湘东北地区石蛤蟆花岗岩体SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

分布于湖南东北部的石蛤蟆岩体侵位于新元古代地层中。由微细粒斑状黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩等两期侵入体组成。通过锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测得岩体侵位年龄为157±2 Ma(2σ),MSWD=0.98,成岩时代为晚侏罗世。SiO2=68.26%～68.53%,K2O/Na2O=1.37～1.59,岩石属镁质、准铝质-微过铝质、高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列;岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,Rb/Sr较低(0.40～0.56);ΣREE较高(171.48～183.81),Eu为弱负异常(δEu=0.86～0.93),(La/Yb)N=27.11～45.87;具较高的εNd值(-5.11)和高T2DM(1.63 Ga)。综合研究表明,石蛤蟆花岗岩为混合源高钾钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG),其花岗岩浆有大量幔源物质加入。讨论认为岩体形成于构造体制转换下的地球动力学背景,是造山晚期张弛作用下的产物。     

湘西南兰蓉岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造背景

湘西南兰蓉岩体为一加里东期小侵入体,由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成。(443.5±8.1)Ma的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄表明花岗岩形成于早志留世早期。主量元素组成表明岩体总体属钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质花岗岩类。该侵入体Ba、(Ta+Nb)、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu)等相对富集;稀土元素含量较高、轻稀土富集明显、Eu显著亏损;ISr值为0.71299,εSr(t)值为120,εNd(t)值为-8.11和-8.89,t2DM为1.82和1.84Ga。C/MF-A/MF图解显示其源岩为泥质岩和砂屑岩。上述地球化学特征表明兰蓉岩体为陆壳碎屑岩石部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩。基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断兰蓉岩体的具体形成机制为:奥陶纪末—志留纪初的北流运动(板内造山运动)导致地壳增厚、升温,尔后在挤压减弱、应力松弛的后碰撞-减压构造环境下,中、上地壳酸性岩石发生部分熔融并向上侵位而形成兰蓉岩体。     

湘西南苗儿山地区早燕山期花岗岩地球化学特征及形成环境

湘西南苗儿山地区早燕山期花岗岩形成于晚侏罗世早期,侵入于加里东期花岗岩(构成苗儿山岩体主体)和印支期花岗岩中。主要岩石类型为细粒—中粗粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,局部发育细粒二云母二长花岗岩。岩石SiO_2为76.02%~80.26%、Al_2O_3为10.94%~12.88%、K2O为3.42%~5.34%、Na_2O+K_2O为5.37%~8.22%、ASI为1.04~1.31(平均1.14),总体属铁质、钙碱性系列过铝质花岗岩类。微量元素中Ba、Sr、P、Ti表现为强烈亏损,Rb、(Th+U+K)、(La+Ce)、Nd、(Zr+Hf+Sm)、(Y+Yb+Lu)等相对富集。稀土总量较低(122.9~175.4μg/g),轻稀土略富集((La/Yb)N=2.55~3.79),具明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.07~0.22)。岩体ISr值为0.99007和1.15860,εNd(t)值为-9.20和-8.80,两阶段Nd模式年龄(t2DM)为~1.7Ga。C/MF-A/MF图解显示源岩主要为变质泥质岩和变质杂砂岩。强过铝花岗岩样品的Al_2O_3/TiO_2比值部分<100。上述地球化学特征表明花岗岩为S型花岗岩,源岩主要为中、上地壳酸性岩石,并有少量地幔物质加入。花岗岩主量和微量元素构造环境判别图解以及区域构造演化过程表明花岗岩形成于后造山构造环境,岩浆形成与先期(中侏罗世)陆壳增厚升温及软流圈地幔的热传递有关。     

皖南歙县新溪口岩体锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及找矿前景

皖南歙县新溪口岩体为中细粒少斑花岗岩,侵位时间为121.31±0.67 Ma;岩石具有高硅、富钾特征。SiO_2含量为75.97%～76.49%,K_2O含量为4.84%～5.28%,K_2O/Na_2O为1.61～2.05,A/CNK为1.05～1.06、A/NK为1.16～1.19,属弱过铝质花岗岩。稀土元素总量为(261.90～329.83)×10~(-6),具有海鸥型右倾配分模式,(La/Yb)_N为3.26～5.15,具有强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.018～0.063)。大离子亲石元素Rb富集,Ba、Sr亏损,高场强元素Th、U富集,Nb、Ti具有明显的负异常。岩体形成于燕山晚期早阶段古太平洋板块俯冲后拉张伸展构造环境,是岩石圈减薄引发软流圈地幔上涌,上覆地壳受热部分熔融并发生结晶分离作用形成的A_2型花岗岩。岩体出露点较多,剥蚀较浅,富含W、Sn、Bi等金属元素,这些元素通过云英岩化等高温气液蚀变扩散至围岩中,指示良好的找矿前景。     

