适用性进行验证,并将3 km产品与MODIS/Aqua C6.1 10 km产品进行对比.分析结果表明:MODIS 3 km AOD产品比AERONET地基AOD的相关性高,相关系数达到了0.95;与MODIS 10 km AOD产品相比,其下垫面为城市地区的反演精度低;在时空分布上,MODIS 3 km AOD产品更好的呈现了气溶胶梯度变化,季平均结果中,四季3 km AOD值都略高于10 km产品.以上结论可为MODIS 3 km AOD产品在京津冀地区的使用提供了借鉴与参考.     

北京雾霾天气期间气溶胶光学特性

为了解北京地区雾霾天气条件下大气气溶胶的光学特性,利用2002～2008年AERONET资料分析了雾霾天气期间气溶胶光学厚度、Angstrom波长指数、粒子尺度谱分布和单次散射反照率等气溶胶光学特性参数.结果表明,北京地区雾霾天气期间气溶胶光学厚度表现出较高值,且随波长增大而减小,440 nm时平均气溶胶光学厚度达到1.34.Angstrom波长指数在雾霾天气时也表现出较高值,平均值达到1.11;其中高于0.9的波长指数出现频率达到94%,说明北京雾霾天气期间气溶胶粒子主要以细粒子为主.气溶胶体积尺度谱分布表现出双峰型结构,细模态的平均峰值半径随光学厚度增大而增大,而粗模态的平均峰值半径却随光学厚度增大表现出减小趋势;气溶胶粒子尺度谱中的主模态峰与光学厚度有关.雾霾天气期间平均单次散射反照率达到0.89,且随光学厚度增大表现出依次增大趋势,但对波长变化表现不敏感.     

利用MODIS遥感数据反演广州市气溶胶光学厚度

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据和NASA的V5.2气溶胶业务反演算法,对广州市进行了高空间分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演,并应用地面太阳光度计(CE-318)观测的气溶胶光学厚度进行验证.结果表明,利用MODIS L1B数据进行高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度反演,结果精度较高.利用反演结果分析2008~2009年冬季广州市的气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征,2008年12月的气溶胶光学厚度较低,平均大约为0.65,随后气溶胶光学厚度逐渐增大,到2009年2月,气溶胶光学厚度平均大约为1.35.广州市气溶胶光学厚度空间差异显著,在0.1~1之间变化,呈东北低西南高的空间分布特征.即森林覆盖率比较高的地区气溶胶较低.     

基于MODIS数据反演江浙皖地区气溶胶光学厚度

气溶胶是气候变化和大气污染的重要影响因素。人们发现卫星遥感为大面积获取气溶胶光学厚度提供了手段,同时卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度弥补了地面观测空间覆盖不足的缺陷。文章首先介绍了使用暗像元法反演气溶胶光学厚度的算法和计算流程,利用传统的暗像元法和改进的暗像元法(即V5.2算法)反演江浙皖地区(29～33°N;116～120°E)气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布,并对两种算法所得结果进行比较与分析。结果表明:暗像元法基本可以反映出该区域气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布特点,尤其是在浓密植被区卫星反演得到的结果与(AERONET)太阳光度计的观测值基本相近。但是在城市地区,该算法得到的结果与观测值存在一定的偏差,有待于进一步改善。     

基于MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与气象要素的苏锡常地区PM2.5地面浓度分布研究

基于GIS技术和岭回归分析方法,采用苏锡常地区的MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度资料、PM_(2.5)浓度观测资料和苏锡常及周边地区的气象观测资料,构建了基于气溶胶光学厚度和气象要素的PM_(2.5)地面浓度分布估算模型,模拟了2013年春季苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)的空间分布状况,并将此模型与气象要素多元回归模型、气溶胶光学厚度直接回归模型进行比较.结果表明:该模型将遥感观测资料与地面气象观测资料相结合,能够有效地模拟PM_(2.5)的空间分布状况;2013年春季苏锡常地区PM_(2.5)的空间分布具有整体上西北高、东南低,中心城区高、城郊区低的趋势,局部高浓度区域可能与工业生产、交通等人为因素有关;该模型能够在保持较高精度的前提下,有效地突出局部地区的变化特征,体现出更强的空间分异性,对于研究PM_(2.5)的空间分布规律具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.