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1.
Xiyun Cai Jing Ye Guangyao Sheng Weiping Liu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):459-465
Background, aim, and scope As emerging contaminants, transformation products of the pollutants via various environmental processes are rather unknown,
and some may predominately contribute to the environmental risks of the parent compounds. Hence, studies on transformation
products complement the assessment of the environmental safety of the parent compounds. In this study, degradation experiments
and toxicity tests using diclofop-methyl (DM), a widely used herbicide, and selected major transformation products were carried
out in algal cultures to assess the time course of DM toxicity and its relevance in the formation of new breakdown products.
Methods The alga Chlorella vulgaris was maintained in the algal growth medium HB IV. The inhibition of algal growth was determined by measuring optical density
at 680 nm (OD680). Initially, DM and two selected breakdown products were added to the algal cultures, and following degradation experiments
analyses were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the possible relationship between DM degradation
and toxicity was assessed, based on physico-chemical properties of the compounds and their toxicity.
Results DM was rapidly absorbed onto the surface of the algal cells where it was hydrolyzed to diclofop (DC). Further degradation
to 4-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol (DP) occurred in the cells. However, only a minor amount of DC was degraded to DP under
the same conditions when DC was initially added to the algal culture. When C. vulgaris was exposed to these compounds for 96 h, the determined EC50 showed that DC was about ten times less toxic than DM (EC50 = 0.42 mg/L) and that DP (EC50 = 0.20 mg/L) was the most toxic.
Discussion Due to strong hydrophobicity and rare dissociation, DM has tendency toward absorption as compared to DC. The higher average
degradation rates of DC initially treated by DM revealed the damage of the cell membranes caused by the DM and, thus, enhanced
movement of DC into the cells. Following occurrence of phenolic breakdown products, DP suggested that DC should be intracellularly
degraded to DP, which had a more potent mode of action and a higher acute toxicity. Moreover, the results for EC50 at various intervals were in accordance with degradation processes of the initial compounds, in which rapid formation of
DP was attributed to an increasing toxicity of DM.
Conclusions The toxicity of DM in algal suspensions increased with time due to its degradation to DP, which contributed significantly
to the determined toxicity. These results indicate that the toxicity of the pesticide probably depends significantly on degradation.
It is thus important to consider the time-dependent environmental processes when evaluating the toxicological effects of pesticides
for proper risk assessment.
Recommendations and perspectives Increasing transformation products of these contaminants are identified in the environment, although they seem to be unknown
in terms of the lacking studies on environmental behavior and ecotoxicity concerning them. Certain breakdown products probably
greatly contribute to the apparent toxicity of the parent compounds, which is ascribed to the parent compounds in general
studies ignoring the dependence of their toxicity on various transformation pathways. These studies that identify new intermediates
and assess their toxicity via the environmental processes will be helpful to distinguish the nature of toxicity of the parent
contaminants. 相似文献
2.
3.
Long-range atmospheric transport of three toxaphene congeners across Europe. Modeling by chained single-box FATEMOD program 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jaakko Paasivirta Seija Sinkkonen Vladimir Nikiforov Fedor Kryuchkov Erkki Kolehmainen Katri Laihia Arto Valkonen Manu Lahtinen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):191-205
Background, aims, and scope Since toxaphene (polychlorocamphene, polychloropinene, or strobane) mixtures were applied for massive insecticide use in the
1960s to replace the use of DDT, some of their congeners have been found at high latitudes far away from the usage areas.
Especially polychlorinated bornanes have demonstrated dominating congeners transported by air up to the Arctic areas. Environmental
fate modeling has been applied to monitor this phenomenon using parallel zones of atmosphere around the globe as interconnected
environments. These zones, shown in many meteorological maps, however, may not be the best way to configure atmospheric transport
in air trajectories. The latter could also be covered by connecting a chain of simple model boxes. We aim to study this alternative
approach by modeling the trajectory chain using catchment boxes of our FATEMOD model. Polychlorobornanes analyzed in biota
of the Barents Sea offered one case to study this modeling alternative, while toxaphene has been and partly still is used
massively at southern East Europe and around rivers flowing to the Aral Sea.