赣南坪市花岗岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

本文对赣南横市地区坪市花岗岩体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石学和地球化学研究。结果表明:锆石U-Pb年龄分别为456.1±3.8 Ma和441.3±5.2 Ma,表明坪市花岗岩体形成于晚奥陶世—早志留世。地球化学特征显示,坪市花岗岩体的铝饱和指数为1.1~1.29,K_2O/Na_2O为0.97~1.51,属强过铝质及高钾钙碱性岩石;稀土元素总量为(113~250)×10~(-6),轻稀土元素富集,稀土配分模式呈明显的右倾型;δEu为0.38~0.67,Eu亏损中等偏高;岩体Rb、Th+U、La+Ce、Nd、Zr+Hf+Sm相对富集,Ba、Nb、Sr、Ti相对亏损。岩体Rb/Sr为0.60~2.82,平均1.66,明显高于大陆地壳平均值和上地壳平均值,具壳源花岗岩特征。坪市花岗岩体形成于早古生代晚期的加里东构造运动,是华夏古陆块与扬子古陆块在新元古代碰撞拼贴之后发生裂解,在中奥陶世至志留纪上地壳部分熔融形成的S型花岗质岩浆,在碰撞至后碰撞过渡期上升至地壳浅部形成的花岗岩体。     

佛冈铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学及其形成环境初探

对广东佛冈岩体的初步研究表明 ,这一以往一直被认为是典型S型花岗岩的大岩基 ,其主体 (燕山第三期 )应为铝质A型花岗岩。岩石富SiO2 [W(SiO2 )为 69 2 1 %～ 77 72 % ]、准铝质 (A/NKC =0 97～ 1 0 6)。FeO /MgO比值较高 (平均 1 0 6) ,高于S型和I型花岗岩。在微量元素组成上 ,岩体明显亏损Sr、Ba、Ti、P、Eu,富Ga和高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr等 ,与我国东南沿海A型花岗岩和世界典型A型花岗岩微量元素分布型式相似。全岩Rb Sr等时线年龄为 1 5 8± 1 7Ma,(87Sr/86 Sr) i为 0 71 5 6。钕模式年龄为 1 2 8～ 1 64Ga。一般认为A型花岗岩来源于I型花岗岩或大量抽提了S型花岗岩物质后的地壳源区 ,本研究表明 ,佛冈岩体可能直接来源于地壳物质的部分熔融 ,但不排除有地幔物质的加入。佛冈铝质A型花岗岩 南昆山A型花岗岩 恶鸡脑碱性正长岩这一造山后至非造山的构造岩浆组合的确定 ,揭示了区内乃至整个中国东南大陆岩石圈碰撞造山运动的结束和大规模的拉张伸展运动应始于晚侏罗世 ,至白垩纪造山带山根构造完全消失、拉张 伸展作用达到高峰     

长乐—南澳构造带白垩纪“片麻状”浆混杂岩的成岩机制研究——以泉州肖厝岩体为例

闽东南长乐—南澳构造带沿线出露大面积白垩纪花岗岩岩基,普遍存在岩浆混合现象,肖厝侵入岩是其中的代表性岩体。野外观察和化学分析表明,肖厝侵入岩由二长花岗岩和辉长闪长岩、以及该两种混合端员岩浆混合形成的闪长质-花岗闪长质-花岗质过渡岩类组成;岩石总体富碱、富LREE和LILE、贫HFSE;A/CNK=0.82~1.05,属准铝质-微过铝质钙碱性系列,部分受流体交代的岩石A/CNK值可升高至1.69;岩浆混合过程中发生了元素的选择性富集/亏损和同位素组成的均一化,(87 Sr/86 Sr)i为0.7055~0.7061,εNd(t)为-1.9~-3.0。锆石年代学研究表明,肖厝侵入岩的岩浆混合开始于约136Ma,于121Ma时初始侵位于下地壳。结合区域地质特征,分析了肖厝侵入岩的成岩机制,提出岩体侵位早于长乐—南澳构造带的变质变形作用,两者不存在成因上的联系;118~100Ma时该构造带曾发生过深层次地壳逆冲推覆,使形成于中—下地壳的韧性剪切带和肖厝侵入岩共同快速上升至地表。     

