基于表面活性剂的施工扬尘抑尘剂及其性能

针对建筑施工扬尘控制的需求,研究了适用于建筑施工扬尘的抑尘剂配方。该抑尘剂是由吸湿剂、凝并剂和表面活性剂组成的。采用含湿量、筛上和筛下土壤尘质量之比、渗透性作为指标,确定了组分及其浓度范围,通过正交实验筛选出最优抑尘剂配方,并对其抑尘性能进行了研究。结果表明,抑尘剂的最优组成为25%的氯化钙、0.25%的聚丙烯酰胺和0.05%的椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱。在吸湿放湿性实验中,喷洒过该抑尘剂溶液的土壤尘样品的10 d后含湿量大于9%;在抗风蚀性实验中,喷洒过抑尘剂溶液的土壤尘样品的损失率为0。     

混凝土尘抑尘剂配方研制及其性能表征

针对建筑工地扬尘控制需求,研究了适用于混凝土尘的抑尘剂。以高温抗蒸发性、抗研磨性、渗透性作为指标,研究了以吸湿剂、凝并剂和表面活性剂为组成的抑尘剂配方,并对其抑制混凝土尘性能进行了表征。结果表明:(1)混凝土尘粒径越小,越难被润湿。200目混凝土尘粒径均一;Ca含量最多,其次是Si,质量分数占11.10%;真密度为6.41g/cm3。(2)抑尘剂最优配方为25%(质量分数,下同)CaCl2、0.15%蔗糖、0.10%吐温-20。(3)10d后喷洒抑尘剂溶液的混凝土尘含湿量仍能达到10%,具有很好的吸湿放湿性。持续14m/s风速1h后,混凝土尘的损失率为2.23%(质量分数),具有良好的抗风蚀性能。     

SH抑尘剂固化建设场地类型土的抗雨蚀性能

经抑尘剂固化后的抗雨蚀性能是影响抑尘剂使用时效性的关键因素之一。以高分子材料——SH抑尘剂为研究对象,考虑建设场地扬尘来源(即建设场地类型土)、喷洒量、坡度、坡面形态及固化时间等因素,借助冲刷量、冲刷面破坏形态及冲刷颗粒物分布状态评价SH抑尘剂在仅固化建设场地类型土表层条件下的抗雨蚀效果。实验结果表明,SH抑尘剂可与表层土颗粒形成具有抗雨蚀能力的保护层。粉土、黏土、粉煤灰及碎石土经SH抑尘剂固化后,在暴雨强度下冲刷颗粒物少且呈散粒状,土样表面的整体完整性保持良好,无明显冲刷痕迹;SH抑尘剂对各种坡面形态及坡度均具有较好适应性,SH抑尘剂适用于场地土及裸露地表的固化;随SH抑尘剂喷量及固化时间的增加,固化土的抗雨蚀能力先增大后趋于平缓,从施工和经济角度,建议选取的SH抑尘剂喷量为1.2 kg/m~2,固化时间为3 d。     

甘蔗渣抑尘剂的微波聚合制备及性能表征

以聚乙烯醇为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,氢氧化铝为交联剂,丙三醇为塑化剂,在微波反应器中制备聚乙烯醇接枝纤维素基甘蔗渣抑尘剂。通过正交实验和极差法确定了影响粘度和保水性的显著因素分别是单体质量、温度和交联剂的用量。采用SEM、FT-IR对综合性能最佳的抑尘剂进行结构表征,观察到其表面平整,结构致密,接枝成功。自制抑尘剂与4种市售抑尘剂对比结果显示,自制抑尘剂粘度达到23.95 mm~2·s~(-1),55.13 h内都能保持含水率在4%以上,在抗压性、抗雨水冲刷性、抗风蚀性、耐寒耐热性和渗透性等技术指标及经济性方面均优于市售产品,市场前景较好。     

