基于遥感的上海市湿地资源与生态服务价值研究

基于遥感开展城市湿地资源与生态服务价值研究是当前生态环境研究的热点问题之一。利用1987年、2000年和2007年的Landsat遥感影像,利用遥感和地理空间分析方法,结合野外调查及研究区相关资料,监测了1987~2007年上海市湿地资源的变动情况,并借助生态系统服务价值理论,估算研究区1987~2007年湿地资源的生态服务价值变化。结果表明:(1)1987~2007年间上海市湿地资源呈现不断退化的趋势,特别是2000年后退化趋势明显,主要表现在稻田、河流、库塘、滩涂等湿地面积的显著减少;(2)1987~2007年上海市湿地生态服务总价值呈下降趋势,其中河流、库塘、稻田的生态服务价值减少,滩涂、湖泊的生态服务价值增加。上海湿地资源与生态服务价值的变化主要是城市化快速发展导致的。以上研究结果,可为政府城市发展中对湿地资源的保护、开发和利用提供依据。     

2008~2016年鄱阳湖生态经济区生态系统服务价值的时空变化研究

鄱阳湖生态经济区是中国重要生态功能区和世界自然基金会划定的全球重要生态区,2009年开始建设,目前已完成首要阶段的建设工作。基于土地覆被遥感解译数据,利用生态价值评估模型及GIS空间统计方法,分析鄱阳湖生态经济区2008~2016年间生态系统服务价值时空格局及动态演化。结果表明,鄱阳湖生态经济区土地利用/覆被方式以耕地、林地和草地为主,8年间区内草地和建筑用地面积明显增加,水域面积减少加剧,生态系统服务价值总体呈减少趋势,其中减少最明显的是林地和水域系统价值。水源涵养和土壤保持是鄱阳湖生态经济区最主要的生态系统服务功能,两者合计占比38%以上,但食物生产、水源涵养与废物处理的各单项生态服务价值下降比例较多。生态系统服务价值年均减少率超过20%的区域主要在城市地区,从空间分布来看,南部区域生态服务价值增长具有优势,尤其在2012~2016年间总的优势更为明显。     

基于土地利用的石羊河流域生态服务价值

生态系统服务的价值评估研究是可持续发展评估研究的关键内容和焦点。在遥感和GIS技术支持下,本文分析了2000-2008年石羊河流域各市县土地利用及其变化。在此基础上,参考Costanza生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,分析近10年来研究区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及其变化情况。结果表明:在2000-2008年间,石羊河流域土地利用变化以耕地、未利用地和草地为主,主要体现在流域中下游地区。总趋势为林地、草地和未利用地的面积减少,耕地和建筑用地的面积显著增加。这一变化直接影响到生态服务价值的变化。就单位面积的生态服务价值而言,各市县差异非常明显,整个流域存在明显的自上而下的空间梯度分异。近10年间,流域中下游地区生态服务价值均呈现增加趋势,而上游山区呈较少趋势。这表明中下游地区受到强烈的外界干预,区内环境正朝着有利于生态环境恢复的方向转变,而上游山区生态环境则呈现有所恶化的趋势。     

湖北省生态足迹和生态承载力时空动态研究

研究湖北省内部可持续发展的趋势,以2005年、2010年、2013年统计数据为基础,应用生态足迹分析法核算湖北省17个市(州、林区)在三个时间节点的生态足迹与生态承载力,对各地区生态足迹和生态盈亏状况从时间和空间上进行动态研究。研究结果表明:湖北省17个市(州、林区)的总生态足迹和人均生态足迹呈迅速增长趋势,其中中部地区增长最快;2005年生态赤字最为严重的地区集中于以武汉为代表的中东部,2013年生态赤字最为严重的地区集中于中西部,生态赤字空间分布的重心逐渐由东部向西部转移;6种生态生产性土地增长速度由快到慢依次是建筑用地、化石能源、草地、水域、林地和耕地,其中潜江、恩施、天门、仙桃、黄冈等地建筑用地生态足迹增速最快,十堰、鄂州、黄石、荆州、荆门等地则是水域生态足迹增速最快,草地、水域、化石能源用地和耕地的生态足迹增长共同决定各地区人均生态足迹的变化趋势。     

