用CAF涡凹气浮设备处理含油污水

用CAF涡凹气浮设备进行含油污水处理的试验，结果表明：当进水油、CODCr平均浓度分别为40.7mg/L、883.8mg/L，平均去除率分别为86.05%,32.62%，出水可满足后续生化处理的进水要求。     

高温脱氨-吹脱法处理高浓度氨氮废水的工程实践

对于氨氮含量在1000．00mg／L-2500．00mg／L以内一般意义上的高浓度氨氮废水,采用普通的吹脱法基本可达到出水要求;对于氨氮含量在9000．00mg／L以上,CODCr浓度在25000．00mg／L～30000．00mg／L以上的高浓度染料化工废水,此法则不能达到预期效果,而采用高温脱氨-吹脱法处理,其处理出水氨氮浓度达到300．00mg／L以下,CODCr浓度达到5000．00mg／L～9000．00mg／L以下,即废水氨氮去除率在95％以上,CODCr的去除率也可达60％以上。工程实践表明,该系统具有去除效率高,操作简单方便,占地面积小,系统运行稳定的优点。     

滇中三大湖泊氮、磷水质变化趋势研究

通过对滇中抚仙湖、星云湖和杞麓湖1988～2005年总氮、总磷浓度的变化研究，发现抚仙湖全湖总氮平均浓度为0．179mg／L，总磷平均浓度为0．009mg／L；星云湖总氮为0．926mg／L，总磷0．075mg／L；杞麓湖总氮为2．446mg／L，总磷0．055mg／L。抚仙湖水质明显优于星云湖和杞麓湖，星云湖次之，杞麓湖水质呈逐年恶化趋势。     

生物滴滤塔处理氨气、硫化氢混合气体的研究

生物滴滤塔处理舍NH3与H2S臭气最佳的生态条件为：在温度为25℃、营养盐喷淋量为8．0L／h、气体通气量为0．4m^3／h,NH3进气质量浓度为435．74～802．32mg／m^3 H2S进气质量浓度为723．44～952．18mg/m^3,pH值在7．0—8．0之间的条件下．去除效率可达90％以上。填料高度与气体的净化效率存在一定的关系,H2S进气质量浓度在670．20—960．88mg／m^3时．下层填料净化效率可达50％～60％;下、中两层填料的净化效率则可达90％以上,在下半部分填料层就能去除大部分气体污染物。     

生物法净化处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气初探

对生物膜填料塔净化处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的技术进行了初步实验研究探讨，结果表明：当气体流量在0．8m^3／h、进口浓度为105mg／m^3、停留时间18．3s时，甲苯的去除率可达到61．90％，出口甲苯浓度低于GB16297-1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》(≤60mg／m^3)。适宜的操作温度应控制在19～25℃之间，氮磷营养添加量的配比应控制为C：N：P=200：5：1。结合实验研究，对相关的基础理论问题进行了初步探讨。     

油田含油污泥超声脱油的研究

在油田含油污泥的热洗处理中引入超声辐照处理技术，研究考察了超声脱油技术中超声强度，超声辐照时间，含油污泥预热温度，清洗液用量和清洗液回用4个试验操作条件对污泥脱油的影响，认为在优化条件（超声发生器输出电压175V，辐照时间15min，预热温度55℃，清洗液和含油污泥以质量比8：1）下，超声脱油技术可以把污泥的干基油含量由0．35g/g降低到0．14g/g，同时也证明清洗液可以反复使用。根据简单的经济核算，处理1t含油污泥可以产出66元的效益。研究表明，使用超声处理可以有效地提高含油污泥的污油脱除效率，明显降低污泥清洗的操作温度。     

