洞库金属油罐防腐蚀研究

总结了洞库金属油罐防腐施工经验,介绍了在焊接工艺、防腐施工工艺、罐底板加强防腐、涂料防腐等方面的具体实施方法.通过建立整体自动喷砂除锈和喷涂工艺,制订洞库金属油罐防腐涂料配套表和防腐质量控制规程,对重点部位进行加强防腐等手段,以改善洞库金属油罐的防腐施工环境,延长油罐的防腐维修周期.     

某集气站分离器积液包内防腐技术研究

目的提高分离器积液包的内防腐性能。方法首先通过实验对THF8110-I耐湿热重防腐涂料面漆及带锈底漆所构成的防腐涂层进行了外观、耐磨性、硬度、附着力、耐盐雾、耐腐蚀方面的性能检测,以确定其是否符合现场积液包内防腐的需要。然后通过相关规范设计计算所需牺牲阳极的质量及数量,在此基础上借助BEASY软件模拟,得到不同阳极材料在不同布置方式下积液包内壁的电位分布情况,进行材料优选,并分析阳极布置方式对阴极保护效果的影响。最后,模拟得到阳极在焊接和螺栓连接两种不同固定方式下积液包内壁的电位分布情况,以选择合适的固定方式,螺栓连接时,改变阳极与积液包底端的距离,以确定合适的距离。结果 THF8110-I耐湿热重防腐涂料面漆及带锈底漆所构成的防腐涂层各方面性能均达到标准要求,同种布局方式下,铝阳极对积液包形成的保护电位总是比锌阳极更负,而阳极材料相同时,五种布置方式下积液包内壁的电位范围之差不超过1 mV。与焊接相比,螺栓连接且阳极距离积液包底端为150mm时,积液包内壁的电位分布最为均匀。结论采用防腐涂层结合牺牲阳极保护的方式提高了积液包内壁的防腐能力。其中,防腐涂层由THF8110-I耐湿热重防腐涂料面漆及带锈底漆所构成,牺牲阳极保护方案中,采取四支铝阳极在积液包底端均布的方式阴极保护效果最好,且阳极与积液包的固定方式选择螺栓连接,阳极与积液包底端的距离为150 mm。     

湿式除尘器在汽轮机系统中的应用

结合工程实例介绍了冲击水浴除尘器的工艺原理、性能特点、系统供水工艺、防腐、设备参数和处理效果，以及工程实践的体会与建议。针对湿式除尘器的关键工序——防腐，从防腐材料的化学稳定性、热稳定性、耐磨性以及防腐工序的施工几方面进行了详尽的阐述。     

石墨烯在防腐涂料中的研究进展及应用

简要叙述了石墨烯结构性能以及当前主流制备石墨烯的方法。概述了最近几年来石墨烯在防腐涂料中的研究进展情况,包括石墨烯在涂料中的添加量、分散技术、原位改性等对涂料性能的影响。研究表明,在涂层中分散均匀添加量适中的石墨烯可以对防腐涂料性能有较大的提升,探讨了石墨烯在防腐涂层中的应用机理,同时对石墨烯防腐涂料的应用发展进行了展望。     

冬期施工的安全管理与预防措施

室外日平均气温连续5天低于5℃即进入冬期施工期,冬季施工气温低,风、雪、冰冻等天气较多,危险因素增加,各类事故进入高发期,稍有不慎极易出现人身、火灾、爆炸、冻伤、中毒以及交通事故等。冬期施工过程中,抓好重点部位、重点环节的监控与事故预防尤为重要。     

长庆姬塬油田水管线内表面防腐技术

管线内防腐结构是否合理是影响管线使用寿命的关键因素之一,随着油气管线和注水管线的大量使用,管道内壁腐蚀问题日显突出。长庆油田针对管线内腐蚀问题进行了大量的科研攻关和技术研究,并引进了许多内防腐新技术和新工艺。以长庆油田水管线内壁腐蚀为例,主要介绍了在长庆姬塬油田使用的几种水管线内表面防腐技术,并对结构和性能进行了总结。     

埋地管道防腐层维修材料的选择

采用现场试验的方法,选择2大类6种防腐材料,在现役管道上选择试验段,对防腐材料在现场维修中的性能进行比较。通过对防腐层的厚度、附着力、剥离强度、漏点等性能进行对比,并在1年以后,对防腐层进行地面检漏,并开挖检测。综合对比防腐性能及施工工艺,得出缠带类材料较适宜于在役埋地管道防腐层的维修的结论。     

