北京市近效区乡村景观规划方法探讨

以北京西北近郊白家瞳村为例，分析了乡村景观的现状和动态演变的特征，重点探讨了乡村景观规划的原则和方法，并提出了白家瞳村景观规划方案和设计要点。     

北京市近郊区乡村景观规划方法初探

以北京西北近郊白家疃村为例 ,分析了乡村景观的现状和动态演变的特征 ,重点探讨了乡村景观规划的原则和方法 ,并提出了白家疃村景观规划方案和设计要点     

乡村景观规划的发展历史及其在我国的发展前景

介绍了国内外乡村景观规划的发展历史，阐述了乡村景观规划的内容和特点，并简要分析了我国开展乡村景观规划的基础研究和应用的发展趋势，指出了应继续完善系统性的理论和方法论上的探讨，并对一些重点区域进一步开展典型研究和实验应用，以此作为今后研究发展的重点领域。     

基于复合生态系统理论的丘陵地区乡村景观规划

乡村是一定地域内覆盖了人与自然、人与社会关系的"自然-经济-社会"复合生态系统。城市化的快速发展对丘陵地区乡村景观产生了巨大的冲击,改变了其自然地形并对河流和水塘等天然水体产生了破坏,乡村旅游的泛滥导致丘陵地区乡村的农业文化割裂与景观特色丧失,现存一系列乡村问题的根源其实是乡村复合生态系统的失衡。以四川省简阳市三星镇双桂村为例,针对现状存在的问题,如村民日常生活与生产活动对环境造成污染、乡村劳动力流失严重、耕种效率低下、村庄生活设施落后、村民生活单调等,从景观规划设计的角度提出解决途径,具体包括:通过迁移部分居民点、增加垃圾收集处理站与分散式人工湿地以控制点源污染;生态式改造河流驳岸以提高河流水质与净水能力,提高环境效益;发展"林粮间作"、"水旱轮作"和"立体渔业"3种生态立体农业模式对丘陵地貌进行保护与利用,在降低化肥使用的同时提高资源利用效率和农业产出效率;开展农耕体验与农家乐等经营活动,提升乡村经济效益;增加滨河木栈道、观鸟亭与垂钓平台等滨水休闲设施,提升农村户外活动空间品质,改善村民生活,提高社会效益。通过上述手段既保留乡村的生态价值,又满足生产与生活需求,保证整个复合生态系统的稳定,实现乡村的和谐统一与可持续发展。     

乡村景观规划的发展历史及其在我国的发展前景

介绍了国内外乡村景观规划的发展历史 ,阐述了乡村景观规划的内容和特点 ,并简要分析了我国开展乡村景观规划的基础研究和应用的发展趋势 ,指出了应继续完善系统性的理论和方法论上的探讨 ,并对一些重点区域进一步开展典型研究和实践应用 ,以此作为今后研究发展的重点领域。     

景观规划与管理及其相关领域研究的新进展

景观规划与管理是景观生态学应用研究的热点,是以景观异质性和景观功能的定量研究为基础,以3S和模型模拟方法为技术支撑的综合性应用领域,它是沟通景观生态学理论研究和实践运用的桥梁。景观规划与管理和景观结构、景观功能与景观动态以及景观尺度、景观过程及景观格局等具有密切的联系,上述方面的相关理论与方法,共同支撑着景观规划与管理的客观实践。景观异质性是景观规划与管理的重要理论基础,景观功能是景观规划与管理的现实目标,景观生态研究方法是景观规划与景观管理的技术保障。20世纪90年代以来,随着学科的交叉与融合,景观规划与管理领域取得了一系列新进展,主要表现在理论、方法和应用方面的研究愈加广泛和深入,景观规划与管理方式也越来越智能化与人性化;景观规划管理的发展也在一定程度上推动了景观异质性、景观功能和景观研究方法的发展。目前,相关学科方法和技术的交叉融合成为研究景观规划与管理的重要趋势,3S和模型交叉融合促进景观规划与管理方法向着多元化、数字化和可视化发展。随着景观规划管理现实应用领域的拓展,景观异质性和景观功能在理论、方法、应用方面的研究进一步深化。     