Materials and methods Pure model substances of three polychlorobornanes (toxaphene congeners P26, P50, and P62) were synthesized, their environmentally
important thermal properties measured by differential scanning calorimetry, as evaluated from literature data, and their temperature
dependences estimated by the QSPR programs VPLEST, WATSOLU, and TDLKOW. The evaluated property parameters were used to model
their atmospheric long-range transport from toxaphene heavy usage areas in Ukraine and Aral/SyrDarja/AmuDarja region areas,
through East Europe and Northern Norway (Finnmarken) to the Barents Sea. The time period used for the emission model was June
1997. Usual weather conditions in June were applied in the model, which was constructed by chaining FATEMOD model boxes of
the catchment’s areas along assumed maximal air flow trajectories. Analysis of the three chlorobornanes in toxaphene mixtures
function as a basis for the estimates of emission levels caused by its usage. High estimate (A) was taken from contents in
a Western product chlorocamphene and low estimate (B) from mean contents in Russian polychloroterpene products to achieve
modeled water concentrations. Bioaccumulation to analyzed lipid of aquatic biota at the target region was estimated by using
statistical calculation for persistent organic pollutants in literature.
Results The results from model runs A and B (high and low emission estimate) for levels in sea biota were compared to analysis results
of samples taken in August 1997 at Barents Sea. The model results (ng g−1 lw): 4–95 in lipid of planktovores and 7–150 in lipid of piscivores, were in fair agreement with the analysis results from
August 1997: 21–31 in Themisto libellula (chatka), 26–42 in Boreocadus saida (Polar cod), and 5–27 in Gadus morhua (cod) liver.
Discussion The modeling results indicate that the application of chained simple multimedia catchment boxes on predicted trajectory is
a useful method for estimation of volatile airborne persistent chemical exposures to biota in remote areas. For hazard assessment
of these pollutants, their properties, especially temperature dependences, must be estimated by a reasonable accuracy. That
can be achieved by using measurements in laboratory with pure model compounds and estimation of properties by thermodynamic
QSPR methods. The property parameters can be validated by comparing their values at an environmental temperature range with
measured or QSPR-estimated values derived by independent methods. The chained box method used for long-range air transport
modeling can be more suitable than global parallel zones modeling used earlier, provided that the main airflow trajectories
and properties of transported pollutants are predictable enough.
Conclusions Long-range air transport modeling of persistent, especially photo-resistant organic compounds using a chain of joint simple
boxes of catchment’s environments is a feasible method to predict concentrations of pollutants at the target area. This is
justified from model results compared with analytical measurements in Barents Sea biota in August 1997: three of six modeled
values were high and the other three low compared to the analysis results. The order of magnitude level was similar in both
modeled (planktovore and piscivore) and observed (chatka and polar cod) values of lipid samples. The obtained results were
too limited to firm validation but are sufficient to justify feasibility of the method, which prompts one to perform more
studies on this modeling system.
Recommendations and perspectives For assessment of the risk of environmental damages, chemical fate determination is an essential tool for chemical control,
e.g., for EU following the REACH rules. The present conclusion of applicability of the chained single-box multimedia modeling
can be validated by further studies using analyses of emissions and target biota in various other cases. To achieve useful
results, fate models built with databases having automatic steps for most calculations and outputs accessible to all chemical
control professionals are essential. Our FATEMOD program catchments at environments and compound properties listed in the
database represent a feasible tool for local, regional, and, according our present test results, for global exposure predictions.
As an extended use of model, emission estimates can be achieved by reversed modeling from analysis results of samples corresponding
to the target area.
This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alexander B Terentiev (who passed away in November 2006), our true friend.
With his Institute of Organo-Element Compounds, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, he was an important main organizer of
the six joint Finnish–Russian seminars (every third year since 1989) on the field (‘Chemistry and Ecology of Organo-Element
Compounds’). He prompted us especially to search properties and environmental fates for various polyhalogen compounds. We
remember him for his friendly character and great sense of humor. 相似文献
4.
