煤矿开采对地下水流场影响的数值模拟——以神府矿区大柳塔井田为例

煤矿开采过程中的矿坑排水对地下水流场和地下水资源利用具有强烈影响.本文通过建立平面二维地下水渗流模型,模拟煤矿开采后地下水流场的变化.模型识别校验后,对煤矿开采后地下水流场的变化趋势进行了预测.预测结果表明,随着采煤范围扩大,矿坑排水量增加,地下水循环途径被改变,充水含水层被疏干,导致泉水断流.     

使用高效矿山抢险排水装备

随着矿井向深部开采,矿山地质水害有趋重之势;加之洪灾和废弃老井、老空积水的威胁,矿井重特大事故时有发生。矿井被淹后,会使原有的排水系统遭到毁坏,需要从矿山排水基地紧急调运设备,进行抢险排水工作。这项工作处理的好坏,直接关系到矿井抢险排水的成败。     

伊敏露天矿地下水资源环境影响后评价方法及理论研究

通过分析不同时期伊敏露天矿采区内多点位地下水水位的空间变化实际监测数据,利用克里格差值法进行采区内地下水资源量变化趋势的模拟分析,得到长期连续定水位疏干的地下水资源变化规律;在此基础上,分析地下水疏干量、开采规模、区域降雨补给量三个影响因素与地下水资源变化规律的相关性,得出露天采矿地下水资源累积影响的主要限制因子,并对伊敏露天矿长期连续定水位疏干地下水的环境资源影响进行后评价,同时在后评价基础上采用趋势外推法进行趋势影响预测,为完善环境影响后评价方法体系提供借鉴,为企业提出有针对性的地下水资源累积影响减缓措施提供依据和指导。     

页岩气开采:对环境政策和环境评价实践的挑战(下)

页岩气开采的环境和社会影响一直存在着争议。通过综述近年来的相关文献,澄清了以下问题的研究现状:水力压裂过程中产生的化学物质和废水的物理、化学和毒理学性质,其进入地表水和地下水含水层的机制和途径,以及对人类健康和生态系统构成的风险。页岩气开采影响评价显然受到一系列因素的制约,如本底信息缺乏,碳氢化合物自然迁移水文地质史复杂,监测和验证水资源污染来源、时间和机制的示踪剂匮乏,决策的透明度和问责机制欠缺。文章认为,页岩气开采的社会和环境风险管控呼唤着新一代影响评价的产生,新一代的影响评价应综合战略环境评价、累积影响评价、倒推法以及协商、包容的社区参与过程,以达到综合性的风险管控。     

基于改进相互作用矩阵的基坑施工安全风险评价

为解决现有基坑施工风险评价方法过于单一、客观性不足的问题，从勘察设计与监测、支护结构、土方施工、排水与降水、周围环境5个方面选取19个基坑施工安全影响因素；利用引入C-OWA算子的相互作用矩阵对其进行交互耦合分析，考虑各因素的单独作用效果的同时，在削弱专家主观偏好和综合考虑各因素相关性的基础上，研究其协同作用效果；最后用实例验证方法的实用性，结果表明:该项目整体风险偏高，其中排水系统能力、地下水水位和地下管线埋布是影响该基坑施工安全的主要风险因素，需重点防控。     

基于投影寻踪模型的矿山地下水灾害分级评价

为评价矿山地下水灾害状况,改善评价过程中依赖经验划分评价等级的随意性,构建了矿山地下水灾害评价指标体系及分级评价模型。通过综合考虑矿山地下水灾害的孕灾环境,致灾因子及承灾体整体状况,提出了一个具有3个准则层和11个灾害指标的矿山地下水灾害指标体系。基于投影寻踪方法,构建了矿山地下水灾害分级评价模型。评价模型依据具体指标数据,自动划分出灾害等级及范围,采用客观赋值法对灾害指标赋值,实现了在多元评价指标体系下的矿山地下水灾害综合评价。将该评价模型应用到具体矿山中,结果表明模型能够有效评价该矿山地下水灾害状况,具有较强的实用性和有效性,可为矿山地下水灾害防治提供参考依据。     

水文地质参数对地下水溶质预测结果的影响

以西南某磷矿的尾矿库为对象,研究解析法预测地下水溶质运移过程中水文地质参数对预测结果的影响。通过水文地质勘查获得库区水文地质参数的变化范围,然后选择连续注入示踪剂-平面连续点源模型进行预测。结果表明:极端情况下,承压含水层的总磷最大扩散质量浓度在1 001 d后达到稳定。承压含水层厚度与总磷最大模拟质量浓度呈现倒数关系,当承压含水层厚度小于10 m时,总磷预测质量浓度随承压含水层厚度变化较快;在其他参数为最不利的情况下,承压含水层流速大于0.076 23 m/d时,总磷最大模拟质量浓度随承压含水层流速增大而减小;总磷最大模拟质量浓度随承压含水层扩散系数增大而减小,总磷最大模拟质量浓度随承压含水层扩散系数的变化可分为快速、缓慢下降及平衡3个阶段。     

崇左市褐铁矿加工项目对地下水环境的影响

研究区为典型的南方岩溶区,地下岩溶管道十分发育,为了获得其地下水等水位线图,使用GMS软件包,并采用MODFLOW的排水沟渠子程序包以及河流子程序包来模拟管道流。数值计算结果表明,拟建项目的废水入渗到含水层后将向西南方向渗流,最终流入黑水河。尾矿渣的淋溶试验结果显示,由于选矿废水中的重金属含量低,故预计项目建成后选矿废水对含水层的重金属污染风险性很小。     

基于Fluent/Matlab的地下水流速对交叉流模式热泵性能的影响分析

为了分析地下水源热泵系统地下水交叉流对系统性能参数的影响,基于Fluent/Matlab搭建了协同仿真平台,对多年运行的地下水源热泵系统进行了仿真计算。通过分析可知,当地下水流速较高时,年平均抽水温度保持含水层的初始温度不变,机组COP(EER)及系统能效比在运行周期内保持不变;地下水流速越大,热泵系统抽水温度越趋于稳定,地下水冷水锋面越远离抽水井向水流下游偏移,抽水井附近含水层温度场越稳定,机组COP及系统能效比值越高,于维持系统的长期稳定运行越有利。     

成品油管道地下水环境风险评价研究

应用环境风险评价理论,以石家庄-太原成品油管道为例,通过对工程与环境特性进行分析,识别出其主要的地下水环境风险。根据FEMWATER模型软件,结合当地的水文地质条件,模拟在设定的假想事故状态下,对地下水环境风险进行了评价研究。并提出了有针对性的工程防范措施和监测、管理对策,为工程建设环境风险管理和水资源保护提供了参考依据,也为其他成品油管道的环境风险评价提供了参考。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.