藓袋法解析重大事件对西昌大气重金属的影响

为了解西昌市大气重金属的污染状况,该研究于2019年4月-2020年4月分季节采用鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum)藓袋法对西昌市大气重金属污染进行了跟踪监测。在2020年1月15日-4月15日春季监测期中发生了COVID-19疫情和西昌"3.30"特大森林火灾等重大突发事件,对西昌市的大气生态环境产生了影响。通过对事件发生前后的藓袋中Al、Cr、Fe、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mn、Hg、Zn、V、As、Ba等12种重金属含量分析,结合西昌市大气监测数据、气象数据等,解析了森林火灾和COVID-19疫情对西昌市大气重金属污染的影响。结果表明,春季(2020年1月15日-4月15日)12种重金属的总富集量(12.85±1.57) mg/g显著高于其他3个季节(p0.01),但其他3个季节富集总量不存在显著性差异(p0.05),可见春季监测期富集量的大幅上升可能是受重大突发事件的影响。通过疫情前后空气变化比较,COVID-19疫情影响使西昌市机动车活动水平和排放量下降,旅游业相关区域大气Pb污染量下降。同时不平衡的污染物排放量下降引起了城区的大气氧化性显著上升,促进了二次颗粒物的生成,周边工业源的颗粒物传输进入城区,使工业区下风向的城市边缘区域的藓袋Hg富集量大幅上升。该研究表明藓袋法是一种有效的大气重金属污染生物监测方法,能够反映出对空气质量影响的重大事件的效应。     

喀斯特石漠化山区苔藓多样性及水土保持研究

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区可持续发展的重要生态环境问题. 以云南芝云洞山区苔藓植物为研究对象,于2012年1月进行调查和样地设置,共采集样品75份,采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析苔藓多样性及其对水土保持的贡献. 结果表明:苔藓植物有11科25属53种;苔藓植物种数为无石漠化区(34)＞轻度石漠化区(14)＞中度石漠化区(12)＞强度石漠化区(7),丰富度指数也为无石漠化区(2.8748)＞轻度石漠化区(0.1941)＞中度石漠化区(-1.1767)＞强度石漠化区(-1.8923). 石漠化区苔藓植物相似性指数相差较小,其中强度石漠化区与中度石漠化区的相似性指数为0.3750,强度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3077,中度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3846;而石漠化区与无石漠化区相似性指数相差较大,其中无石漠化区与强度和轻度石漠化区的相似性指数分别为0.0714和0.0952. 强度、中度和轻度石漠化区与无石漠化区均匀度指数分别为0.5900、0.5133、0.4899和0.6107. 6种优势苔藓植物(长叶纽藓、卷叶湿地藓、东亚小石藓、黑扭口藓、卵叶青藓和狭叶湿地藓)的生物量、成土量和饱和吸水量分别在0.962~9.546、1.294~40.181、8.890~82.571g/m2之间,表明可以将苔藓植物作为该类地区的先锋植物.      

在重金属污染环境下散栖欧Ping的肾中毒效应

散栖欧Ｐinｇ的试验标本取自瑞典一硫化矿冶炼厂的污染区及对照区。试验山鼠放大代谢笼内，２４小时收集其尿液。对其血浆及整个肾脏分别进行了血浆肌酸酐和金属含量分析。对尿液体积，总蛋白质、肌酸酐和金属含量进行了分析。取纂我的山鼠，其肾的镉 一增加了３０－４０倍，出现多尿症和蛋白尿症。与匐元素不同，肾的其它金属含量在取自两个实验区的山鼠中是相似的，因为这些金属元素含量小球的功能有关。当整个肾的匐含量达到４ｍ     

青藏高原东部针叶林下8种藓类植物的持水和保水能力比较研究

青藏高原东部针叶林下8种藓类植物5个生境的自然含水率以及2种室内环境下持水变化的实验表明,供试藓类植物在原始林下的自然含水率最高,5种生境中金发藓自然含水率最低,提灯藓自然含水率最高;藓类持水能力与保水能力呈负相关关系;持水能力随时间变化逐渐降低,在相同的环境条件下失水过程和失水速率变化趋势相似,但种间差异明显,与藓类本身对水分的适应能力、环境条件变化,以及藓类失水过程中生理生态适应与环境变化的协同进化机制相关;经过失水-饱和-再失水过程的藓类持水能力均明显降低,可能与第一次失水过程中植物细胞受到伤害后未能恢复有关。塔藓、山羽藓和金发藓的持水与保水特征暗示,它们可能是森林采伐破坏后迹地地表微环境变化的潜在指示者。     

贵州万山汞矿区苔藓植物对汞的吸附和富集特征

在所设定的贵州万山汞矿区调查范围内,有6种苔藓植物,其中常见种为东亚褶叶藓和大羽藓.结果表明,苔藓能高度富集汞,东亚褶叶藓和大羽藓的汞含量随污染源距离和相对高度的增加而降低;不同苔藓对汞的吸附等温线具共同性,吸附量随平衡液浓度的增加而增大,东亚褶叶藓对Hg的吸附量比大羽藓大,吸附特征都能用Liner、Freundlic...     