多维城市化与乡村地域功能演化的时空关联研究：以江汉平原为例

探索城市化与乡村地域功能演化的复杂性关联规律既是新时期城乡融合与乡村振兴的重要命题,也是乡村地理学研究的时代前沿。以江汉平原为研究案例,以2000—2019年为研究时段,在建立城市化指标体系和乡村地域功能评价模型的基础上,运用系统动态面板模型、时空地理加权回归模型等方法,深入探究多维城市化与乡村地域功能之间的时序关联规律及空间关联特征。结果表明：(1)江汉平原乡村地域功能演化具有明显结构分异性,其中,乡村地域综合功能在时序上呈现阶段性变化,空间上呈现沿焦柳-长荆发展轴的倒“U”形分布格局向汉宜线-东部平原带的“T”形分布格局演化。(2)江汉平原多维城市化与乡村地域功能在时序关联上呈现复杂性特征,其中人口、经济城市化与乡村地域综合功能呈现“N”形曲线规律,土地城市化与乡村地域综合功能呈现单调递增态势,但弹性系数值低于后期人口和经济城市化正效应值。(3)江汉平原多维城市化与乡村地域功能在空间关联上呈现明显规律性和异质性特征。研究结果有利于丰富乡村地理学理论内涵,为案例地区的城乡融合与乡村振兴实践提供支持。     

中国乡村城市化过程中的景观生态学问题与对策研究

城市和乡村的发展共同构成了社会-经济-自然复合生态系统的可持续发展,然而长期以来,重城市轻乡村的发展思想导致了城乡二元结构矛盾不断尖锐。随着经济的高速发展和加入WTO后的国际化冲击,未来的10~20年间,中国将进入一个乡村城市化快速发展的时期,这将使得中国本来紧张的人地关系变得更加严重,资源消耗与环境污染问题日益突出,乡村发展将面临更大的挑战,同时也将是中国乡村发展的重要契机。本文依据景观生态学原理与方法,通过研究乡村城市化进程中乡村景观的组合、结构、功能以及变化中存在的问题,提出了城乡协调、全盘布局和保留自身特色等相应的生态规划治理措施和对策,尽可能使乡村景观格局呈现多样性、异质性,并在功能上表现出稳定性和连续性,最终实现城乡景观和谐发展的局面。     

广东省乡村聚落用地演变及其主控因子分析

进行乡村聚落用地演变主控因子识别与分析可推动乡村转型发展与空间重构的理论研究和行动实施。利用景观扩张指数,揭示1980—2015年广东省乡村聚落用地演变的扩张模式,借助地理探测器识别主控因子并进行机理分析。研究结果表明:(1)广东省乡村聚落用地呈现以珠三角为主、东西两翼为辅的空间扩张格局;(2) 1980—2015年乡村聚落用地扩张以边缘式为主,并与填充式、飞地式交替变化;(3)人均GDP、人均粮食产量、人均农业总产值等社会经济因子为各时段乡村聚落用地演变的主控因子;(4) 1990—2000年乡村处于工业化和城镇化高度发展期,形成了景观要素复杂化、空间结构分化和地域功能多元化的态势,乡村聚落用地面积增加较为明显,2000—2015年乡村规划集中化和一体化趋稳,乡村聚落用地变幅较小。因此,为推进我国乡村振兴与新型城镇化战略的实施,需要深入研究区域社会经济与乡村聚落用地变化之间的关系,多视角剖析其作用机理。     

湖南观光休闲农业旅游资源及其开发研究

湖南作为内陆农业大省和旅游资源大省，具有独特的“潇湘”自然生态环境本底，丰富多彩的乡村景观资源，较为优越的区位交通条件，发展观光休闲农业具有得天独厚的优势和潜力、但在开发观光休闲农业旅游资源时，应坚持市场导向，准确定位；突出乡土特色，提升文化品位；加强对乡村景观资源及其环境的保护，走可持续发展之路。     

Rural industrial structure and landscape diversity: Correlation research

Landscape diversity reflects the integrated natural characteristics of rural areas, to some extent, while industrial structure shows the regional social economic characteristics. Therefore, correlation research on rural industrial structure and landscape diversity may couple the natural environment and social economy, which is of great importance to rural sustainable development. In this paper, we carried through this research from two aspects. First, we made a qualitative analysis of the hierarchical correlation beween rural industrial structure and landscape diversity, and the correlation during different historical periods was also summarized. Second, taking Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province, China as a case study, we applied the method of hierarchical clustering to make a quantitative analysis of the clustering correlation between rural industrial structure and landscape diversity. The results show that there are correlations between rural industrial structure and landscape diversity. That is, different industrial structures may result in similar landscape diversity in developed rural areas; while in developing rural areas industrial structure cannot exclusively determine landscape diversity, which is also influenced by natural factors, such as landform, physiognomy and climate.     

