露天堆场防风抑尘网遮蔽效果的数值模拟

应用Fluent6.3标准k-ε方程对露天堆场周围空气流场进行数值模拟;计算来流风速6 m/s工况下,孔隙率为0、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.6、1时,抑尘网及料堆前后不同断面处风速的垂直分布及不同高度空气压力系数分布。结果表明,抑尘网网前1倍网高范围内,风速廓线受抑尘网影响显著,风速较无网工况最大降幅62.9%,且风速降幅随孔隙率增大而减小;抑尘网和料堆间区域,风速沿垂直高度非单调一致变化,30 m以下风速较无网工况小,30 m以上较无网工况大;堆后2倍堆高范围内,12 m高度以下处于回流区,风速较无网工况时大,12 m以上处于主流区,风速较无网工况时小;堆后3倍堆高距离外,各孔隙率风速廓线与无网工况一致。压力系数分布显示:网前3倍网高(66 m)至堆后3倍堆高(51 m)间压力系数变化显著,尤其在抑尘网处压力系数梯度大;孔隙率小于0.3时,迎风面负压最大,孔隙率大于0.4时,冠顶负压最大,至孔隙率为0.6时,料堆高度压力系数分布与无网工况一致。综合风速衰减和压力系数分布,孔隙率为0.2~0.4时,抑尘网遮蔽效果最佳。     

水性聚合物对铁矿粉的抑尘性能与现场应用

为控制扬尘污染,采用水性聚合物抑尘剂将澳洲铁矿粉稳定化,表征了铁矿粉的含水率、Zeta电位、表面形貌、化学组成与晶体结构,研究了聚合物的抑尘性能和现场应用效果。结果表明,抑尘剂可促进铁矿粉聚集、提高内聚力,可在湿润状态下延缓水分挥发、干燥状态下紧密封闭粉体,有效降低风力侵蚀性。在30℃、35%相对湿度下的平均含水率比洒水提高了1.2倍,装卸过程和露天堆场估算的扬尘控制效率分别达到67.78%和93.96%。露天料场24 h PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的控制效率分别为75.0%和80.95%,与估算结果接近;30 d的观察期间,堆体的封闭状态稳定,实现了现场有效抑尘。     

防风抑尘网开孔形式对流场的影响

应用CFD模拟软件Fluent 6.2提供的标准κ-ε模型,以流场数值模拟的方法对防风网结构及其网后流场进行流场模拟,研究了防风网开孔形式对物料堆表面速度、压力和湍动能变化的影响。模拟结果表明,物料堆表面风速由料堆底部沿迎风面表面向上逐渐增大,并在物料堆顶部附近出现边界层分离,使得背风面形成速度回流区;物料堆表面的压力由料堆底部沿迎风面表面向上逐渐降低,背风面则变化不大;在物料堆顶部湍动能较大,容易起尘。综合分析各个影响因素,圆形开孔防风网的挡风效果最佳。     

联合钢铁企业原料堆场表面颗粒物起尘速率实验研究

在测定原料颗粒物物性的基础上,采用堆料表面风洞吹扫起尘的实验方法,研究了某联合钢铁企业原料堆场的8种典型物料表面的PM2.5、PM10的起尘速率和影响因素,为有效控制多物料堆场的颗粒物排放提供支持。研究结果表明,不同物料的起尘速率差异较大,5 m/s的表面吹扫风速条件下,瞬时PM10起尘速率可在2~1 000 mg/(m2·s)之间波动,瞬时PM2.5起尘速率可在0.4~180 mg/(m2·s)之间。大多数物料的起尘速率靠近下限值。可浸润性差,尘粒细颗粒物含量高,真密度小的物料堆场起尘速率往往较大,是优先控制对象。对于润湿性好的物料堆场,表面增湿或喷洒水是非常有效的抑尘措施。     

