关于悬浮物“恒重”问题的讨论

称量悬浮物是将滤液过滤后在１０５℃烘箱中每次烘２ｈ，称重，直到“恒重”。但是，由于悬浮物是一个很复杂的组分，它包括有机物挥发、吸着水、结晶水的变化和气体逸失等，对测定结果都产生重要的影响，另外，当悬浮物烘干后进入天平室称重时，由于烘干后的样品湿度较天...     

悬浮物测定质量控制点滴体会

在悬浮物的测定过程中,用恒重样品来保证分析质量是一项繁琐、细致的工作。笔者采用控制烘干时间与“标准样品”跟踪监视相结合的方法,容易发现分析过程中出现的系统误差,有效地控制分析质量。该法适用于大批量悬浮物的测定,尤其是周期性的地表水监测,比常用的恒重法减少了工作量。 一、对空白滤纸烘至恒重的时间试验:选用10个规格为35×60mm的称量瓶,把直径为125mm的中速定量滤纸折成扇型后放入称量     

影响悬浮物测定的因素分析

通过对悬浮物样品监测的全过程进行分析，找出了可能影响悬浮样品分析准确度的诸多因素，并提出了减少悬浮物测定误差的相关措施。     

高盐量废水悬浮物的分析

测定水样悬浮物 ,根据方法要求 ,在过滤水样后 ,应以蒸馏水连续洗涤 3次 ,再烘干至恒重。这一操作环节不可或缺 ,否则会严重影响分析结果。曾对某颜料公司经中和处理后的废水进行悬浮物分析 (矿化度高达 1 8 2 ｇ/Ｌ) ,发现分别洗涤 1次～4次的 4个样品 ,测得值为 1 0 6ｍｇ/Ｌ、32ｍｇ/Ｌ、1 9ｍｇ/Ｌ和 1 8ｍｇ/Ｌ ,该悬浮物准确值为 1 8ｍｇ/Ｌ。为此 ,在分析含盐量较高的废水时 (如化工废水 ,肠衣废水等 ) ,应特别注意洗涤次数 ,以避免盐份的干扰。高盐量废水悬浮物的分析@王爱华$如皋市环境监测站!江苏如皋226500…     

悬浮物快速称量法

目前，悬浮物的监测方法普遍采用滤股法。滤膜法测定悬浮物是一个比较费时的监测项目，烘干、称量、过滤，每一个环节都需一定的时间。烘干有一定的时间限制，过滤所需时间受监测对象的影响较大。其中称量所需时间却是有弹性的。建立一套快速称量方法用于悬浮物的监测是很必要的。采用国家环保局编制的《水和废水监测分析方法》规模要求，用杭州新华造纸厂出品的11滤膜批量称量但重（50张一批）测定滤膜质量为：最大质量为0．7498g，最小质量为0二7145g，平均质量为O．738sg。由以上结果可以看出，烘一次后滤膜的质量范围在O．7145～07496g…     

水中苯胺类化合物分析的难点

结合实验研究了水中苯胺类化合物的测定难点和影响因素，包括样品保存和水样中悬浮物的影响。苯胺类化合物易被氧化，样品不易保存且受悬浮物的影响。研究结果表明：样品中未加入抗氧化剂进行保存时，部分苯胺类化合物迅速降解；当样品中加入80 mg/L硫代硫酸钠进行保存时，部分苯胺类化合物的保存时间可以延迟2~3 d后降解。样品中悬浮物对联苯胺萃取影响较大，回收率偏低，可以通过调节样品pH至酸性后过滤，再将滤液调至中性后进行萃取，回收率明显提高。笔者同时讨论了消除与补偿基质干扰的方法，包括色谱分离条件和检测器条件的选择、优化，内标法、空白基质匹配标准校正法和工作曲线法等定量方法的选择。     

影响悬浮物测定结果的因素分析

通过对水中悬浮物的测定条件、取样量以及样品采集等方面的因素分析 ,找出了悬浮物监测结果产生误差的原因 ,提出了解决的方法和如何进行悬浮物测定的质量控制 ,进而提高监测数据的准确性和精密性     

恒温恒湿法测定悬浮物

用烘干恒重法测定悬浮物，过滤前后滤纸都必须烘干，有时烘几次才能达到恒重，甚为烦琐。受测定ＴＳＰ的启示，尝试了用恒温恒湿法测定悬浮物。将平衡室（同ＴＳＰ）放置在天平室内，平衡室温度保持在２０℃～２５℃之间，温度变化小于±３℃；相对湿度小于５０％，变化小...     