钢铁厂露天堆料场挡风抑尘墙效果的数值模拟

对某钢铁厂露天堆料场设置挡风抑尘墙进行数值模拟研究,通过对动力阴影区覆盖面积的考察,分析了自然风速、墙高、墙开孔率及墙后建构筑物对挡风抑尘墙的挡风抑尘效果的影响.该钢铁厂露天堆料场设置防风抑尘墙的最佳几何尺寸是:墙长(L)为500 m,墙厚(d)为5 mm,墙高(H)为15～20 m,墙开孔率(k)为0.2～0.3,在主导风风速达到10 m/s以上的大风天气能够形成有效覆盖整个料场的动力阴影区,再配以合适的喷雾洒水或喷洒化学抑尘剂等其他抑尘手段就能够非常有效地抑制料场扬尘.     

水性聚合物对铁矿粉的抑尘性能与现场应用

为控制扬尘污染,采用水性聚合物抑尘剂将澳洲铁矿粉稳定化,表征了铁矿粉的含水率、Zeta电位、表面形貌、化学组成与晶体结构,研究了聚合物的抑尘性能和现场应用效果。结果表明,抑尘剂可促进铁矿粉聚集、提高内聚力,可在湿润状态下延缓水分挥发、干燥状态下紧密封闭粉体,有效降低风力侵蚀性。在30℃、35%相对湿度下的平均含水率比洒水提高了1.2倍,装卸过程和露天堆场估算的扬尘控制效率分别达到67.78%和93.96%。露天料场24 h PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的控制效率分别为75.0%和80.95%,与估算结果接近;30 d的观察期间,堆体的封闭状态稳定,实现了现场有效抑尘。     

基于脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀的新型扬尘抑制剂

为研制出一种持续时间长、减少二次扬尘、耐高温、绿色环保的扬尘抑制剂,利用脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀的方法,确定了脲酶抑尘剂的最佳成分配比为脲酶30 g·L~(-1)、尿素0.8 mol·L~(-1)、氯化钙0.8 mol·L~(-1)、高分子吸水树脂1 g·L~(-1)。此外还选取了纯水、氯化钙和高分子吸水树脂这3种抑尘剂与脲酶抑尘剂进行性能对比。结果表明:脲酶抑尘剂的蒸发率为0.04 g·(m~2·s)-1、失水率23.7%、抗风指数27.8、抑尘效率70.7%。其抗蒸发性、保水性、抗风性能和抑尘效率都要优于其他3种抑尘剂。     

CuO/γ-Al_2O_3催化双氧水处理聚乙烯醇废水的研究

采用浸渍—煅烧法制备CuO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,并用其催化双氧水处理聚乙烯醇(PVA)废水,对比了不同煅烧温度下CuO/γ-Al_2O_3的催化性能以及催化剂投加量、双氧水投加量、PVA初始质量分数对PVA去除率的影响。结果表明,煅烧温度为450℃时得到的CuO/γ-Al_2O_3催化性能最好,增加CuO/γ-Al_2O_3和双氧水的投加量均有助于降低PVA降解产物黏均分子量,而PVA初始质量分数越高,PVA降解产物的黏均分子量越高。当PVA初始质量分数为1.0%,双氧水投加量为60 mL/L,CuO/γ-Al_2O_3投加量为1.0g/L,反应温度为60℃,溶液初始pH=3时,反应2h后PVA去除率达90%以上,PVA降解产物的黏均分子量从100 773降至3 194,下降了近97%,CuO/γ-Al_2O_3的催化性能随着重复使用次数的增加有一定下降。     

磁性膨润土的制备、表征及类Fenton催化降解橙黄Ⅱ

以铝柱撑膨润土和铁盐为原料,采用共沉淀法制备纳米Fe3O4负载的磁性膨润土复合材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面孔隙分析(BET)对样品进行表征,研究了磁性膨润土对橙黄Ⅱ的类Fenton催化降解性能,并考察了催化剂用量、温度和初始pH、H2O2初始浓度等因素对降解效果的影响。结果表明,Fe3O4均匀负载在膨润土表面,未发生明显团聚,并且改善了膨润土的孔隙结构,增加了其比表面积。在磁性膨润土用量为0.6 g/L,温度为40℃,pH为3.0,H2O2初始浓度为21 mmol/L的条件下,0.5 mmol/L橙黄Ⅱ溶液在180 min内色度去除率和UV254去除率分别达到100%和97%,且催化剂重复使用4次效果稳定。     

