多目标决策-理想点法综合评价淮北市地下水环境质量

运用多目标决策-理想点法对淮北市地下水质量进行评价,结果表明淮北市地下水质量达到了Ⅱ类水质标准以上,能够达到当地地下水环境功能区划要求.评价结果与实际情况一致,评价方法较精确,具有一定科学性.     

多目标决策-理想点法综合评价淮北市环境空气质量

运用多目标决策-理想点法对淮北市环境空气质量进行评价,评价结果表明淮北市环境空气质量达到了2级标准以上,能够达到淮北市环境空气功能区划要求。     

灰色关联法在淮安市地下水水质评价中的应用

为了掌握淮安市地下水质量的现状,在灰色关联方法原理的基础上,选择6个指标作为评价因子,构建了评价模型,对19个水质样品进行了评价.结果表明,淮安市大部分地区地下水质量优良,达到了Ⅰ类水,适用于各种用途,评价结果符合水质实际状况,具有较高的可信度,为淮安市地下水资源的科学管理提供了依据.     

关于淮北市饮用水环境安全的思考

随着城市的发展和经济持续稳步的增长,淮北市不可避免地出现一系列的环境问题,其中以水污染问题最为突出。淮北市许多地表水均受到较严重的有机污染和无机污染,其中的有害成分可以渗入地下,污染地下水,而淮北市是安徽省唯一依赖地下水生存的城市,淮北市饮用水环境安全问题不容忽视。     

莆田市地下水质量现状评价与分析

为掌握地下水质量现状,服务国家级地下水监测工程建设,通过现场调查和采集测试枯水期地下水样品,并采用单因子标准指数法和地下水综合评价法进行评价分析:莆田市境内木兰溪两岸流域和闽东南沿海诸河流域地下水质量现状总体良好,符合地下水质量Ⅲ类标准。     

佳木斯市地下水饮用水源水质现状研究

佳木斯市是以地下水作为唯一生活饮用水水源的城市.本文对佳木斯市区及郊区各县市的主要地下水饮用水源进行了23项水质指标的分析检测,结果表明:①2009年-2013年间,佳木斯市区八水源除铁、锰2项指标外,其余21项指标年均值均达到《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类水质要求;②采用22项和20项指标进行F值法评价,八水源地下水质量级别分别为“较差”和“良好”级别;③2013年佳木斯市郊区中1个县级水源地达到《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类水质要求;4个县级水源地除铁、锰2项超标外,其余各项指标均达到Ⅲ类水质要求.     

涪陵焦石镇页岩气开发区地下水质量评价

页岩气开发存在潜在污染源,在开采、运输、处理及处置不当的情况下,会对页岩气井场附近地下水造成污染。因此需要对页岩气开发区地下水质量进行评价,以确保用水安全。以涪陵焦石镇页岩气开发区一带为研究区,利用研究区内的地下水调查资料,采用单因子指数法对比分析了污染来源,并利用模糊数学法对该页岩气开发区浅层地下水质量进行了综合评价。结果表明:研究区浅层地下水中仅硬度和浊度2项评价因子超标,其他评价因子均达标,浅层地下水点未受到深部钻井液及钻屑、返排液等高矿化度液体及甲烷气体的污染;研究区浅层地下水质量总体较好,所取水样达到《地下水水质标准》(Ⅰ~Ⅲ类)的占96.23%,两个岩溶水点因井漏受到污染,不建议作为饮用水点。     

基于灰色关联聚类的地下水评价指标优化研究

地下水环境指标间既有联系又有差异,在保证评价指标能够全面、准确反映区域地下水质量的前提下,可对其进行分类、筛选和优化,简化评价指标,进而减轻监测工作量。本研究采用灰色关联聚类法,对研究区域地下水指标进行优化,并且优化前后水质综合评价结果一致,表明地下水评价指标的灰色关联聚类优化是合理可行的。     

安徽合肥地区浅层地下水质量评价

对合肥地区浅层地下水取样分析,采用单因子评价法、分类指标评价法和综合评价法对浅层地下水质量进行评价。结果显示:可以直接饮用的地下水资源(Ⅰ类水、Ⅱ类水和Ⅲ类水)占59. 3%,经过适当处理可以饮用的地下水资源(Ⅳ类水)占30. 5%,不能直接饮用的地下水资源(Ⅴ类水)占10. 2%。在地下水评价指标中,挥发性有机指标较好,毒性重金属指标和半挥发性有机指标次之,无机毒理指标和一般化学指标较差。影响地下水质量的化学组分主要为铁、锰、总硬度、溶解性总固体、氟、硫酸盐和钠+钾等无机组分,与人类活动相关的化学组分主要为氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、六价铬、砷、铝、碘、氯化物等无机组分和苯并(a)芘等有机组分。影响地下水质量的原因主要为城市和乡镇工业污水、生活污水排放,农村农药、化肥使用及生活垃圾污染。     

淮北市地下水污染初步研究

淮北市是一个新兴的中等工业城市,是我国重要的煤炭基地之一,近几年来发展较快,随着城市工业的迅速发展和人口增加,对地下水的需求愈加迫切。因此,查明淮北市地下水污染状况以及污染原因,探讨北方型岩溶裂隙水污染机制,为该市地下水污染治理提供依据具有重要意义。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.