混凝土尘抑尘剂配方研制及其性能表征

针对建筑工地扬尘控制需求,研究了适用于混凝土尘的抑尘剂。以高温抗蒸发性、抗研磨性、渗透性作为指标,研究了以吸湿剂、凝并剂和表面活性剂为组成的抑尘剂配方,并对其抑制混凝土尘性能进行了表征。结果表明:(1)混凝土尘粒径越小,越难被润湿。200目混凝土尘粒径均一;Ca含量最多,其次是Si,质量分数占11.10%;真密度为6.41g/cm3。(2)抑尘剂最优配方为25%(质量分数,下同)CaCl2、0.15%蔗糖、0.10%吐温-20。(3)10d后喷洒抑尘剂溶液的混凝土尘含湿量仍能达到10%,具有很好的吸湿放湿性。持续14m/s风速1h后,混凝土尘的损失率为2.23%(质量分数),具有良好的抗风蚀性能。     

膨润土接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的抑尘性能研究

在微波辐射下制备了膨润土接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂(SAP)(一种加入聚乙烯醇(PVA),另一种不加入PVA)。结果表明:(1)红外光谱图表明,PVA与聚合网络形成了半互穿网络结构;X射线衍射图表明,膨润土与PVA、丙烯酸形成了具有无定形结构的复合产物。(2)不论是沙土堆还是尘土堆,喷洒膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP溶液的抑尘效果明显比喷洒自来水好;喷洒膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP溶液的尘土堆的抑尘效果好于沙土堆。(3)在温度为15℃时,考虑到节约成本的问题,首选不加入PVA的膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP做抑尘剂;在温度为45℃时,加入PVA的膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP适合做抑尘剂。(4)膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP浓度越高,其耐蒸发性越高。     

基于脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀的新型扬尘抑制剂

为研制出一种持续时间长、减少二次扬尘、耐高温、绿色环保的扬尘抑制剂,利用脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀的方法,确定了脲酶抑尘剂的最佳成分配比为脲酶30 g·L~(-1)、尿素0.8 mol·L~(-1)、氯化钙0.8 mol·L~(-1)、高分子吸水树脂1 g·L~(-1)。此外还选取了纯水、氯化钙和高分子吸水树脂这3种抑尘剂与脲酶抑尘剂进行性能对比。结果表明:脲酶抑尘剂的蒸发率为0.04 g·(m~2·s)-1、失水率23.7%、抗风指数27.8、抑尘效率70.7%。其抗蒸发性、保水性、抗风性能和抑尘效率都要优于其他3种抑尘剂。     

露天采矿飏尘扩散防治用风障的模拟分析

基于某露天矿坑飏尘防治用风障工程,建立数学物理模型进行数值模拟探究风障（含人工风障和防护林带）对大型露天矿坑飏尘的防护效果。运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent并选取高雷诺数下k-ε模型用SIMPLE算法进行计算,得到风障周围的流场及压力场的分布,从而分析人工风障和防护林带后沿流水平距离变化时不同高度间相对风速的变化,得出位于人工风障后位置越低,防护效果越强,当y=0.2 h时,约为初始风速的50%,且当气流深入林带后其防护效果增强,在进入后水平距离4 h’时,相对风速约为初始风速的30%。     

煤堆内CO浓度分布与变化规律的数值模拟

为了明确空隙率和风速等对煤堆长期堆放过程中堆内CO浓度(体积浓度)的影响规律,为煤堆长期堆放过程中和受扰动后的安全及环境问题提供理论支持,使用COMSOLMultiphysics5.0建立二维数值模拟模型,研究了堆内CO浓度随堆放时间、空隙率、风速变化时的分布与变化规律。结果表明,空隙率和风速低时堆内CO分布具有"烟囱"现象,且浓度高,随堆放时间延长堆内最大CO浓度具有"增长-降低-稳定"三段式变化规律,风速低时最大浓度与时间之间服从Gauss Amp函数分布,风速较大或时间较长堆内最大CO浓度基本稳定。     