生态退耕对安塞县土地利用及其生态服务功能的影响

以生态系统服务价值作为衡量区域生态服务功能的指标,对安塞县1998-2006年间生态服务功能的变化进行了分析。根据黄土丘陵沟壑区耕地坡度与水土流失相关关系以及农户调查数据,对安塞县耕地扰动调节、水分调节、水供应、侵蚀控制以及不同坡耕地食物供应能力的生态服务价值指数进行了修正。在此基础上,分析了安塞县退耕还林还草政策对区域生态服务功能变化的影响。结果表明:生态建设措施使得安塞县生态恶化的趋势得到扭转,其生态服务功能在1998-2006年间增加了12%,其中缓坡耕地、中坡耕地和陡坡耕地的退出,对安塞县生态服务功能增强的贡献率分别为25%,48%,27%。文章还对生态建设的监督与投资进行了讨论,认为基于实验的生态系统功能监测与评估技术才是生态系统服务价值评估的基础;生态建设所带来的生态效益的主要获益者是更大空间范围的利益相关者甚至全社会,因此作为社会代表的政府应成为生态建设的主要投资主体。     

我国耕地资源生态安全的时空差异分析

在分析耕地资源生态安全内涵、特征和影响因素的基础上,构建了耕地资源生态安全评价指标体系,通过对我国耕地资源生态安全的动态变化分析,发现改革开放以来耕地资源生态安全程度呈先增后减的变化趋势,安全综合值先从1981年的0.891 8上升到1990年的0.941 0,随后又下降到2004年的0639 0。从2004年各省份的安全程度来看,安全状况差异非常明显,且经济发达省份的安全水平通常低于经济相对落后省份;通过障碍因素分析发现,改革开放前期的障碍因素主要是农民人均纯收入、财政支农等社会经济因素,中后期则转变为农药施用量、氮肥所占的比重等直接和间接影响因素,在各省份障碍因素中,单位耕地面积农药施用量、氮肥所占的比重、农村人均纯收入、耕地资源生态安全保护意识是最主要因素,经济发达省份障碍因素主要集中在直接和间接影响因素中,而经济相对落后省份则集中在社会经济因素。出台耕地资源生态安全保护法规和分区保护政策有助于提高我国耕地资源生态安全状况。     

中国西部地区生态保护建设路径的探讨

中国西部地区,因其独特的地理位置和地形、地貌特点而形成的生态地理单元,在中国乃至于整个亚洲地区的生态系统中具有极其重要的地位,然而,西部地区是中国生态环境最脆弱的地区.西部大开发战略实施以来,西部生态环境得到了明显的改善,但依然存在水资源失调,干旱灾害严重,植被破坏、水土流失严重,荒漠化加剧,风沙灾害蔓延等生态环境问题,生态环境恶化降低了整个西部地区对人类活动的承载能力,使自然灾害强度加剧并且频度增加,造成社会经济的突出损失、增加了社会发展成本、限制了社会经济的发展速度和方向.由此,西部地区的生态环境保护与建设显得尤为重要,刻不容缓.鉴于此,本文分析了西部地区生态环境现状以及实施生态保护建设的意义,阐析了生态保护建设目前的概况,在此基础上,深入分析了西部生态保护建设存在的问题,结合西部地区的现状给出了相关建议:西部地区生态保护、建设的管理体制进行改革和完善,建立中央宏观综合管理部门统一主管的、地方政府负总责和执行的政策框架;不断加大草地生态系统的保护和建设力度;协调好农业发展与生态保护的关系,积极发展西部地区农业的替代产业,改变当前不合理的农业生产方式和土地资源的利用模式,降低农村特别是生态脆弱地区的人地压力,迅速开展生态补偿试点,完善资源开发补偿机制,将替代产业发展纳入到生态建设工程之中;建立西部生态环境监测评估体系,全面评估西部生态环境建设,为未来的生态建设规划提供科学决策依据.     