Noelia Domínguez-Morueco Luis Moreno-Merino Daniel Molins-Delgado M. Silvia Díaz-Cruz
scar Aznar-Alemany Ethel Eljarrat Marinella Farr Jernimo Lpez-Martínez Miren Lpez de Alda Adrin Silva Juan Jos Durn Valsero Yolanda Valcrcel 《Ambio》2021,50(3):544
This study aimed to evaluate the presence of ultraviolet filters (UV-Fs), benzotriazoles, pyrethroids and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater and wastewater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. All water samples analyzed contained UV-Fs residues and high concentrations were detected in anthropogenic impacted sites (< LOD up to 1300 ng/L). Likewise, benzotriazoles were detected in all water samples (< LOQ–920 ng/L). Regarding suspended particulate matter, almost all UV-Fs and all benzotriazoles were measured at concentrations ranging from < LOQ to 33 µg/g dry weight. Pyrethroids were also detected (< LOQ–250 ng/L) and their presence implies the existence of a gateway to the Antarctica Peninsula from other regions. The data confirmed the presence of PFASs (< LOD–7500 ng/L) in this area, in agreement with previous studies. In light of these results, extended monitoring in Antarctica should be carried out to perform a reliable environmental risk assessment leading to propose recommendations to minimize the anthropic impact.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01404-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
5.
Part V—sorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Background, aim, and scope Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) including antibiotics, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and veterinary pharmaceuticals
are emerging pollutants, and their environmental risk was not emphasized until a decade ago. These compounds have been reported
to cause adverse impacts on wildlife and human. However, compared to the studies on hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs)
whose sorption characteristics is reviewed in Part IV of this review series, information on PPCPs is very limited. Thus, a
summary of recent research progress on PPCP sorption in soils or sediments is necessary to clarify research requirements and
directions.
Main features We reviewed the research progress on PPCP sorption in soils or sediments highlighting PPCP sorption different from that of
HOCs. Special function of humic substances (HSs) on PPCP behavior is summarized according to several features of PPCP–soil
or sediment interaction. In addition, we discussed the behavior of xenobiotic chemicals in a three-phase system (dissolved
organic matter (DOM)–mineral–water). The complexity of three-phase systems was also discussed.
Results Nonideal sorption of PPCPs in soils or sediments is generally reported, and PPCP sorption behavior is relatively a more complicated
process compared to HOC sorption, such as the contribution of inorganic fractions, fast degradation and metabolite sorption,
and species-specific sorption mechanism. Thus, mechanistic studies are urgently needed for a better understanding of their
environmental risk and for pollution control.
Discussion Recent research progress on nonideal sorption has not been incorporated into fate modeling of xenobiotic chemicals. A major
reason is the complexity of the three-phase system. First of all, lack of knowledge in describing DOM fractionation after
adsorption by mineral particles is one of the major restrictions for an accurate prediction of xenobiotic chemical behavior
in the presence of DOM. Secondly, no explicit mathematical relationship between HS chemical–physical properties, and their
sorption characteristics has been proposed. Last but not least, nonlinear interactions could exponentially increase the complexity
and uncertainties of environmental fate models for xenobiotics. Discussion on proper simplification of fate modeling in the
framework of nonlinear interactions is still unavailable.
Conclusions Although the methodologies and concepts for studying HOC environmental fate could be adopted for PPCP study, their differences
should be highly understood. Prediction of PPCP environmental behavior needs to combine contributions from various fractions
of soils or sediments and the sorption of their metabolites and different species.
Recommendations and perspectives More detailed studies on PPCP sorption in separated soil or sediment fractions are needed in order to propose a model predicting
PPCP sorption in soils or sediments based on soil or sediment properties. The information on sorption of PPCP metabolites
and species and the competition between them is still not enough to be incorporated into any predictive models. 相似文献
6.