亚甲基蓝在有机酸膨润土上的吸附行为

为了解决染料废水带来的污染问题,采用柠檬酸对天然膨润土(RB)直接改性,制备柠檬酸膨润土(CAB),并探讨了溶液p H值、表面活性剂对CAB去除亚甲基蓝(MB)的影响。研究结果表明,CAB在去除MB方面有很宽的p H适宜范围,溶液p H值对CAB去除MB的影响不大;MB溶液中加入十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)以后,CAB对MB的去除率基本保持不变,而十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的加入则明显抑制CAB对MB的去除;MB在CAB上的吸附同时符合Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson模型,CAB对MB的Langmuir吸附容量为252 mg/g;CAB表面的羧基和羟基是吸附MB的主要吸附位点。研究表明,CAB是一种在染料的去除方面非常有应用前景的吸附剂。     

Preparation and characterization of modified dual network dust suppression gel based on sodium alginate and soluble starch

Aiming at the problems of complex environment and serious dust pollution in large open-pit coal yards, a dust suppression gel with a dual network structure was prepared by modifying the soluble starch and sodium alginate with iron ions. The changes of functional groups, thermal stability, and morphology structure before and after the reaction were analyzed by FTIR, TG-DSC, and SEM, and the formation mechanism of the dual network was revealed by XPS. Furthermore, the water absorption and water retention experiments proved that the dual network structure is more conducive to water retention than the single-layer network. According to molecular dynamics simulations and contact angle experiments, gel and adsorbed water molecules can approach coal dust molecules on their own to contact, wet, and combine with coal dust. The adhesion test proved that the dust suppression gel with iron ions had better adhesion to dust. The anti-freezing test shows that the dust suppression gel has good anti-freezing performance. The antifreeze test shows that the dust suppression gel still has excellent freeze–thaw resistance at the test temperature of??-20℃. The mechanical property test shows that the dust suppressant gel can prevent the product from being damaged by external force. The acid and alkali resistance experiments showed that the acid and alkali resistance of the gel was improved under the condition of iron ion modification, and the flying of coal powder was effectively prevented. This research provides a new theoretical idea for coal dust control in complex environment.

     

Denitrification with acrylamide by pure culture of bacteria isolated from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin manufactured wastewater treatment system

Acrylamide is widely used in industrial applications as cement binder and solidification agent. Due to its carcinogenicity and toxicity, discharge of acrylamide to the natural water and soil systems may lead to an adverse environmental impact on water quality and thus endanger public health and welfare. This study attempts to isolate and identify the denitrifying bacteria, which utilize acrylamide as the substrate from the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin manufactured wastewater treatment system. The performance of the denitrifying bacteria for treating different initial acrylamide concentrations was also investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The test results indicated that the Pseudomonas stutzeri could remove acrylamide at concentrations below 440 mg/l under aerobic conditions. The acrylic acid and ammonia intermediates were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. However, P. stutzeri did not show the capability of metabolizing acrylonitrile under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, the P. stutzeri could utilize both acrylamide and acrylic acid in the presence of nitrate (denitrification) and acrylamide could be removed completely from the wastewater.     

改性凹凸棒黏土脱除120~#溶剂油硫化物的研究

以甘肃临泽产凹凸棒黏土(以下简称凹土)为原料制备吸附剂,对120#溶剂油进行脱硫实验,同时采用脱硫率、X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(IR)对吸附剂进行了表征.结果表明:(1)以临泽凹土为原料制备吸附剂的最佳条件为焙烧时间3.0h、焙烧温度350℃、未精制吸附剂质量和溶剂油体积的比值1∶5 g/mL、脱硫时间75 min.按此最佳条件制备吸附剂,可将120#溶剂油含硫量由424 μg/g降至213 μg/g.脱硫率可以达到49.8％.(2)经过XRD及IR分析,120 #溶剂油中的硫被脱除后在吸附剂中以硫醚和CaS的形式存在.用浸渍法制备的吸附剂达到了一定的脱硫效果.     