景观生态学在农业景观生态规划中的应用

从景观生态学的基本原理入手 ,阐述景观生态学在农业景观生态规划中的应用。认为农业景观规划设计不仅关注景观的“土地利用”、“土地肥力”以及人类的短期需求 ,更强调景观的生态价值和美学价值及其带给人类的长期效益。农业景观生态规划设计的中心任务就是创建一个可持续发展的整体区域生态系统。以江苏省宝应县为例进行分析     

Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

• China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km² in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.     

Evaluation for sustainable land use in coastal areas: A landscape ecological prospect

Evaluation of sustainability is the core of research on sustainable land use. To a certain extent, traditional social, economic and ecological evaluation for sustainable land use can be regarded as an appraisal on the temporal scale without evaluation of spatial patterns. Landscape ecology can help to realize spatial evaluation for sustainable land use. In this paper, we construct landscape ecological indicators for evaluating sustainable coastal land use from the aspects of landscape productivity, threats and stability, to realize a synthetic temporal-spatial evaluation. These cover the five pillars of sustainable land use, i.e. productivity, security, protection, viability and acceptability. The results of applying landscape ecological evaluation to a case study in Wudi County in China show that land use sustainability is somewhat low and there are great regional differences between its 11 villages. We classified the 11 villages into 5 grades: strong sustainable land use, sustainable land use, weak sustainable land use, weak unsustainable land use, and strong unsustainable land use. Each grade has different land use characteristics and differs in the counter-measures required. But the core countermeasures in all the grades are to improve landscape productivity, to reduce human threats and to optimize landscape patterns.     

Evaluating the Potential for Conservation Development: Biophysical, Economic, and Institutional Perspectives

Abstract:  The widespread conversion of rural land to low-density residential development poses an immediate threat to biodiversity and to the provision of ecosystem services. Given that development will continue and environmental stakes are high, analyzing alternative growth strategies is critical. Conservation development is one such strategy that has the potential to benefit ecosystems and diverse stakeholders including developers, homebuyers, governments, and society as a whole. Conservation development clusters homes on one part of a property to manage the most ecologically important land for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. We draw on lessons learned from landscape ecology, open-space development, and regional planning to weigh the biophysical, economic, and institutional evidence for and against conservation development. Conservation development offers many potential environmental and economic advantages: relatively high home values and appreciation rates, lower development costs, and social and ecological benefits to society including landscape connectivity, protection and active stewardship of important ecological assets, and the maintenance of ecosystem services. But this approach also has shortcomings: it may require enlightened institutional regulations and regional planning (and/or ecologically aware developers), it is not always more profitable than conventional development and thus may require subsidies or incentives, and additional research is required to fully understand its benefits and drawbacks. With more information on the effects of clustering, the development of flexible zoning laws, and effective regional planning, conservation development could be a viable strategy for sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in changing landscapes.     

A study on vertical greening practice emphasizing ecological benefits in Xiamen City of China

Through the practice of vertical greening, which is an important method for modern city greening, a city’s natural geographic conditions and rich plant resources can be efficiently utilized. Using vertical greening to shape the characteristics of a city is a promising method for sustainable development. Integration of vertical greening with urban characteristics offers huge ecological and cultural benefits. Vertical greening was adopted in China much later than other developed cities in the world and is still in the exploratory stage in most of the cities. As one of the pioneer cities to carry out vertical greening in China, Xiamen has managed to project it as one of the city highlights. In this study, we analyzed the problems that Xiamen City faced during its development and the important role vertical greening has played in the urban landscape. In addition, humanistic and ecological benefits of vertical greening are illustrated through an experimental study.     

土地整理与生态环境建设关系初探

生态环境是影响人类生存与发展的自然资源与环境状况的总称,具有重要的作用。然而,生态环境自净能力或容量是有限的,当过度消耗自然资源或环境容量时,生态环境就会恶化,将严重影响我国生态环境安全和经济社会的可持续发展。因此,进行生态环境建设是保证可持续发展的首要任务。生态环境建设是一切旨在恢复和改善生态环境的行动的总称,我国现阶段开展的土地整理是实施生态环境建设的一种重要方式。文章主要根据压力-状态-影响-响应(PSIR)的分析框架,运用综合分析法,探讨土地整理对生态环境的影响,揭示了不同的土地整理模式对生态环境的积极影响和消极影响,为在保护和改善生态环境的前提下进行土地整理提供基本分析框架。文章提出我国基于生态环境建设的土地整理战略措施,建议要积极采取建立健全综合决策机制、建立土地整理规划的生态环境影响评价体系等措施,发挥和完善土地整理的生态环境建设功能。