Understanding how private landholders make deforestation decisions is of paramount importance for conservation. Behavioural frameworks from the social sciences have a lot to offer researchers and practitioners, yet these insights remain underutilised in describing what drives landholders’ deforestation intentions under important political, social, and management contexts. Using survey data of private landholders in Queensland, Australia, we compare the ability of two popular behavioural models to predict future deforestation intentions, and propose a more integrated behavioural model of deforestation intentions. We found that the integrated model outperformed other models, revealing the importance of threat perceptions, attitudes, and social norms for predicting landholders’ deforestation intentions. Social capital, policy uncertainty, and years of experience are important contextual moderators of these psychological factors. We conclude with recommendations for promoting behaviour change in this deforestation hotspot and highlight how others can adopt similar approaches to illuminate more proximate drivers of environmental behaviours in other contexts.Supplementary informationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01491-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
7.
R. Haas I. Schreiber Petra Kopecz G. Stork 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1991,3(2):70-73
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von Wasserproben aus dem Einflu?ereich der Rüstungsaltlast „Dethlinger Teich“ bei Munster/Niedersachsen
werden dargestellt und bewertet. Von mehr als 50 untersuchten spezifischen Substanzen wurden Arsenkampfstoffe als Hauptkontaminanten
erkannt. Im Rahmen der Gef?hrdungsabsch?tzung wird hier erstmals eine Analysenmethode zur Unterscheidung zwischen anorganisch
und organisch gebundenem Arsen vorgestellt.
Groundwater analyses in the area of the former munitions depository (World War II) „Dethlinger Teich“ near Munster/Niedersachsen
were evaluated. Results from 50 different chemical substances showed that arsenic compounds are the main contaminating chemicals.
A new method has been developed to distinguish between morganically- and organically bound compounds. This differentiation
is required for risk assessment and evaluation. Also, the relationship of chemical structure and physiological effects in
organo arsenic compounds is described. 相似文献
8.
Sverker Srlin 《Ambio》2021,50(1):10
Emerging after World War II “the environment” as a modern concept turned in the years around 1970 into a phase of institutionalization in science, civic society, and politics. Part of this was the foundation of journals. The majority became “environmental specialist journals”, typically based in established disciplines. Some became “environmental generalist journals”, covering broad knowledge areas and often with an ambition to be policy relevant. A significant and early member of the latter category was Ambio, founded 1972. This article presents an overview of the journal’s first 50 years, with a focus on main changes in scientific content, political context, and editorial directions. A key finding is that the journal reflects an increasing pluralization of “the environment” with concepts such as global change, climate change, Earth system science, Anthropocene, resilience, and environmental governance. Another finding is that the journal has also itself influenced developments through publishing work on new concepts and ideas. 相似文献
9.
Over the past 50 years, human beings have influenced ecosystems more rapidly than at any similar time in human history, drastically
altering ecosystem functioning. Along with ecosystem transformation and degradation, a number of studies have addressed the
functioning, assessment and management of ecosystems. The concept of ecosystem services has been developed in the scientific
literature since the end of the 1970s. However, ecosystem service research has focused on certain service categories, ecosystem
types, and geographical areas, while substantial knowledge gaps remain concerning several aspects. We assess the development
and current status of ecosystem service research on the basis of publications collected from the Web of Science. The material
consists of (1) articles (n = 353) from all the years included in the Web of Science down to the completion of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and
(2) more recent articles (n = 687) published between 2006 and 2008. We also assess the importance of international processes, such as the Convention
on Biological Diversity, the Kyoto Protocol and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, as drivers of ecosystem service research.
Finally, we identify future prospects and research needs concerning the assessment and management of ecosystem services. 相似文献
10.