羊毛角蛋白接枝聚丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺吸水树脂的制备

以废弃羊毛为主要原料,采用溶液聚合法制备了羊毛角蛋白接枝聚丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂。详细探讨了羊毛角蛋白含量、丙烯酸比例、反应温度、交联剂和引发剂等条件对合成树脂吸水性能的影响。结果显示,当角蛋白占比为5 wt%,丙烯酸比例为70%,反应温度为70℃,交联剂用量为0.1 wt%,引发剂用量为0.8 wt%时,改性树脂吸水倍率最好。另外,采用红外光谱、全质构仪和吸水速率对角蛋白改性前后的产物进行了结构分析和性能测试。结果显示,羊毛角蛋白的引入可以提高树脂的强度、吸水速率和耐盐能力。     

碘掺杂Ti02可见光光催化性能研究

在低于100℃温度条件下，采用溶胶一凝胶法以钛酸正丁酯为钛源，碘酸钾为碘源，制备了I掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂（I-TiO2），运用x-射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）及x-射线光电子能谱（XPS）等对催化剂进行表征，结果表明，TiO2及I-TiO2催化剂均为锐钛矿，I吸附并包裹在TiO2表面或以间隙进入的形式存在，并未进入TiO2晶格。通过在可见光照射下（A〉420nm）以罗丹明B（RhodamineB，RhB）的光催化降解为探针反应研究了在不同条件下制备催化剂的催化性能，结果表明，掺杂比为n1：n^ti=0．05：l，焙烧温度为400℃，降解介质条件pH=7时，l-TiO2光催化活性明显优于未掺杂的TiO2。光催化降解过程通过红外光谱（IR），总有机碳（TOC）跟踪测定，比较了TiO2掺杂前后降解RhB和对氯苯酚（4-CP）的光催化特性差异；同时采用苯甲酸荧光光度法跟踪测定体系中的氧化物种，表明在可见光下，I-TiO2光催化体系中产生·OH高活性氧化物种从而氧化降解目标化合物。     

Isotopic evidences for provenance of East Asian Dust

We have systematically collected samples in the possible source regions (the deserts and sandy lands of North China, northeastern past of the Tibetan Plateau, Chinese Loess Plateau and southern part of Mongolia) of the East Asian dust. Based on Nd–Sr isotopic ranges, the source regions can be divided into four isotopic regions: Region A1: the Gurbantunggut Desert in Junggar basin and Hunlun Buir sandy land in northeastern China; Region A2: the Hunshandake sandy land, Horqin sandy land and southern part of Mongolia; Region B: the Taklimakan Desert in Tarim basin, northeastern past of the Tibetan Plateau, Chinese Loess Plateau, Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert in Alashan Plateau; Region C: the Hobq Desert and Mu Us Desert in the Ordos Plateau. Through comparison of Nd–Sr isotopes, it can be inferred that the sediments of the north-central Pacific and dust particles in the Greenland ice cores are mainly derived from Region B. Dusts of East Asian dust storm are derived mostly from Region B also, and less from Region A2. The materials of dust storm at Beijing area in April 2006, originated largely from the Hobq Desert and Mu Us Desert in the Ordos Plateau. The floating dust at Beijing area in April 2006, is the mixing of dust of distant deserts and local dust at Beijing area. Loess of the Chinese Loess Plateau may largely originate from Region B.     

