锰砂表面改性去除酚类化合物的研究

本文论述了锰砂表面改性（以下简称旧锰砂）处理含酚饮用水的实验研究，除酚率可达99%，本实验对除酚因素（温度、pH值、流速和接触时间等）进行了实验研究，当进水酚浓度≤2.0mg/L时，经旧锰砂吸附，可使酚的浓度≤0.002mg/L。     

树脂吸附法处理癸二酸生产中含酚废水的研究

文章针对癸二酸生产中产生的含酚废水特点,研究开发了树脂吸附法处理该废水的工艺。采用吸附-脱附-吹脱固定床工艺,选用的树脂为超高交联大孔吸附树脂NDA150。通过实验初步确定了其工艺条件,开发出的树脂吸附法工艺处理采用仲辛醇萃取后的癸二酸含酚废水效果良好,20 BV处出水酚含量≤0.25 mg/L,COD≤25 mg/L,低于《国家污染物排放综合标准》(GB 8978-1996)中一级排放标准:苯酚≤0.3 mg/L,COD≤60 mg/L,且实验效果稳定。     

化学法处理含酚废水的组合工艺系统和条件研究

采用化学法组合的三种工艺系统,对含酚废水进行了工艺条件的研究。结果表明,对于浓度<30mg/l含酚废水,采用氧化凝聚处理是有效的;而对于30～80mg/l含酚废水,选用氧化凝聚和吸附组合的工艺系统处理,能使排放水中酚和COD达标。     

膜生物反应器处理高浓度含酚废水研究

将膜生物反应器(MBR)用于高浓度含酚废水的处理中,探讨了进水中苯酚浓度、水力停留时间和污泥浓度对膜生物反应器处理含酚废水效果的影响。实验结果表明:经过42d驯化后,可以在高浓度含酚废水中正常运行,MBR系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别可达98%和80.6%。当苯酚浓度为134mg/L时,处理的最佳水力停留时间为3h,最佳污泥浓度(MLSS)为7367mg/L。     

氯仿萃取紫外分光光度法测定工业废水中的酚

采用氯仿萃取紫外分光光度法测定废水中酚时,可以萃取代替蒸馏步骤,有利排除干扰物质;在272nm波长处,测定氯仿萃取液。方法的灵敏度与直接比色法(4-氨基安替比啉法)相近。捡出限为0.2mg/l;线性范围为0.2～2.4mg/l。对4种工业废水测定的变异系数为2.8％～6.2％。实验部分一、仪器及试剂(一)仪器1.751型紫外可见分光光度计;2.500ml分液漏斗。(二)试剂1.无酚水于每升蒸馏水中加入0.2g活性炭,充分振摇后,放置过夜后,过滤于硬质玻璃瓶中,备用;2.酚标准贮备液称取1.0g分析纯酚,溶于新煮过     

N—503萃取处理混灭威农药含酚废水

在氨基甲酸酯类农药混灭威的生产过程中,会产生高浓度含酚废水。废水呈棕红色,浑浊,pH为10～11,其平均酚(混甲酚)含量为1300mg/l,COD40000mg/l,Cl~-为30000mg/l,混灭威含量为1 L/m~3。废水若直接排放,不仅造成大量原料酚的流失,而且给周围水环境带来严重的污染。目前,国内外采用的脱酚技术很多,有溶剂萃取法、气提法、化学氧化法等。鉴于上述废水含酚量较高,通过试验,我们认为萃取法比较合适。它具有脱除酚及回收酚的双重功效。试验表明,应用N-503萃取剂(N,N-二甲庚基乙酰胺)时,其分配系数高,分离性能好,易于再生,脱酚稳定。     

以葡萄糖为共基质硝基酚厌氧生物降解性试验研究

在35℃中温厌氧条件下,以葡萄糖为共基质,采用间歇试验法,通过测定甲烷累积产量,研究了2-硝基酚、4-硝基酚、2,4-二硝基酚和2,6-二硝基酚的厌氧生物降解性,利用相对活性值来判断硝基酚对产甲烷菌的抑制程度.研究结果表明:2-硝基酚浓度小于24mg/L时,对产甲烷菌没有产生抑制作用;4-硝基酚浓度小于20mg/L时,对产甲烷菌没有产生抑制作用,浓度为24mg/L时产生轻度抑制;2,6-二硝基酚浓度小于12mg/L时未产生抑制作用,浓度为16mg/L～24mg/L时产生轻度抑制;2,4-二硝基酚浓度小于4mg/L时没有产生抑制作用,浓度为8mg/L～24mg/L时产生中度抑制.4种物质对产甲烷菌活性的抑制由小到大的排列顺序为:2-硝基酚＜4-硝基酚＜2,6-二硝基酚＜2,4-二硝基酚.     

两种典型氯酚对鲫鱼脑组织应激蛋白HSP70的诱导

将鲫鱼(Cracian carp)分别暴露于五氯酚(PCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)10d后,运用SDS-PAGE和Western Blot方法检测鱼脑组织内应激蛋白HSP70的诱导表达情况.结果表明,在整个实验浓度范围内(PCP为0.001,0.005,0.01,0.025mg/L,2,4,6-TCP为0.005,0.01,0.05,0.1mg/L),随着PCP和2,4,6-TCP浓度的增加,HSP70的相对灰度值都呈现先诱导后抑制的大体趋势;HSP70对PCP暴露更为敏感,在0.001mg/L时对鱼脑HSP70有较显著诱导作用(P<0.005).     

五氯酚对斜生栅藻的毒性效应研究

以斜生栅藻细胞的生长状况、色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)及蛋白质含量的变化作为指标,研究了不同质量浓度的五氯酚(0,0.02,0.05,0.10,0.50,1.00 mg/L)对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的毒性效应.24,48,72,96和120 h五氯酚对斜生栅藻的EC50分别为0.883,0.283,0.225,0.168和0.192 mg/L.斜生栅藻生长受抑制程度随五氯酚质量浓度增加而加强,当五氯酚的质量浓度超过0.50 mg/L时,斜生栅藻的生长几乎完全受到抑制.染毒96 h的斜生栅藻色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)含量以及蛋白质含量随着五氯酚质量浓度的增加呈下降趋势,色素比例失调,色素对五氯酚的敏感程度为:类胡萝卜素＞叶绿素a＞叶绿素b;可溶性蛋白质含量与色素含量的减少呈明显线性相关(r=0.793,n=6).      

焦化废水中降解酚优势菌漆酶活性研究

本实验选取哈依煤气反应器内的活性污泥沉降物作为菌源,以邻甲基酚做为唯一碳源,分离纯化得菌株Enterobacter sp.j11,测定酚浓度、温度、pH值及同酚浓度下的时间变化对于菌株产漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：温度35℃～40℃、pH6.5～7.5、酚800 mg/L条件下菌株生长状态佳,酶活性高;酚浓度一定800 mg/L时,测定了24 h内漆酶随时间的变化,得知菌株8 h后即适应高酚条件。说明该菌株适应能力强、产漆酶稳定。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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