Matthias Schrter Emilie Crouzat Lisanne Hlting Julian Massenberg Julian Rode Mario Hanisch Nadja Kabisch Julia Palliwoda Jrg A. Priess Ralf Seppelt Michael Beckmann 《Ambio》2021,50(2):289
Conservation efforts are increasingly supported by ecosystem service assessments. These assessments depend on complex multi-disciplinary methods, and rely on a number of assumptions which reduce complexity. If assumptions are ambiguous or inadequate, misconceptions and misinterpretations may arise when interpreting results of assessments. An interdisciplinary understanding of assumptions in ecosystem service science is needed to provide consistent conservation recommendations. Here, we synthesise and elaborate on 12 prevalent types of assumptions in ecosystem service assessments. These comprise conceptual and ethical foundations of the ecosystem service concept, assumptions on data collection, indication, mapping, and modelling, on socio-economic valuation and value aggregation, as well as about using assessment results for decision-making. We recommend future assessments to increase transparency about assumptions, and to test and validate them and their potential consequences on assessment reliability. This will support the taking up of assessment results in conservation science, policy and practice.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01379-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
11.
12.
A decision framework for possible remediation of contaminated sediments in the River Kymijoki, Finland 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Verta M Kiviranta H Salo S Malve O Korhonen M Verkasalo PK Ruokojärvi P Rossi E Hanski A Päätalo K Vartiainen T 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):95-105
Background, aim, and scope The paper describes the spatial contamination of the River Kymijoki, South-Eastern Finland, and the coastal region of the
Gulf of Finland with PCDD/Fs and mercury. The findings of ecotoxicologial and human health studies are also reported, including
environmental and human risk assessments. Sediments from the River Kymijoki, draining into the Gulf of Finland, have been
heavily polluted by the pulp and paper industry and by chemical industries. A wood preservative, known as Ky-5, was manufactured
in the upper reaches of the river between 1940 and 1984 causing severe pollution of river sediments with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF). Moreover, the sediments have been polluted with mercury (Hg) from chlor-alkali production
and the use of Hg as a slimicide in pulp and paper manufacturing.
Materials and methods An extensive sediment survey was conducted as well as sediment transport modeling, toxicity screening of sediment invertebrates,
and a survey of contaminant bioaccumulation in invertebrates and fish. Studies on human exposure to PCDD/Fs and the possible
effects on hypermineralization of teeth as well as an epidemiological study to reveal increased cancer risk were also conducted.
An assessment of the ecological and human health risks with a null hypothesis (no remediation) was undertaken.
Results The sediment survey revealed severe contamination of river and coastal sediments with PCDD/Fs and Hg. The total volume of
contaminated sediments was estimated to reach 5 × 106 m3 and hot spots with extremely high concentrations (max 292,000 ng g−1 or 1,060 ng I-TEQ g−1 d.w.) were located immediately downstream from the pollution source (approximately 90,000 m3). Sediment contamination was accompanied by changes in benthic assemblages, but direct effects were masked by many factors.
The fish showed only slightly elevated PCDD/F levels in muscle, but orders of magnitude higher in the liver compared with
reference freshwater sites and the Baltic Sea. The concentrations in human fat did not reveal high human exposure in the Kymijoki
area in general and was lower than in sea fishermen. The relative risk for total cancer among farmers was marginally higher
(RR = 1.13) among those living close to the river, compared with farmers living further away, and the possibility of increased
cancer risk cannot be ruled out. A conservative risk assessment revealed that the present probability of exceeding the WHO
upper exposure limit of 4 pg WHO-TEQ kg−1 d−1 for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was 6%. The probability of exceeding the WHO limit value of 0.23 μg kg−1 d−1 for methyl mercury was estimated to be notably higher at 62%. Based on these studies and the estimated risks connected with
different remediation techniques a general remediation plan with cost benefit analysis was generated for several sub-regions
in the river. Dredging, on-site treatment, and a close disposal of the most contaminated sediments (90,000 m3) was suggested as the first phase of the remediation. The decision regarding the start of remediation will be made during
autumn 2008.
Conclusions The sediments in the River Kymijoki are heavily polluted with PCDD/Fs and mercury from earlier chlorophenol, chlor-alkali,
and pulp and paper manufacturing. A continuous transport of contaminants is taking place to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic
Sea. The highly increased PCDD/F and Hg levels in river sediments pose an ecotoxicological risk to benthic fauna, to fish-eating
predators and probably to human health. The risks posed by mercury exceed those from PCDD/Fs and need to be evaluated for
(former) chlor-alkali sites and other mercury releasing industries as one basis for remediation decision making.