德兴含铜埃达克质斑岩的地球化学特征、成因及地质意义

德兴斑岩铜矿位于扬子地块江南隆起带东缘,含矿斑岩类型为花岗闪长斑岩。岩石主矿物组合为斜长石(中长石、更长石)+石英+钾长石+角闪石+黑云母,常见副矿物为磁铁矿、磷灰石、榍石、钛铁矿和锆石。斑岩主量元素具有高硅(SiO2=63.59%)、高铝(Al2O3=15.54%)、低镁(MgO=2.2%)的特征,岩石富钾贫钠(K2O=3.06%;Na2O=3.67%),高K2O/Na2O(0.89)比;ALK=6.66%,A/CNK=1.086,σ=2.18,A.R=2.07,显示岩石为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土富集(121.81×10-6),重稀土亏损(8.8×10-6),具有较大的LREE/HREE比值(13.93);微量元素表现为富集大离子亲石元素LILE(Rb、Ba、La、Sr)和亏损高场强元素HFSE(Nb、Ta、Y),具低Y(11.21×10-6)和Yb(1.23×10-6)含量特征,有较高Sr/Y(57.29)、La/Yb(28.93)比值,具较高的87Sr/86Sr比值(>0.7040),弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.91),以及负εNd值等特征,表明德兴花岗闪长斑岩为"C"型高钾钙碱性埃达克岩,埃达克岩浆来源于活动陆缘加厚下地壳的部分熔融。     

皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩地球化学特征及构造环境

皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩沿祁门-歙县-三阳深断裂呈串珠状出露。本文在对其岩石学、地球化学细致分析的基础上,探讨了岩体的岩石成因和产出环境。皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩主要由石英、钾长石和斜长石组成,普遍含富铝矿物黑云母和堇青石,副矿物包括锆石、磷灰石、钛铁矿、独居石、磷钇矿、极少的磁铁矿等。地球化学分析数据显示,岩石总体具高硅、高钾、高铝和低钠、低镁、低钙的特征;岩石富碱(ALK=6.63%),高K2O/Na2O比值(1.33)。里特曼指数σ为0.8～2.91,碱度率AR为1.56～3.14,属高钾钙碱性系列。岩石铝饱和指数(A/CNK=1.31)大于1.1,具强过铝质S型花岗岩的特征。岩石稀土元素呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征,ΣLREE/ΣHREE比值为5.36～8.36,具较强的负铕异常(δEu=0.39～0.7),配分模式为右倾"V"字形态;微量元素明显富集Rb、Th而亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr等,为低Sr高Yb型花岗岩。地球化学特征显示其岩浆源于围岩-中元古代牛屋组浅变质千枚岩的部分熔融,反映陆-陆碰撞挤压造山环境,为晋宁运动晚期华夏板块向北俯冲与扬子板块碰撞造山的火山弧产物。     

安徽石台中生代花岗岩类地球化学特征

安徽石台地区出露的牯牛降(东库)、谭山岩体可划分为4个侵入期次,从早到晚岩性变化趋势为中粒似斑状(二长)花岗岩→中(中粗)粒正长花岗岩→中细粒似斑状(正长)花岗岩→细(微)粒似斑状钾长花岗岩。岩石化学特征显示均为高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素地球化学特征表明,牯牛降(东库)、谭山岩体微量元素总体具相似特征,都富集大部分亲石元素,K/Rb比值低而Rb/Sr比值高;微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图总体略显右倾,均具有高Rb低Ba、Sr、Ti的特征。牯牛降(东库)和谭山岩体稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图均为右倾海鸥型,均具有较强的Eu亏损。研究认为牯牛降(东库)岩体和谭山岩体成岩物质主要来源于上地壳的部分熔融,成岩的地球动力学背景为碰撞造山后挤压收缩向拉张伸展的转变,与中国东部此时发生构造大转折、岩浆活动和成矿作用大爆发基本一致。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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