取样量与烘干时间对总悬浮物测定结果的影响

就取样量和烘干时间两个因素的变化对总悬浮物测定结果的影响程度进行了探讨。结果表明 ,取样量是造成悬浮物测定结果准确与否的主要因素 ,而不同的烘干时间对测定结果的精密度不会造成明显的影响。随着取样量的逐步减少 (从 2 0 0 0 ml减至 50 ml) ,平行样的相对偏差则从 2 7%上升到 4 5 5%。为了使相对偏差≤ 1 5% ,取水量必须满足其中的总不可滤残渣达到 6 2 mg以上。     

河口水中悬浮物分析中几个问题

在环境监测中，河口水中悬浮物的分析是一项重要的分析指标。在悬浮物测定中存在用恒重来保证分析质量，如何控制样品分析准确度的问题，如果在取样和分析过程中发生操作问题，均可对测定结果有较大影响，本文就河口水中悬浮物测定过程中遇到的几个问题进行了实验。     

Monitoring of eutrophication by microbial uptake kinetics of dissolved organic matter in waters

The monitoring of eutrophication can be performed by measuring the turnover times of amino acids in watermasses using the Wright-Hobbie uptake kinetics approach.The substrate specificity of amino acids varies greater with turnover times than with sampling location in watermasses with a certain water type. Thus a specific substrate among the essential amino acids should be selected to use for measuring the turnover time, in order to monitor precisely the state of trophic excitation within the steady-state oscillation in a certain aquatic system. On the other hand, either singular or plural substrates among the essential amino acids can be used for measuring the turnover time for the identification of a watermass, relevant to eutrophication.     

Integration of high volume portable aerosol-to-hydrosol sampling and qPCR in monitoring bioaerosols

In this study, the integration of a high volume, portable aerosol-to-hydrosol sampling technique and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was investigated for bioaerosol monitoring by adapting the RCS High Flow to sample air with mineral-oil-strips. Bacillus subtilis var niger and Pseudomonas fluorescens were aerosolized and collected by the RCS High Flow loaded with mineral-oil-strips for 1, 2 and 5 min. In addition, the adapted aerosol-to-hydrosol sampler was also tested for sampling environmental bacterial aerosols in four different environments (a back yard, a student dorm, a dining hall, and a play ground). The performances of the RCS High Flow with mineral-oil-strips were compared with the use of agar strips under similar conditions in all experiments. Air samples collected by the RCS High Flow were cultured, and in addition those collected with mineral-oil-strips were also quantified using qPCR. When sampling B. subtilis var niger aerosols, the use of mineral-oil-strips was shown to report significantly higher culturable concentrations than those obtained by agar strips regardless of the sampling time tested (p-value = 0.04). In contrast, the differences between the two methods when sampling P. fluorescens aerosols were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.5). When coupled with qPCR, the RCS High Flow loaded with mineral-oil-strips obtained significantly higher bacterial aerosol concentrations than those detected by the culturing method. The sampling time was observed to have negligible effects on the efficiency of the technology developed here. When sampling in different environments, the use of mineral-oil-strip was observed to yield significantly higher, about 4-12 times, culturable bacterial aerosol concentration levels compared to the use of agar. This study demonstrated a high volume (100 L min?1) portable aerosol-to-hydrosol sampling technique, holding broad promise in monitoring airborne biological threats when coupled with qPCR technology. Yet, caution should be taken in relating the bioaerosol concentrations to health risks as qPCR detects both culturable and non-culturable cells including inactivated ones.     

The role of hydrodynamics, matrix and sampling duration in passive sampling of polar compounds with Empore SDB-RPS disks

There is an increasing need to monitor concentrations of polar organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. Integrative passive samplers can be used to assess time weighted average aqueous concentrations, provided calibration data are available and sampling rates are known. The sampling rate depends on environmental factors, such as temperature and water flow rate. Here we introduce an apparatus to investigate the sampling properties of passive samplers using river-like flow conditions and ambient environmental matrices: river water and treated sewage effluent. As a model sampler we selected Empore SDB-RPS disks in a Chemcatcher housing. The disks were exposed for 1 to 8 days at flow rates between 0.03 and 0.4 m s(-1). Samples were analysed using a bioassay for estrogenic activity and by LC-MS-MS target analysis of the pharmaceuticals sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and clarithromycin. In order to assess sampling rates of SDB disks, we also measured aqueous concentrations of the pharmaceuticals. Sampling rates increased with increasing flow rate and this relationship was not affected by the environmental matrix. However, SDB disks were only sampling in the integrative mode at low flow rates <0.1 m s(-1) and/or for short sampling times. The duration of linear uptake was particularly short for sulfamethoxazole (1 day) and longer for clarithromycin (5 days). At 0.03 m s(-1) and 12-14 degrees C, the sampling rate of SDB disks was 0.09 L day(-1) for clarithromycin, 0.14 L day(-1) for sulfamethoxazole and 0.25 L day(-1) for carbamazepine. The results show that under controlled conditions, SDB disks can be effectively used as passive sampling devices.     

