不同通风方式对污泥堆肥的影响

采用2种通风方式和5种调理剂进行污泥堆肥,堆温均能顺利达到设定温度(60℃),并能保持一段高温期,堆肥产品的卫生学指标达到了无害化国家标准.同采用正压强制通风相比,采用自然通风与正压强制通风相结合方式,堆温上升迅速,能耗更低.但正压强制通风能加快堆料含水率的降低和有机质的降解.堆料含水率能极大地影响污泥堆肥过程,堆料的含水率不宜超过80%,在污泥堆肥过程中不必对堆料的pH值进行调整.     

时间温度联合控制的强制通风污泥堆肥技术

采用强制通风高温堆肥技术对生活污水处理厂的污泥进行堆肥化处理 ,通风系统采用时间和温度联合自动化控制 .对堆肥过程中不同的堆料配比 ,通风量对堆温的影响 ,堆肥过程中水分、有机质、pH值、种子发芽率的变化趋势及卫生学指标进行了研究 .在堆料配比 ,污泥∶木片∶回流污泥为 1∶1∶1～3∶1∶1,通风量为 3.3m²/(h·t)的条件下 ,堆温可达 60℃ ,并维持 3d以上 ;堆肥的含水率可降低约 40% ;有机质降解率为 25%～40% ;种子发芽率>80% ;大肠菌值>0.111 ,蛔虫卵的杀灭率>100% .     

高水分蔬菜和花卉废物序批式进料联合堆肥的中试

以滇池流域典型蔬菜废物(西芹、白菜)和花卉废物(石竹)为原料,进行了序批式联合堆肥的试验研究.以西芹和石竹作为初始物料,控制初始混合物料的含水率在60%～70%,每隔4d添加一次白菜;采用温度反馈通气量控制的好氧静态堆肥技术,在堆体温度40℃左右时停止通风.试验分析了堆肥过程中堆体温度、通风速率、水分、pH值、有机质、灰分、体积、NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N等指标随时间的变化特征.结果表明:采用序批式进料、温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥技术进行蔬菜和花卉废物联合堆肥可以有效控制堆肥过程,实现有机物料的快速稳定和去除水分,解决了滇池流域蔬菜废物量远大于花卉废物量时堆肥难以有效进行的技术难题.     

城市污水厂污泥堆肥中试实验研究

城市污水厂污泥由于产生量大且成分复杂,如何对它进行稳定化、无害化处理已越来越受到人们的关注.本研究基于好氧发酵仓式堆肥系统,研究了城市污泥处理过程中温度、含水率、pH、有机质、水溶性有机碳、总氮和发芽指数等指标参数的变化规律.研究结果表明:当物料初始含水率控制在65%左右时,在强制通风量112.5m3/12hr,搅拌频率30min/24hr的工艺条件下,堆肥过程可以实现顺利升温并在55℃以上维持3天,满足杀灭致病菌要求的条件;14天反应周期结束时,物料含水率、水溶性有机碳和有机质含量显著降低,堆肥产品腐熟,卫生学指标达到了美国EPA污泥产品A类标准;得到的污泥产品成为性质优良的土壤质量调节剂.     

屠宰场污泥堆肥效果及其影响因素实验研究

对宜宾县城周边屠宰场污泥进行堆肥实验,以种子发芽指数作为参考指标,重点考察了温度、添加菌剂、填充料、堆体尺寸、初始p H值、碳氮比以及初始含水率对堆肥腐熟程度的影响。结果表明:堆肥温度随时间呈现先升后降的趋势,约在第13天达到最大值,且高温区达到60~70℃堆肥效果最佳;添加活性菌剂,能大大提升有机物降解能力,缩短堆肥时间并提高肥效;以锯末作为填充料对堆肥的促进作用最为明显;为促使污泥快速腐熟,应控制初始p H值在7.5左右、碳氮比(C/N)为25左右、初始含水率为55%。该研究为实现屠宰场污泥无害化利用提供了参考。     