焦化废水处理系统微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

ERIC-PCR群落指纹图谱监测与常规技术相结合，分析了焦化废水处理系统曝气池的微生物群落结构动态变化与污染负荷和主要污染物降解效果变化的关系，在每3d1次，连续8个时间点的监测中，待处理废水中苯酚负荷在35．53mg／L和132．82mg／L之间波动，氰化物负荷从0.96mg／L变化到34．75mg／L，CODcr最低为1044．10mg／L，最高时为7930．90mg／L，第4监测期间高浓度矿物油冲击使活性污泥的沉降能力和对CODcr的降解效率显著降低，但对苯酚和氰化物的降解能力造成的影响较小．监测期间2个曝气池微生物群落的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱的平均相似性系数(Cs)分别为94．1％和96．6％，多样性指数在177—2．34和1．60—2．16之间，表明用ERIC-PCR检测出的该系统中的活性污泥这部分微生物种群的结构比较稳定，可能构成了苯酚和氰化物去除效率在监测期间相对稳定的基础。     

纤维乙醇黑液处理

采用微电解＋厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）＋上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）＋膜生物反应器（MBR）组合工艺对纤维乙醇黑液进行处理。结果表明：当黑液中COD质量浓度在12000mg／L左右,该组合工艺中厌氧停留时间（HRT）为48h时,厌氧COD去除率达到72％,MBR中的HRT为20h时,COD的去除率在80．8％～87．5％之间,出水COD质量浓度稳定在301～537mg／L．且MBR抗冲击负荷能力较强。     

含硫含酸原油加工中含油污水的形成与破乳研究

针对含硫含酸原油加工中形成的含油污水,应用红外及核磁共振对含油污水萃取物进行了表征,表明含油污水中含有石油酸类、酚类、硫化物等。乳化实验结果表明:对含油污水的乳化程度为:十二酸钠邻甲酚钠噻吩,石油酸类的乳化能力明显高于酚类和硫化物;脂肪酸的乳化能力高于环烷酸,随着碳链的增长脂肪酸的乳化能力增强。在缓蚀剂存在的条件下破乳剂没有降低对含油污水的破乳作用。破乳剂中Y系列破乳剂效果较好,其中YZM与XYY复配的破乳效果显著,在加剂量为10mg/L、温度为40℃、沉降时间为20min、初始油含量为10050mg/L时,破乳后水中油含量降至285.2mg/L,脱油率为97.2%;初始油含量为2100mg/L,破乳后水中油含量降至97.23mg/L,脱油率为95.4%。     

双酚A对鲫鱼淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的免疫毒性研究

双酚A是聚碳酸酯塑料的单体成分，已证明具有内分泌干扰活性。双酚A对哺乳动物的生殖毒性已进行了广泛研究，但是双酚A对鱼类的免疫毒性研究相对较少。文章研究了双酚A对鲫鱼淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响，同时与2种天然激素雌二醇，可的松的免疫学效应进行了比较。实验过程中，采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法测定3种受试物对两类细胞增殖（PHA诱发）的影响，使用化学发光法测定它们对巨噬细胞呼吸爆发（ConA诱发）的影响。实验结果表明，双酚A在0．054～5．4mg／L浓度范围内、雌二醇在0.0002～2.0mg／L浓度范围内、可的松在5～50mg／L浓度范围内明显诱导鲫鱼淋巴细胞增殖，而高浓度的可的松（500～5000mg／L）却表现出抑制效应。双酚A在0．005～50mg／L浓度范围内、雌二醇在0．005～800mg／L浓度范围内．可的松在0．005～500mg／L浓度范围内，明显诱导鲫鱼巨噬细胞增殖，而高浓度的双酚A（500～1000mg／L）却表现出抑制效应。此外，50mg／L的双酚A和50、500mg／L的可的松抑制巨噬细胞呼吸爆发，而雌二醇在0．05～500mg／L浓度范围内都诱导巨噬细胞呼吸爆发。研究结果表明：双酚A对鲫鱼具有潜在的免疫毒性，并且在高浓度和低浓度下，双酚A对鲫鱼淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的功能变化产生不同的效应。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.