Aflatoxin decomposition in various soils

The persistence of aflatoxin in the soil environment could potentially result in a number of adverse environmental consequences. To determine the persistence of aflatoxin in soil, 14C-labeled aflatoxin B1, was added to silt loam, sandy loam, and silty clay loam soils and the subsequent release of 14CO2 was determined. After 120 days of incubation, 8.1% of the original aflatoxin added to the silt loam soil was released as CO2. Aflatoxin decomposition in the sandy loam soil proceeded more quickly than the other two soils for the first 20 days of incubation. After this time, the decomposition rate declined and by the end of the study, 4.9% of the aflatoxin was released as CO2. Aflatoxin decomposition proceeded most slowly in the silty clay loam soil. Only 1.4% of aflatoxin added to the soil was released as CO2 after 120 days incubation. To determine whether aflatoxin was bound to the silty clay loam soil, aflatoxin B1 was added to this soil and incubated for 20 days. The soil was periodically extracted and the aflatoxin species present were determined using thin layer chromatographic (TLC) procedures. After one day of incubation, the degradation products, aflatoxins B2 and G2, were observed. It was also found that much of the aflatoxin extracted from the soil was not mobile with the TLC solvent system used. This indicated that a conjugate may have formed and thus may be responsible for the lack of aflatoxin decomposition.     

Ti-天然沸石的钛掺杂取代法制备、表征和光催化性能

以酸处理脱铝后信阳天然斜发沸石为载体,硫酸钛、钛酸正丁酯和四氯化钛为钛源,分别采用浸渍法和气相法制备出钛掺杂沸石光催化剂。采用X-射线衍射和傅立叶红外光谱分析了沸石酸处理及钛取代前后结构。结果表明,80℃下,4 mol/L盐酸处理10 h后沸石结构发生了显著变化,但仍保持Al-O-Si骨架结构。红外光谱结果证明Ti4+与沸石形成稳定的Ti-O-Si键。在以300 W紫外灯为光源进行罗丹明B脱色反应,考察了含钛沸石的光催化活性。初始浓度为80 mg/L,光照1.5 h后罗丹明B的去除率为98.18%。     

碱熔融法合成NaA和NaX型粉煤灰沸石的品质表征

以粉煤灰为原料采用碱熔融法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构、性能和应用指标进行了详细表征.经x射线衍射和IR光谱分析,表明合成产物是无杂晶生成的NaA和NaX型沸石相;在扫描电镜观察下,产物分别具有NaA和NaX型沸石的立方体和八面体晶体骨架结构.DTA分析表明了合成产物中沸石水的存在,且产物热稳定性较好.通过对比,粉煤灰合成的NaA和NaX型沸石的比表面积达到了相应商品沸石的66.9%和83.6%;孔容为41.1%和70.2%;阳离子交换容量(CEC,cation exchange capacity)为82.93%和84.31%.通过比较化学组成表明,大规模应用合成产物不会对环境造成危害.     

Soy proteins as environmentally friendly sizing agents to replace poly(vinyl alcohol)

An environmentally friendly and inexpensive substitute to the widely used poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been developed from soy proteins for textile warp sizing. Textile processing is the major source of industrial water pollution across the world, and sizing and desizing operations account for nearly 30 % of the water consumed in a textile plant. PVA is one of the most common sizing agents used for synthetic fibers and their blends due to PVA’s easy water solubility and ability to provide desired sizing performance. However, PVA does not degrade and is a major contributor to pollution in textile effluent treatment plants. Although considerable efforts have been made to replace PVA with biodegradable sizing materials, the performance properties provided by PVA on synthetic fibers and their blends have been unmatched so far. Soy proteins are inexpensive, biodegradable, and have been widely studied for potential use in food packaging, as resins and adhesives. In this research, the potential of using soy proteins as textile sizing agents to replace PVA was studied. Polyester and polyester/cotton rovings, yarns, and fabrics sized with soy protein showed a considerably better improvement in strength and abrasion resistance compared to commercially available PVA-based size. Soy protein size had a 5-day biochemical oxygen demand /chemical oxygen demand ratio of 0.57 compared to 0.01 for PVA indicating that soy protein sizes were easily biodegradable in activated sludge. The total and ammonia nitrogen released from the proteins also did not adversely impact the biodegradability. Good sizing performance and easy biodegradability demonstrate that soy protein-based sizes have potential to replace PVA-based sizes leading to substantial benefits to the textile industry and the environment.