脉冲喷吹扁式方框滤筒除尘器的清灰性能

为探究新型扁式方框滤筒的清灰性能,在自建的脉冲喷吹实验台上,测得不同电磁阀、开孔型号、喷吹距离、喷吹压力下的侧壁压力峰值大小及其分布规律。通过进一步工业附粉,监测除尘器的阻力和清灰后的粉尘残余量,验证找到扁式方框滤筒的最佳喷吹清灰参数组合。结果表明:扁式方框滤筒的最佳开孔型号是7个7 mm孔,喷吹距离为20 mm;对于玉米秸秆粉尘,当过滤风速低于0.6 m·min~(-1)时,在1寸阀、0.2 MPa喷吹压力下可满足对其基本淸灰需求,且风速越小,清灰后的粉尘残余量越少,阻力也越小,低于150 Pa。另外,脉冲清灰过后,未被清除下来的粉尘多集中于扁滤筒的上部且是未正对喷吹孔的位置,如何进一步改善有待之后研究。     

Using illumination and shadow to model aerodynamic resistance and flow separation: An isotropic study

The momentum extracted from fluid flow by the underlying surface roughness is important for understanding processes of entrainment, transportation and deposition of sediments. The parameter z₀ is a length scale that characterizes the loss of wind momentum attributable to the roughness elements. However, it is very difficult to estimate accurately and precisely even under carefully controlled conditions in wind tunnels. This limits the use of the parameter over large areas and in particular across scales of roughness, e.g., grain to form scale. This is problematic for studies of wind erosion and dust dispersion which require estimates of aerodynamic resistance over very large areas.A new concept is proposed with the potential to unify the estimates of fluid flow resistance along the continuum of sparse to tightly packed object spacing and across multiple scales. It is based on the creation of shadows by the illumination of roughness elements and the assumption that flow separation is created behind roughness elements on a plane surface as a function of free-stream wind velocity and obstacle height. The concept was implemented using a computer program and validated against a wind tunnel study that estimated z₀ for configurations of spheroids. Various spheroid coverages used in the wind tunnel study were reconstructed using a digital elevation model of the surface simulated by the computer. A strong relationship was established (R²=0.91) over two orders of magnitude between the shadow area ratio (SAR) and z₀.Fluid drag was shown to be dependent on the arrangement of roughness elements at the surface. The configurations of spheroids were replaced by cylinders of the same basal area and computer simulations of shadow area were repeated. Object shape was evidently important to the overlap of shadow with downstream adjacent obstacles and hence aerodynamic resistance was dependent on object shape. These findings appear to contradict empirical evidence of previous studies.Illumination and shadow of objects on a plane surface appears to adequately represent z₀. Shadow appears to approximate the flow separation behind an obstacle and to represent a wake. The overlap on to downstream adjacent objects of the shadow cast from an upstream object appears to mimic the interference of wakes caused by fluid flow moving around stationary objects with close spacing. There is a compelling argument for the use of SAR as a unifying measure of aerodynamic resistance over the continuum between isolated and tightly packed objects. Furthermore, given elevation data of objects on a plane surface the results show that shadow length is a point-based measure that may be integrated for all points evaluated to provide SAR. The demonstrated angular relationship between illumination and drag (shadow and flow separation) has considerable potential for estimating aerodynamic resistance over multiple scales and for significant investigations of (i) the anisotropic nature of aerodynamic resistance and (ii) its estimation using directional measurements of reflectance and bidirectional reflectance models.     

Numerical simulation of an array of fences in Saemangeum reclaimed land

This paper discusses about the quantitative effect of windbreak fences on wind velocity in the reclaimed land at Saemangeum in South Korea. Windbreak fences were constructed in the reclaimed land to reduce the wind velocity to prevent the generation and diffusion of dust. However, up to this time, no in-depth studies were conducted to quantitatively measure the effect of the windbreak fences on wind velocity thus an optimum windbreak structure is not yet determined. Using CFD simulations, the effects of fence porosity, fence height, and the distance between the adjacent fences were investigated. A wind tunnel experiment was initially conducted and data gathered were used to develop the CFD models. From the experiments and CFD simulations, the overall percentage difference of the measured velocities was 7.20% which is generally acceptable to establishing the reliability of the CFD models. The reduction effect on wind velocity was measured in between the adjacent fences up to a height of 0.6 m from the ground surface. In terms of porosity ( = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6), 0.2 was found to be the optimum value. Conversely, the effect of fence height (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m) showed no significant difference; therefore, 0.6 m height is recommended. In addition, the reduction effect of distance between the adjacent fences (2, 4 and 6 m) on wind velocity having a 0.2 porosity has decreased to about 75% regardless of the distance. In the case of the reclaimed land in Saemangeum, a decrease of 75% can prevent the generation and diffusion of dusts. However, the source of dusts is very large. Therefore, constructing an array of windbreak with 6 m distance between them is deemed necessary.     