Recommendations and perspectives The studies form the basis of a risk management strategy and a plan for possible remediation of contaminated sediments currently
under consideration in the Southeast Finland Regional Environment Centre. It is recommended that a detailed restoration plan
for the most seriously contaminated areas should be undertaken. Based on current knowledge, the restoration of the whole river
is not feasible, considering the current risk caused by the contaminated sediment in the river and the costs of an extensive
restoration project. The experiences gained in the present case should be utilized in the evaluation of PCDD/F- and mercury-contaminated
sites in other countries. The case demonstrates that the historic reservoirs are of contemporary relevance and should be addressed,
e.g., in the national implementation plans of the Stockholm Convention.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
13.
Miia Vilve Sari Vilhunen Mikko Vepsäläinen Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan Niina Lehtonen Hannu Isomäki Mika Sillanpää 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):875-884
Background, aim, and scope
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs), widely used in industry as solvents and chemical intermediates in the production of synthetic resins, plastics, and pharmaceuticals, are highly toxic to the environment and public health. Various studies reported that Fenton’s oxidation could degrade a variety of chlorinated VOCs in aqueous solutions. In acidic conditions, ferrous ion catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 to form a powerful •OH radical. In this study, wastewater from wash of ion-exchange resin containing typical CVOC, 1,2-dichloroethane, was treated using Fenton’s oxidation. To reduce environmental load and processing costs of wastewater, Fenton process as a simple and efficient treatment method was applied to degrade 1,2-dichloroethane of wash water. 相似文献14.
Tommaso Locatelli Thomas Binet James Gitundu Kairo Lesley King Sarah Madden Genevieve Patenaude Caroline Upton Mark Huxham 《Ambio》2014,43(8):981-995
In this review paper, we aim to describe the potential for, and the key challenges to, applying PES projects to mangroves. By adopting a “carbocentric approach,” we show that mangrove forests are strong candidates for PES projects. They are particularly well suited to the generation of carbon credits because of their unrivaled potential as carbon sinks, their resistance and resilience to natural hazards, and their extensive provision of Ecosystem Services other than carbon sequestration, primarily nursery areas for fish, water purification and coastal protection, to the benefit of local communities as well as to the global population. The voluntary carbon market provides opportunities for the development of appropriate protocols and good practice case studies for mangroves at a small scale, and these may influence larger compliance schemes in the future. Mangrove habitats are mostly located in developing countries on communally or state-owned land. This means that issues of national and local governance, land ownership and management, and environmental justice are the main challenges that require careful planning at the early stages of mangrove PES projects to ensure successful outcomes and equitable benefit sharing within local communities.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0530-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献15.
Anna Christiansson Johan Eriksson Daniel Teclechiel Åke Bergman 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):312-321
Background, aim, and scope Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is used as an additive flame retardant in polymers. It has become a ubiquitous environmental
contaminant, particularly abundant in abiotic media, such as sediments, air, and dust, and also present in wildlife and in
humans. The main DecaBDE constituent, perbrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), is susceptible to transformations as observed
in experimental work. This work is aimed at identifying and assessing the relative amounts of products formed after UV irradiation
of BDE-209.
Materials and methods BDE-209, dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol, or combinations of methanol/water, was exposed to UV light for 100
or 200 min. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (electron ionization) for polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), methoxylated PBDEs, and phenolic PBDE products.
Results The products formed were hexaBDEs to nonaBDEs, monoBDFs to pentaBDFs, and methoxylated tetraBDFs to pentaBDFs. The products
found in the fraction containing halogenated phenols were assigned to be pentabromophenol, dihydroxytetrabromobenzene, dihydroxydibromodibenzofuran,
dihydroxytribromodibenzofuran, and dihydroxytetrabromodibenzofuran. The PBDEs accounted for approximately 90% of the total
amount of substances in each sample and the PBDFs for about 10%.
