热带气旋的短期气候预报检验

用非线性预报的方法，作西太平洋、南海、以及登陆我国、登陆广东热带气旋的短期气候预测，用逐日气压场作登陆广东热带气旋的时段和地段以及南海海面带气旋出现的时间的气候预测。对近3年的热带气候预报进行检验，效果较满意。     

洋面风场的QuikSCAT/SeaWinds遥感探测

QuikSCAT卫星是监测全球气候和海洋环境的重要卫星之一，它已经被世界气象组织列为业务卫星，所得数据对天气预报、气候研究等方面有重要作用。介绍了QuikSCAT卫星的有关背景情况，星载SeaWinds散射测风计观测洋面风的原理和基本算法，说明了利用该资料在热带气旋中心定位及移向预报以及2003年淮河流域暴雨成因分析方面做了尝试性工作。最后，对该数据资料应用中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

上海地区热带气旋灾情的评估和灾年预测

本文用数理统计方法，计算了１９４９￣１９９０年影响上海地区的热带气旋造成的人员伤亡、农田受淹、房屋倒损三方面的灾情指数。在此基础上划分了灾情等级，最后用灰色预测模型预测出在１９９７年上海将会发生一次中等（含３级）以上热带气旋灾情。     

影响上海地区热带气旋频数的预测水平评估

在文献「１」研究的基础上，探讨了热带气旋频数预测水平的评估方法，定义了三个更适合于评估每年热带气旋预测性能的参数，对影响上海地区热带气旋频数的预测水平进行了评估，并与“九五”攻关前的业务预测性进行了比较。     

影响海南岛台风的时空特征分析

使用1971-2010年的热带气旋路径数据资料和热带气旋潜在影响力指数方法,在西北太平洋生成的所有热带气旋中,筛选出对海南岛有影响的热带气旋,并对其进行时空特征分析。分析发现:影响海南岛的热带气旋生成位置呈现斜向带状分布。高影响热带气旋的分布更加集中。1971-2010年间,影响海南岛热带气旋的数量在减少,同时发生月份更加集中。如果气候变冷,需要警惕影响海南热带气旋增多,月份更加分散现象。     

热带气旋“莫拉克”在台湾岛登陆前后结构与路径演变机理分析

采用全球预报场分析资料、卫星云图资料及实况观测台风强度、路径资料对2009年热带气旋"莫拉克"在台湾岛登陆前后其结构、路径的演变特征进行了动力学分析,以揭示其演变机理。分析结果表明:(1)热带气旋低层、切向风中心外侧的惯性稳定度低值区,有可能产生径向上加速内流的径向风,其对热带气旋结构的分布产生影响;(2)β效应项产生的高低层通风气流、以及高低层涡旋中心相对位置对热带气旋路径的预报具有重要意义;(3)登陆前后热带气旋尺度在经向上拉伸,在纬向上收缩,这种结构演变对移动速度产生影响;(4)低层辐合中心、正的涡度平流中心量级相当,是影响热带气旋强度与结构演变的重要因素;(5)通过EOF方法分解的500 h Pa位势高度距平场其第1,2模态很好地揭示了热带气旋环境场的演变。     

珠江三角洲地区热带气旋逐时雨量分布特征

利用广东省自动观测站、常规地面站的逐时降水量资料,对1999-2002年登陆珠江三角洲地区的热带气旋进行了动态合成等分析.结果表明,登陆前后广东的逐时雨量和热带气旋本身的逐时雨量都发生了变化;热带气旋降水具有明显的不对称性,降水量级越强,分布不对称性越明显;随着降水量级的减弱,最大出现概率圈有外移的趋势;极强和强等级时雨量的落区与热带气旋移动方向有关.     

西北太平洋热带气旋风险分析

选取1949-2000年西北太平洋每6小时热带气旋中心位置的风速资料,统计了2×2经纬度网格的热带气旋中心位置次数,并构造了风速强度指数分析其大风强度.同时,选取风速为指标,计算了西北太平洋热带气旋风险,给出了10年一遇、20年一遇和50年一遇大风分布图.结果表明:(1)热带气旋中心点位置基本集中在以中国南海、菲律宾群岛以东以及马里亚纳群岛附近这3个地区,与热带气旋发生源地和路径频率图较为一致;(2)风速强度指数和热带气旋中心位置次数的分布相差不大,但风速强度指数最高值范围明显比热带气旋中心位置次数高值区分布范围广;(3)西北太平洋热带气旋最大风速的概率分布呈指数函数分布,主要分布在小于50m/s的范围内,小75m/s的大风占到99.41%,75m/s以上的大风比较罕见;(4)10年一遇和20一遇热带气旋大风高值区主要分布在菲律宾群岛附近、南海南部及台湾岛以东的地区,相对集中,而50年一遇风速分布图中,具有多个高值中心.     

哈尔滨市短临天气预报研究

从短临预报的定义和内容出发，就短临预报业务系统流程、地面要素加密信息收集显示、多普勒雷达预警信息和预报指标、重大灾害性短临预报的气象要素信息／预警信息／预报指标及物理量、不稳定指数预警信息／预报指标及合并显示、卫星云图降水／冰雹估计、3h降水／温度预报方法、预报编辑系统设计等方面，阐述了哈尔滨市短临预报业务的建设过程及其开展的方式、方法。     

基于自然正交展开的神经网络长期预报模型

对月降水量的前期500hPa高度场、海温场相关预报因子进行E0F展开，并取其中与预报量相关程度较高的主成分，结合人工神经网络技术，建立了一种新的短期气候预测模型。将这种新的预报模型与同样根据这些预报因子建立的回归预报模型进行了对比分析。结果表明，这种新的短期气候预测模型由于集中了众多预报因子的预报信息，并有效地利用了神经网络方法的非线性映射能力，因此比传统预报方法的预报精度显著提高，并且稳定性好，具有很好的应用前景。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。