Control of particle re-entrainment by wetting the exposed surface of dust samples

Experiments have been conducted in a wind tunnel to measure the emission factor of re-entrained particles from a dry or wetted dust sample with a smooth or rough surface. Effects of wind velocities and water contents in the sample on the emission factor also were investigated. The results show that re-entrainment of particles can be controlled efficiently in a certain period of time when the surface watering density is between 60 and 80 g/m2 at a wind velocity from 7 to 15 m/sec for both smooth and rough surfaces. After the effective period is elapsed, which depends on wind speeds and environmental conditions, water will eventually evaporate, and re-entrainment starts to occur again. The experimental water evaporation rates at different wind speeds are in good agreement with theoretical values. After watering for 210, 130, and 110 min at average wind velocities of 0, 2, and 4 m/sec, respectively, the dust sample must be replenished with water to avoid dust re-entrainment.     

Asian dust events observed by a 20-m monitoring tower in Mongolia during 2009

A 20-m Asian dust monitoring tower was installed at Erdene in Dornogobi, Mongolia in later 2008, which is one of the high Asian dust source regions in the Asian domain, to investigate meteorological conditions for the dust events. The tower was equipped with meteorological sensors (temperature, humidity and wind speed at four levels, precipitation and pressure near the surface), radiation sensors (solar radiation, net radiation) and soil measurement sensors (soil moisture and soil temperature at three levels and soil heat flux at one level) and turbulent measurement (sonic anemometer) at the 8 m height and PM₁₀ concentration measurement (beta guage) at the 3 m height. Measurement was made for a full year of 2009. The observed data indicated that dust events occur all year round with the maximum hourly mean maximum concentration of 4107 μg m^?3 in the early May to a minimum of 92 μg m^?3 in later August. It was found that the dust concentration at this site is directly related to the wind speed exceeding the threshold wind speed (likewise the corresponding friction velocity) during the winter to early spring. However, the observed dust concentration is not only related to the wind speed exceeding the threshold wind speed but also to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during the late spring to the late autumn due to the growth of vegetation. It was also found that the surface soil moisture content does not affect the dust concentration due to the relatively short residence time of the soil moisture in the surface soil. The presently monitored data can be used to verify parameters used in the Asian Dust Aerosol Model (ADAM) that is the operational forecasting dust model in the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA).     

A Wind Tunnel Study to Design Large,Open-top Chambers for Whole-tree Pollutant Exposure Experiments

A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine the optimal design features of a large, open-top chamber, as needed for pollution exposure studies on mature trees. An optimally-designed, open-top chamber must minimize the incursion of ambient air through its opening and maintain a uniform treatment concentration throughout the chamber. The design features of interest are the diameter and height of the chamber and the deflection angle and opening size of any frustum that may be mounted on top of a model chamber.

Design specifications depend on the turbulence regime about the chamber, which is influenced by the nature of the surrounding vegetation. Consequently, our investigation was performed on scale-model, open-top chambers in a wind tunnel populated with a model coniferous forest. Turbulence measurements demonstrated the similarity between the turbulence regime of the model and a natural forest. A hydrocarbon tracer was injected into the wind tunnel flow to characterize chamber performance.

The main design features of open-top chambers are the velocity of air exiting through the top and the relationship between the length scale of the turbulence and the diameter of the chamber opening. As exit velocities increase, the proportion of eddies with sufficient force to penetrate into the chamber decrease. Therefore, for equal volumetric air flows, smaller opening sizes increase the exit velocities and reduce the number and extent of ambient air incursions. Almost total exclusion of ambient air is achieved as the exit velocity of the air exceeds the magnitude of one standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity measured at the chamber top. The incursion of ambient air is also reduced when the diameter of the chamber opening is smaller than the characteristic length scale of the turbulence, a measure of mean eddy size.