Discussion BDE-209 is a source of PBDEs primarily present in OctaBDEs but also to some extent in PentaBDEs, both being commercial products
now banned within the EU and in several states within the USA. It is notable that OH-PBDFs have not been identified or indicated
in any of the photolysis studies performed to date. Formation of OH-PBDFs, however, may occur as pure radical reactions in
the atmosphere.
Conclusions Photolysis of decaBDE yields a wide span of products, from nonaBDEs to hydroxylated bromobenzenes. It is evident that irradiation
of decaBDE in water and methanol yields OH-PBDFs and MeO-PBDFs, respectively. BDE-202 (2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octabromodiphenyl
ether) is identified as a marker of BDE-209 photolysis.
Recommendations and perspectives BDE-209, the main constituent of DecaBDE, is primarily forming debrominated diphenyl ethers with higher persistence which
are more bioaccumulative than the starting material when subjected to UV light. Hence, DecaBDE should be considered as a source
of these PBDE congeners in the environment.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel Hailong Wang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(7):446-544
Goal, Scope and Background Aquaculture activities are well known to be the major contributor to the increasing level of organic waste and toxic compounds
in the aquaculture industry. Along with the development of intensive aquaculture in China, concerns are evoked about the possible
effects of everincreasing aquaculture waste both on productivity inside the aquaculture system and on the ambient aquatic
ecosystem. Therefore, it is apparent that appropriate waste treatment processes are needed for sustaining aquaculture development.
This review aims at identifying the current status of aquaculture and aquaculture waste production in China.
Main Features China is the world’s largest fishery nation in terms of total seafood production volume, a position it has maintained continuously
since 1990. Freshwater aquaculture is a major part of the Chinese fishery industry. Marine aquaculture in China consists of
both land-based and offshore aquaculture, with the latter mostly operated in shallow seas, mud flats and protected bays. The
environmental impacts of aquaculture are also striking.
Results Case studies on pollution hot spots caused by aquaculture have been introduced. The quality and quantity of waste from aquaculture
depends mainly on culture system characteristics and the choice of species, but also on feed quality and management. Wastewater
without treatment, if continuously discharged into the aquatic environment, could result in remarkable elevation of the total
organic matter contents and cause considerable economy lost. Waste treatments can be mainly classified into three categories:
physical, chemical and biological methods.
Discussion The environmental impacts of different aquaculture species are not the same. New waste treatments are introduced as references
for the potential development of the waste treatment system in China. The most appropriate waste treatment system for each
site should be selected according to the sites’ conditions and financial status as well as by weighing the advantages and
disadvantages of each system. Strategies and perspectives for sustainable aquaculture development are proposed, with the emphasis
on environmental protection.
Conclusions Negative effects of waste from aquaculture to aquatic environment are increasingly recognized, though they were just a small
proportion to land-based pollutants. Properly planned use of aquaculture waste alleviates water pollution problems and not
only conserves valuable water resources but also takes advantage of the nutrients contained in effluent. It is highly demanding
to develop sustainable aquaculture which keeps stocking density and pollution loadings under environmental capacity.
Recommendations and Perspectives The traditional procedures for aquaculture waste treatment, mainly based on physical and chemical means, should be overcome
by more site-specific approaches, taking into account the characteristics and resistibility of the aquatic environment. Further
research needs to improve or optimize the current methods of wastewater treatment and reuse. Proposed new treatment technology
should evaluate their feasibility at a larger scale for practical application.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Ding Wang (wangd@ihb.ac.cn) 相似文献
17.