室温固化的二元自修复防腐涂层制备与性能研究

目的研制一种室温中具备自修复性能的金属防腐涂层。方法将自制的室温固化剂DG593自修复微胶囊与酚醛环氧树脂F-51自修复微胶囊添加至金属防腐涂层中,通过探讨微胶囊含量对涂层力学性能、耐腐蚀性能、修复性能的影响,确定最优微胶囊添加量,并研究涂层在室温下自修复所需时间。结果微胶囊含量对于涂层的力学性能和修复性能具有显著影响,当质量分数为15%时,涂层具有较好的修复能力的同时,保持良好的力学性能,涂层室温自修复时间为6 h。结论自修复防腐涂层具备良好的耐腐蚀性,研究成果可以为金属自修复防腐涂料的发展提供参考。     

一种新型油井管材机械及防腐性能研究

目的重点评价一种新型油井管钢材00Cr9材质的拉伸强度、冲击韧性、硬度及螺纹连接等力学性能和防腐性能,为该新材质的使用条件提供理论依据。方法力学性能方面,根据GB/T 228—2002《金属材料室温拉伸试验方法》对00Cr9-110钢级的材料试样(2个)进行抗拉强度、屈服强度标准测试,参考API SPEC5CT(2011)对该材质(2个试样)的夏比V形缺口冲击韧性(CVN吸收能)进行测试。选取00Cr9管材(00Cr9-110钢级)和马氏体不锈钢13Cr两种材质进行显微维氏硬度对比测试,同时联合国家石油管材质量监督检验中心对00Cr9管材的螺纹连接性能进行实验分析。防腐性能方面,采用腐蚀质量损失实验和硫化氢环境下抗应力腐蚀开裂(Stress Corrosion Cracking,SCC)实验分别对其防二氧化碳(CO2)和硫化氢(H2S)的耐蚀性能进行评价。腐蚀模拟实验采用磁力驱动反应釜来模拟实际腐蚀工况环境,实验过程中通过调节釜的转速带动试片模拟流速。材料的常温常压SCC实验设计的实验条件为NACE A溶液,设计加载80%实际屈服强度,温度为24℃,实验气体为0.1 MPa H2S,实验周期为30天,加载强度的方式包括C形环及单轴拉伸。结果00Cr9材质较常规13Cr管材降低了金属中的含碳量,并细化了晶粒组织,使钢材中的杂质均匀化,减少了金相中的组织缺陷,从而提高了油井管的机械强度与耐蚀性能,大幅提高了现场作业效率。该材质的抗拉强度和冲击韧性满足要求,维氏硬度(HV1=256)出现硬度轻微超标的现象(规定HV1<250),螺纹连接性能达标。在低温含CO2的环境中点蚀速率很小,主要为均匀腐蚀,腐蚀质量损失满足要求。应力腐蚀开裂敏感性高,容易发生硫化物应力腐蚀开裂,不满足NACE MR0175抗硫要求。建议在90℃以下、含CO2和不含H2S的井下环境中使用。结论目前00Cr9材质油井管价格低于普通13Cr材质管材,在渤海区域大规模应用可降低油田开发成本,未来有望在渤海地区取代目前常用的13Cr材质油井管材。     

YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂应用研究

目的研究YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂应用于飞机维护/维修的有效性。方法参照新版美军标MIL-DTL-85054D(AS)和波音公司标准BMS 3-35的要求及测试方法,对自主研发的YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂的理化性能和使用性能进行评价。结果 YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂闪点在38℃以上,使用、运输和贮存安全;基本使用性能良好,干燥速度快,使用和去除方便;对飞机上常用金属材料具有良好的缓蚀作用,不会对金属材料造成腐蚀;具有极强的渗透能力和水置换能力,可以应用于飞机上缝隙结构,形成保护膜层;缓蚀性能良好,可以对飞机进行有效防护;耐高低温和耐紫外老化性能优异,飞机内外部均可使用。结论 YTF-3飞机硬膜缓蚀剂满足飞机防腐的要求,可以应用于飞机维护/维修。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.