东北农牧交错带典型区土地利用变化及其生态效应

东北农牧交错带是典型的生态环境脆弱区，具有敏感性强、退化趋势明显等生态脆弱性特征。本文利用1986、2002年两期TM/ETM影像，揭示了吉林西部16年来土地利用／覆被的时空变化规律，并依据Costanza R．等人对全球生态系统服务价值的评估方法。分析了土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：16年来，吉林西部土地利用／覆被发生了剧烈变化。耕地、盐碱地面积大幅度增加，草地、水域和湿地的面积大幅度减少，区域生态系统服务功能出现明显的衰退。生态系统服务价值显著地减少。吉林西部生态系统服务价值由1986年的767．1亿元／a下降到2002年的624．1亿元／a，减少幅度达18．6％，年均递减速率达1．6％。16年来该区域生态环境恶化和以经济利益为目的的土地利用结构调整，给区域生态系统服务功能和可持续发展能力带来巨大负面影响。     

湖北省洪湖市生态足迹与水足迹动态分析

为了分析洪湖市的可持续发展情况,本文运用生态足迹法计算了洪湖市2000～2007年的生态足迹和生态承载力,同时基于生态足迹理论,运用水足迹模型,计算了洪湖市的水足迹.结果表明,洪湖市的人均生态足迹呈整体上升趋势,由1.450 8hm2攀升到2.022 3 hm2,8年间增长近40%,其中能源用地和耕地生态足迹的贡献率最大;人均生态承载力变化不大,稍有下降趋势.2000-2007年洪湖市均表现为生态赤字,且随着生态足迹的不断增大,生态赤字逐渐加大,2007年人均生态赤字达1.373 hm2,表明生产、生活强度已超过生态系统的承载能力,区域生态系统处于人类的过度开发利用和压力之下,洪湖市处于不可持续发展状态.8年间洪湖市水足迹变化不大,2007年为1 399 m3/a,高于全国平均水平,在国内属于水资源丰富型城市.     

生态破坏使西部年损失千亿元

国家环保总局 12月 2 9日公布的调查表明 ,目前西部每年因生态环境破坏所造成的直接经济损失达 15 0 0亿元 ,占到当地同期国内生产总值的 13 %。据统计 ,目前西部的水土流失面积已占全国水土流失面积的 62 .5 % ;西部地区沙化面积超过 160 0 0万公顷 ,占全国沙化面积的 90 % ;新增耕地 90 %以上来自对林地和草地的破坏 ;草地面积持续减少 ,鼠害严重。环保总局有关人士建议西部地区应从根本上解决粗放型经济发展和掠夺式资源开发引起的生态破坏 ;主要调整人的经济行为 ,辅以生态工程措施 ,重点解决人为生态破坏问题生态破坏使西部年损失千亿…     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Ra and Ra in scale and sludge samples and their correlation with the chemical composition

In order to contribute to a future waste management policy related to the presence of technologically enhanced natural occurring radioactive material (TENORM) in the Brazilian petroleum industry, the present work presents the chemical composition and the ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of sludge and scales generated during the offshore E and P petroleum activities in the Campos Basin, the primary offshore oil production region in Brazil.The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content on 36 sludge and scales samples were determined by gamma-spectrometry. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, a chemical analysis schema for these samples was developed. The results have shown that scales are 75% barium and strontium sulfates, with a mean ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content of 106 kBq kg⁻¹ and 78 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, sludge samples have a much more complex chemical composition than the scales. The ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra content in sludge also varies much more than the content observed in the scales samples and ranged from 0.36 to 367 kBq kg⁻¹ and 0.25 to 343 kBq kg⁻¹, respectively.     

Citric and Oxalic Acids Effect on Pb and Zn Uptake by Maize and Winter Wheat

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of citric and oxalic acids effect on Pb and Zn uptake by corn and winter wheat. The experiment was employed with citric acid (CA) applied at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0 mmol kg^?1 soil), oxalic acid (OA) at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0mmol kg^?1 soil) and citric acid combined with oxalic acid (1.5 mmol citric acid combined with 1.5 mmol oxalic acid kg^?1). Two types of soil were chose in the experiment. One was collected from the agricultural soil near a battery-recycling factory in Anhui province, China (site A) and the other was collected from a Pb-Zn mine residues in Hunan province, China (site B). The results showed that soil pH varied with the different treatment of citric and oxalic acids. However, there were no differences in all the treatments. 3.0mmol CA kg^?1 soil addition significantly increased the concentrations of the CaCl₂-extractable Pb and Zn and other treatments have no significantly increased. The highest shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species occurred in application of 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil and shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species were significantly higher than the controls in this treatment. Shoot yields declined with application of citric and oxalic acids, indicating that the plants were sensitive to the toxicity of the metals or the amendments. The highest Pb uptake values by maize and wheat werell2.3 and 77.2 μg pot1 in soil of site A, and occurred with the control and 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil respectively.     