Gunta Sprie Mris Brti Lesya Gnatyshyna Ilga Kokorte Agnese Lasmane Valery Rodinov Oksana Stoliar 《Ambio》2021,50(6):1248
Long-term changes, from 1984 to 2010, in the indicators of microbial pollution (total viable count, coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens) are analysed in the Riga Hydropower Plant Reservoir, an essential source of drinking water for Riga, the capital of Latvia. Counts in microbial indicators fluctuated seasonally and were related to physicochemical parameters (nitrogen compounds, turbidity, temperature, and pH). The changes in microbial pollution were brought about by two major socio-economic developments. Firstly, Latvia’s independence from the USSR in 1991 which facilitated a distinct reduction in most microorganism counts due to a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. This resulted in a significant drop in point and nonpoint pollution in the river basin. A further development was Latvia joining the European Union in 2004. The corresponding focus on water management, including wastewater treatment, was a major priority of environmental investment and lead to improvements in microbial water quality.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01470-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
18.
Partitioning of endocrine disrupting compounds in inland waters and wastewaters discharged into the coastal area of Thessaloniki,Northern Greece 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anastasia Arditsoglou Dimitra Voutsa 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(3):529-538
Background, aim, and scope
In the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC, environmental objectives for the proper quality of inland, surface, transitional, coastal, and ground waters have been set. Member states are required to identify chemical pollutants of significance in the water bodies, to establish emission control measures, and to achieve quality standards. A specific category of pollutants are the compounds that may possess endocrine-related functions known as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). This means that member states have the obligation to take action in order to prevent human exposure to these compounds via aquatic environment. The objective of this research was to study the occurrence and distribution of phenolic and steroid EDCs in inland waters and wastewaters discharged in the area of Thermaikos Gulf, Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. 相似文献19.
Mostrąg Aleksandra Puzyn Tomasz Haranczyk Maciej 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(2):470-477
Background, aim, and scope
Experimental data on partition coefficients and environmental half-lives of sulfur analogs of polychlorinated organic compounds are scarce. Consequently, little is known about their overall persistence and long-range transport potential, which are the most vital measures in the environmental exposure assessment. We performed Multimedia Modeling of environmental fate and transport to complement this paucity of scientific data. The main aim of our study was to investigate whether the sulfur analogs of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, -dibenzofurans, and -diphenylethers are as environmentally persistent and/or mobile as their oxygen counterparts and to propose the environmental exposure-related classification of the examined sulfur compounds. 相似文献20.
Dragutin T. Mihailovic Kiran Alapaty Zorica Podrascanin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):144-151
Background, aim, and scope Improving the parameterization of processes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and surface layer, in air quality and
chemical transport models. To do so, an asymmetrical, convective, non-local scheme, with varying upward mixing rates is combined
with the non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion (COM). For designing it, a function depending
on the dimensionless height to the power four in the ABL is suggested, which is empirically derived. Also, we suggested a
new method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for dry deposition over a vegetated surface.
Materials and methods The upward mixing rate forming the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective
velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while
the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. The vertical eddy diffusivity is parameterized using the mean
turbulent velocity scale that is obtained by the vertical integration within the ABL. In-canopy resistance is calculated by
integration of inverse turbulent transfer coefficient inside the canopy from the effective ground roughness length to the
canopy source height and, further, from its the canopy height.
Results This combination of schemes provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers, during convective
and non-convective periods, than other local and non-local schemes parameterizing mixing processes in the ABL. The suggested
method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for calculating the dry deposition over a vegetated surface differs remarkably
from the commonly used one, particularly over forest vegetation.
Discussion In this paper, we studied the performance of a non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion combined
with a non-local, convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer (COM) and its impact
on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. In addition, this scheme was also compared
with a commonly used, local, eddy-diffusivity scheme. Simulated concentrations of NO2 by the COM scheme and new parameterization of the in-canopy resistance are closer to the observations when compared to those
obtained from using the local eddy-diffusivity scheme.
Conclusions Concentrations calculated with the COM scheme and new parameterization of in-canopy resistance, are in general higher and
closer to the observations than those obtained by the local, eddy-diffusivity scheme (on the order of 15–22%).
Recommendations and perspectives To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO2) were compared for the years 1999 and 2002. The comparison was made for the entire domain used in simulations performed by
the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Program Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated. 相似文献