岩溶山区电解铝厂纤枝短月藓对金属元素的监测能力

对中国铝业贵州分公司电解铝厂进行样品采集,根据厂区内部环境特征,分为8个样地,共采集纤枝短月藓(Brachymenium exile)样品24份。利用Optima 5300 V电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪,对该厂区内纤枝短月藓植株及其基质8种金属元素(Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na、Pb、Ti)含量进行测定分析。金属含量测定结果表明,该厂区Al元素含量明显高于其他金属元素含量(基质中其平均含量达到154011.28 mg/kg,植物体内平均含量为28 998.63 mg/kg)。纤枝短月藓可以很好地反映Al、Mg、Na、Ti这4种元素变化,在一般环境下可以较好的指示Ca元素含量,对于Fe、K、Pb这3个元素含量变化不能很好的反映;因此纤枝短月藓对铝厂部分金属元素具有监测意义。     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的形成过程与发育特征

生物结皮的形成发育具有明显的时空分异性,荒漠地区的诸多研究结果不能直接推演至黄土高原地区。研究黄土高原生物结皮的形成过程与发育特征,是对全球生物结皮认知的重要补充,也是揭示其生态功能的基础。论文选择陕北黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区的典型小流域,通过定位动态观察和全面调查测算,探讨生物结皮的发育过程。结果表明：①流域内生物结皮经历了由退耕裸地—物理结皮—生物结皮的发育阶段。退耕撂荒的第1 年,物理结皮便迅速形成;第2 年,土表颜色明显变深,藓结皮开始发育。流域内藓结皮占绝对优势,发育稳定后（15 a）覆盖度可达90%。②不同发育年限生物结皮的物种组成及种数差异很大。发育初期（<6 a）发现苔藓植物2 科4 属5 种,其中芦荟藓（Aloina rigida (Hedw.) Limpr.）和短喙芦荟藓（A. brevirostris (Hook. & Grev.) Kindb.）为先锋优势种。发育稳定的生物结皮（15 a）鉴定出苔藓植物2 科8 属13 种。其中,丛藓科占6 属8 种,以对齿藓属（Didymodon）的尖叶对齿藓（D. constrictus (Mitt.) Saito）、黑对齿藓（D. nigrescens (Mitt.) Saito）、硬叶对齿藓尖叶变种（D. rigidulus Headw. var. ditrichoides (Hedw.) Zand.）所占种数最多。不同阶段的藓结皮均有藻类伴生,发育初期（<6 a）的藓结皮中鉴定出藻类植物26 科35 属50 种。③水热同期的雨季是生物结皮形成的关键时期。发育2 a 的生物结皮厚度达到6.3 mm,超过稳定结皮厚度（9.8~11.8 mm）的50%,抗剪强度约30 kPa。发育初期（<6 a）,容重无明显变化（1.40~1.43 g·cm^-3）,发育稳定（15 a）后容重下降到1.0~1.3 g·cm^-3。该区生物结皮的形成过程同荒漠区类似,但表现出发育速度快、稳定周期短的特点;藻类、苔藓组成及其优势种[坑形细鞘丝藻（Leptolyngbya foveolara）、尖叶对齿藓]与荒漠区明显不同。     

同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15 d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.     

南岭北坡苔藓中多环芳烃的研究

采用加速溶剂萃取、凝胶色谱柱(GPC)净化和 GC-MS 测定,对南岭北坡两个垂直剖面上大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeformae)中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析.结果表明,大灰藓样品中的PAHs 以菲的浓度最高,ΣPAHs 范围为 309.2～1342.4ng/g 干重.其组成与大气沉降PAHs具有较好的相关关系.随着海拔高程的增加,大部分 PAHs 的浓度呈现出不同程度的下降趋势.通过与大流量采样器采集的气溶胶与气相PAHs 样品对比,发现苔藓更倾向于累积高环数的 PAHs,大气与大灰藓中 PAHs 的浓度有很好的相关性.     

有柄石韦和穗枝赤齿藓在岩溶露石生态修复中的应用探讨

岩溶露石是石漠化生态系统要素之一,它对岩溶环境具有积极作用和负面影响,岩溶露石的加热效应成为石漠化治理的一个障碍,开展岩溶露石生态修复对石漠化治理具有重要意义。有柄石韦(Pyrrosia petiolosa)是岩溶环境典型的石生耐旱药用植物,穗枝赤齿藓(Erythrodontium julaceum)是岩溶环境开拓土壤的先锋植物,穗枝赤齿藓结皮的成土、保水、固氮等生态功能改善岩溶露石表层恶劣环境,为有柄石韦殖居提供条件,它们与岩溶露石环境契合程度高,表明穗枝赤齿藓和有柄石韦在岩溶露石生态修复中具有重要的潜在应用价值。梳理了岩溶露石的积极作用和不利影响,归纳了有柄石韦生理耐旱性和穗枝赤齿藓的生理生态功能,在此基础上探讨了有柄石韦和穗枝赤齿藓在岩溶露石生态修复中应用的可能性和途径,旨在为我国西南岩溶地区石漠化治理提供新思路和有效途径。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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