Frusta deflect air flow over the chamber. Three prototypes, with 30?, 45? and 60-degree angles were tested. A 30-degree frustum slightly improves the performance of the chamber and is more effective in preventing ambient air from entraining into the chamber opening than frusta with either a 45? or 60-degree angle. A flatter frustum allows for a smoother transition in the wind velocity streamline and is less apt to cause wake turbulence, as is the case with steeper frusta.

Knowledge of the turbulence characteristics of plant canopies are readily available in the literature and can aid scientists and engineers in designing the optimal chamber and frusta dimensions for their particular application. Therefore, the empirical approach to chamber design can be avoided, and substantial savings can be realized.     

Ceramic tiles with black pigment made from stainless steel plant dust: Physical properties and long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals

Stainless steel plant dust is a hazardous by-product of the stainless steelmaking industry. It contains large amounts of Fe, Cr, and Ni, and can be potentially recycled as a raw material of inorganic black pigment in the ceramic industry to reduce environmental contamination and produce value-added products. In this paper, ceramic tiles prepared with black pigment through recycling of stainless steel plant dust were characterized in terms of physical properties, such as bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity, and volume shrinkage ratio, as well as the long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Zn). The results show that good physical properties of ceramic tiles can be obtained with 8% pigments addition, sample preparation pressure of 25 MPa, and sintering at 1200 ºC for 30 min. The major controlling leaching mechanism for Cr and Pb from the ceramic tiles is initial surface wash-off, while the leaching behavior of Cd, Ni, and Zn from the stabilized product is mainly controlled by matrix diffusion. The reutilization process is safe and effective to immobilize the heavy metals in the stainless steel plant dust.

Implications: Stainless steel plant dust is considered as a hazardous material, and it can be potentially recycled for black pigment preparation in the ceramic industry. This paper provides the characteristics of the ceramic tiles with black pigment through recycling stainless steel plant dust, and the long-term leaching behavior and controlling leaching mechanisms of heavy metals from the ceramic tile. The effectiveness of the treatment process is also evaluated.     

Air ventilation impacts of the “wall effect” resulting from the alignment of high-rise buildings

The objective of this study is to investigate the air ventilation impacts of the so called “wall effect” caused by the alignment of high-rise buildings in complex building clusters. The research method employs the numerical algorithm of computational fluid dynamics (CFD – FLUENT) to simulate the steady-state wind field in a typical Hong Kong urban setting and investigate pollutant dispersion inside the street canyon utilizing a pollutant transport model. The model settings of validation study were accomplished by comparing the simulation wind field around a single building block to wind tunnel data. The results revealed that our model simulation is fairly close to the wind tunnel measurements. In this paper, a typical dense building distribution in Hong Kong with 2 incident wind directions (0° and 22.5°) is studied. Two performance indicators are used to quantify the air ventilation impacts, namely the velocity ratio (VR) and the retention time (T_r) of pollutants at the street level. The results indicated that the velocity ratio at 2 m above ground was reduced 40% and retention time of pollutants increased 80% inside the street canyon when high-rise buildings with 4 times height of the street canyon were aligned as a “wall” upstream. While this reduction of air ventilation was anticipated, the magnitude is significant and this result clearly has important implications for building and urban planning.     

Numerical modeling of flow structures over various flat-topped stockpiles height: Implications on dust emissions

Fugitive dust emissions from open stock yards for bulk materials, such as coal or ores, can represent a significant part of overall estimated atmospheric emission on industrial site, as example on steel plant sites. Stockpile topography is known to modify the near field uptake force of the wind through changes of the mean flow. Various studies have shown that aeolian erosion strongly occurs on the stockpile crest, so it appears relevant to carry out a study to analyze the effect on the dust emissions of the stockpile clipping. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were done with the aim of simulating wind flow over different flat-topped pile scenarios, corresponding to a constant material volume. Various wind flow directions were tested to determine its impact on particle emissions. Data obtained from Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were then integrated in order to estimate the effect of the clipping on the stockpiles dust emission rates by using the EPA's emission factors method. Results provide evidence to suggest that clipping stockpiles does not reduce dust emissions. This study provides to industrial operators some informations on the best geometrical pile characteristics in order to limit particles emissions.     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A2O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A²O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。