污染源废气中二噁英监测采样应注意的几个问题

解析废气中二噁英监测采样的现状及不足,针对生活垃圾焚烧炉(炉排炉)、蓄热式焚烧炉(RTO)和危险废物焚烧炉(回转窑)3种不同类型焚烧炉,考察了采样过程中烟道类型、采样时间和采样时间间隔不同对二噁英监测的影响。结果表明,在水平烟道和垂直烟道采样测得二噁英排放浓度水平相当,有垂直烟道时,优先在垂直烟道采样;间隔采样和连续采样二噁英测定结果基本一致,为了便于操作,建议均采用连续采样方式;采样时间上,生活垃圾焚烧炉应保证超过1 h,蓄热式焚烧炉以2 h左右为宜;间歇投料危险废物焚烧炉应尽量满足2 h以上,条件不许可时,可通过增加采样流量缩短采样时间保证采样量,并在危险废物完全燃烧前结束采样工作。     

The influence of water vapour on the determination of glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations using an electrochemical fuel cell sensor

The effects of relative humidity (40-90% RH) and varying glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations (< 0.1 ppm) on the response of an electrochemical fuel cell sensor have been investigated over time (0-400 s). These studies have identified changes in the response of the fuel cell with time after sampling. In particular, it has been found that the maximum cell output for water vapour occurs ca. 10 s after sampling whilst the response to glutaraldehyde occurs much later (> 100 s). For mixtures containing different ratios of water and glutaraldehyde vapours, the time taken to reach maximum fuel cell response varies between 10 and 100 s, depending on the ratio of the two vapours. For instance, glutaraldehyde vapour containing higher % RH has been found to result in shorter times to reach maximum fuel cell response. A comparison was made between measuring glutaraldehyde vapour concentrations in the presence of water vapour at the maximum fuel cell response and also at a fixed interval (240 s) after sampling. Such a comparison resulted in a reduction in the standard error from 36% to 5% for a glutaraldehyde vapour sample (0.023 ppm) measured at different values of relative humidity (40 to 80%). Examination of the effect of the sample volume (30-60 ml) on the response of the fuel cell shows, as expected, an approximate doubling of the fuel cell response. Optimisation of the fuel cell measurement parameters to measure a 60 ml sample leads to a lowering of the limit of detection from 0.083 ppm (for data taken at the maximum cell response) to 0.017 ppm for data measured 240 s after sampling. In the light of recent reductions in the legal limits for exposure to glutaraldehyde, this has important implications for the measurement of glutaraldehyde vapour in the workplace.     

大气优化布点监测方法简化试验

将每天TSP、SO_2两种污染物各采四次样并分别进行测定,简化为每天各采一个“日混合样”进行测定,对测定结果进行数理统计检验结果表明:测定值之间不存在显著性差异、两种方法的测值波动是由偶然因素造成的,因此,简化方法即采日混合样进行分析是一种可靠的监测方法,它适用于煤质中含硫份较低的地区。     

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体采样频率优选方法初探

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体样品化学组成的时空差异,除受采样点位分布制约外,主要还受采样时间的制约。如何选取时间段及采样周期显得尤为重要。通过青岛市空气自动监测系统近几年获取的颗粒物连续时均值数据,采用统计优化组合选择法,筛选出日均值、年均值的最佳采样时段,可供类似研究参考。     

三点比较式臭袋法测定环境中臭气浓度

就三点比较式臭袋法在测定环境空气臭气浓度时应注意的现场踏勘、采样点的选择、采样次数、配气、嗅辨过程,以及臭气浓度计算等问题进行探讨,使该方法更加完善、简便.     

Assessment of sampling designs to measure riverine fluxes from the Pearl River Delta, China to the South China Sea

The Pearl River Delta (PRD), located in South China and adjacent to the South China Sea, is comprised of a complicated hydrological system; therefore, it was a great challenge to sample adequately to measure fluxes of organic and inorganic materials to the coastal ocean. In this study, several sampling designs, including five-point (the number of sampling points along the river cross-section and three samples collected at the upper, middle, and bottom parts at each vertical line), three-point (at the middle and two other profiles), one-point (at the middle profile), and single-point (upper, middle, or bottom sub-sampling point at the middle profile) methods, were assessed using total organic carbon (TOC) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) as the measurables. Statistical analysis showed that the three- and five-point designs were consistent with one another for TOC measurements (p > 0.05). The three- and one-point sampling methods also yielded similar TOC results (95% of the differences within 10%). Single-point sampling yielded considerably larger errors than the three- and one-point designs, relative to the results from the five-point design, but sampling at the middle sub-point from the middle profile of a river achieved a relatively smaller error than sampling at the upper or bottom sub-point. Comparison of the sampling frequencies of 12 times a year, four times a year, and twice a year indicated that the frequency of twice a year was sufficient to acquire representative TOC data, but larger sample size and higher sampling frequency were deemed necessary to characterize SPM.     

Estimating sampling frequency in pollen exposure assessment over time

A time series model was fitted to the pollen concentration data collected in the Greater Cincinnati area for the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS). A traditional time series analysis and temporal variogram approach were applied to the regularly spaced databases (collected in 2003) and irregularly spaced ones (collected in 2002), respectively. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the sampling frequency on the sampling precision in terms of inverse of standard error of the overall level of mean value across time. The presence of high autocorrelation in the data was confirmed and indicated some degree of temporal redundancy in the pollen concentration data. Therefore, it was suggested that sampling frequency could be reduced from once a day to once every several days without a major loss of sampling precision of the overall mean over time. Considering the trade-offs between sampling frequency and the possibility of sampling bias increasing with larger sampling interval, we recommend that the sampling interval should take values from 3 to 5 days for the pollen monitoring program, if the goal is to track the long-term average.