Citric and Oxalic Acids Effect on Pb and Zn Uptake by Maize and Winter Wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of citric and oxalic acids effect on Pb and Zn uptake by corn and winter wheat. The experiment was employed with citric acid (CA) applied at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0 mmol kg-1 soil), oxalic acid (OA) at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0mmol kg-1 soil) and citric acid combined with oxalic acid (1.5 mmol citric acid combined with 1.5 mmol oxalic acid kg-1). Two types of soil were chose in the experiment. One was collected from the agricultural soil near a battery-recycling factory in Anhui province, China (site A) and the other was collected from a Pb-Zn mine residues in Hunan province, China (site B). The results showed that soil pH varied with the different treatment of citric and oxalic acids. However, there were no differences in all the treatments. 3.0mmol CA kg-1 soil addition significantly increased the concentrations of the CaCI2-extractable Pb and Zn and other treatments have no significantly increased. The highest shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn     

Tree Ontogeny and Its Reflection in the Structure and Dynamics of Plant and Soil Covers

Based on the results of our own long-term experiments and the analysis of published data, the process of individual development (ontogeny) of trees and the parameters of ontogenetic stages are described. Changes in the environment-forming (edificatory) role of a tree in the course of ontogeny and upon its completion are characterized. The performance of this role leads to the formation of the following components of biogeocenosis heterogeneity: phytogenic fields of trees, gaps in the tree canopy, and windfall–soil complexes. The data concerning the interrelation of structural transformations of the plant and soil covers in the course of forest vegetation and soil formation on the primary substrate are reviewed.     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

中国的节能减排困境和财税政策选择

节能减排不仅是推进我国国民经济又好又快发展的核心要义,也是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要.在我国,要实现到2020年单位国内生产总值的二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的约束性目标,需要进行艰难的产业结构调整、能源消费结构调整和经济发展阶段跨越,并应采取体制、政策、技术和管理等综合推进措施.包括政府投资、税收、政府采购和财政贴息在内的财税政策措施对于推进我国节能减排至关重要.本文认为,政府投资政策应重在支持高新技术产业研发应用,经由产业结构调整促进节能减排;税收政策应立足于综合采取增设环境污染税、低技术污染税以及税收优惠和减免等激励和惩罚并重措施;政府采购应通过扩大高效节能减排产品市场需求,引导企业生产行为;财政贴息则应侧重于解决企业节能减排投资以及技术改造过程中的资金约束.     

经济波动与最优城镇化水平和速度研究

城镇化对经济波动具有重要影响,过快和过慢均不利于经济的平稳发展。我国经济新常态客观上要求实施新型城镇化战略,关键是积极稳妥推进城镇化,科学控制城镇化水平和速度。以宏观经济稳定为目标,确定最优城镇化规则,诊断当前城镇化水平和速度,可为落实新型城镇化,稳定宏观经济提供决策参考。本文建立了附加城镇化变量的后顾型宏观经济模型,利用最优控制理论求解基于宏观经济波动最小化的最优城镇化水平和速度决定规则,实证结果表明:我国人口城镇化速度主要对宏观总需求产生影响,而土地城镇化速度既影响总需求也影响总供给;最优城镇化速度规则对总产出缺口负反馈,对通胀缺口正反馈。在此基础上,进一步模拟了1990-2013年间最优人口城镇化、土地城镇化水平以及相应的总产出和通胀波动情况,模拟结果显示:最优城镇化水平和速度规则具有逆经济周期的特征,为保持经济平稳发展,经济过度繁荣时城镇化应减速,经济衰退时应加速城镇化,我国历史上城镇化速度和水平存在较大的优化空间;最优城镇化水平和速度规则会小幅度降低城镇化进程和总产出的平滑性,但会大幅度抑制通胀波动,总体来看使总福利损失下降约三分之一;当前我国人口城镇化水平超前速度过快,土地城镇化水平偏低速度过慢。建议"十三五"期间,政府应该根据宏观经济波动情况适当控制人口城镇化速度,加快推进土地城镇化,提高土地城镇化水平和质量,同时应制定相应的财政政策和货币政策以促进最优城镇化规则发挥其降低宏观经济波动功能。