通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程的影响

考察了2种不同通风控制方式(时间控制、时间-温度联合控制)对动物粪便堆肥过程的影响.研究结果表明,在高温阶段,2种通风控制方式堆肥试验的堆体温度均达到了在50℃～55℃以上维持5～7 d的无害化要求(GB7959-87).在高温持续时间和温度分布均匀性方面,采用时间控制通风的堆肥方式优于采用时间-温度联合控制通风的堆肥方式,但过高的温度(60～70℃)不利于堆体中水分的去除和有机质的生物降解在高温堆肥阶段,通过改变通风时间,2种控制方式的堆肥过程均出现了2次高温期,这更利于堆肥的无害化.     

酵母生产剩余污泥和糖渣混合堆肥试验研究

堆肥是世界范围内处理有机固体废弃物的一种普遍工艺,本试验以酵母生产副产物糖渣和污泥为原料,以谷糠为填充料,以RW促腐剂为发酵菌剂,按一定比例混合后堆肥,研究了污泥和糖渣混合堆肥的可行性以及处理过程中温度、含水率、pH、有机质、重金属、卫生学等指标的变化规律。试验结果表明,污泥和糖渣混合堆肥具有可行性,初始含水率控制在60%左右,添加一定量的发酵菌种和填充料,并控制合适的翻堆频率,可以顺利实现堆体升温发酵腐熟,并最终满足污泥糖渣无害化、减量化要求。     

冬季动态槽式堆肥温度的空间变异

以鲜鸡粪、蘑菇渣和污泥按照体积比3∶1∶1混合进行动态堆肥模拟试验.堆肥槽沿物料前进方向分为7个部分,对每个部分按等间距分别做5个水平方向上切分和5个垂直方向上切分,在形成的125个交叉点上进行温度监测.研究结果表明,第1天的混合物料温度在同一层中变异很小,不同层之间略有差异.随着动态过程的进行,同一层温度变异逐渐增大,从第一天相差1～3℃,增加到相差30～40℃,靠近墙体的堆料温度较低,远离墙体的温度较高.随着堆肥时间延长,差异增大.机械翻堆能起到通风的作用,同时使每一个堆方的堆料在纵向方向上上下混合,但达不到横向混匀,因此,靠近墙体两侧的堆料始终处于较低的温度,只有中部能达到较高的温度,以堆肥温度50℃作为无害化指标,自墙体向中心方向的1m为没有达到无害化厚度,无害化体积占堆肥总体积50%.整个动态堆肥过程符合二级动力学方程.     

调理剂在鸡粪锯末堆肥中的保氮效果

在自动高温堆肥装置中,进行了4种调理剂对鸡粪锯末高温堆肥中的保氮效果实验,分析了堆肥化不同时期各处理中的堆温、pH值、水溶性氨氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮和有机碳的变化.结果表明,几种调理剂的加人对高温堆肥的堆温、pH值、水溶性氨氮、水溶性有机氮、TN和OC指标都有影响.都可降低堆肥过程氮素的损失;对OC的分解都有一定的促进作用.特别是同时添加草炭和过磷酸钙使堆肥高温期延长了5d,使堆制初期和高温期的pH值分别降低了0.89pH单位和0.44pH单位,使OC的降解率增加了60.7%,且使堆制过程中氮素的损失率下降了65.1%,有明显的保氮效果;而单加草炭或过磷酸钙效果次之;加沸石效果不明显.     

秸秆与污泥混合好氧堆肥研究

将污泥与秸秆进行混合好氧堆肥研究,对堆肥过程中堆料的温度、pH值、含水率及堆肥前后重金属各形态的变化进行了分析．结果表明堆肥处理可以实现顺利升温并在50-55℃维持5d以上,达到杀灭致病菌要求的条件;pH值稳定在7．5-9．0之间,含水率不断减小,堆肥过程可以顺利进行;重金属有效态有一定程度的降低,减小了污泥土地利用时重金属的环境危害。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.