微米级空间碎片撞击太阳电池研究

目的评估航天器太阳电池阵遭遇微米级空间碎片撞击后性能的下降程度。方法利用激光驱动飞片发射系统针对硅太阳电池开展系统的试验工作,对太阳电池机械损伤特性及伏安特性进行测试。利用ORDEM2000软件计算航天器所在轨道的碎片通量和速度。结合试验结果,计算航天器太阳电池阵因微米级空间碎片撞击引起的最大输出功率衰减率。结果太阳电池最大输出功率衰减率与溅射区直径呈二次函数关系,与表面污染率近似相等。未来5年天宫一号所在轨道航天器太阳电池因微米级空间碎片撞击引起的最大输出功率衰减率为0.45%。结论利用该研究结果可以预计航天器太阳电池因微米级空间碎片撞击引起的最大输出功率衰减率,为航天器总体设计提供技术支持。     

C/C-SiC-ZrB2复合材料表面SiC/ZrB2-SiC/SiC涂层的制备及抗氧化烧蚀性能研究

目的研究C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料表面SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC涂层的制备、抗氧化烧蚀性能与机理。方法选择ZrB_2和SiC改性的C/C复合材料为基体,通过包埋-刷涂法在C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料表面制备了SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC多重抗氧化涂层,并对复合材料的微结构、抗氧化烧蚀性能与机理进行分析和研究。结果制备了一种三层结构的SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC超高温陶瓷复合涂层,获得了风洞考核试验下的复合材料微结构变化、线烧蚀率等试验数据,并得到了C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料的氧化烧蚀机理。结论 SiC/ZrB_2-SiC/SiC涂层对C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料的抗氧化和耐烧蚀性能具有明显提升,有效提高了C/C-SiC-ZrB_2复合材料的综合热防护性能。     

轻质Cf/SiOC复合材料表面抗氧化涂层烧蚀性能的研究

目的提高轻质碳纤维增强SiOC(C_f/SiOC)多孔陶瓷复合材料的抗烧蚀性能。方法用TaSi_2、MoSi_2为高温抗氧化组分,SiB_6为烧结助剂,硼硅酸玻璃为粘结剂,采用浆料法在C_f/SiOC复合材料表面制备多层梯度化抗氧化涂层。用氧乙炔考核带涂层复合材料的抗氧化及抗烧蚀性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜对烧蚀后的形貌进行分析。结果采用硼硅酸玻璃能够在较低的温度下获得表面致密的涂层,有效地提升涂层的阻氧能力,同时能够降低涂层与基体材料之间的热失配。通过浆料法能够获得梯度化的抗氧化涂层,即涂层由靠近基体部分的多孔层逐渐过渡至最外层的致密层。在氧乙炔考核烧蚀实验下,涂层表现出优良的抗烧蚀性能,并且随着表面烧蚀温度的不同,表现出不同的烧蚀行为。在1660℃下烧蚀后,线烧蚀率及质量烧蚀率分别为0.03μm/s,2.96×10-8g/(mm2·s),随着烧蚀温度增加至1760℃,线烧蚀率及质量烧蚀率增加至0.06μm/s,1.03×10-7g/(mm2·s)。带涂层的复合材料烧蚀后,涂层表面没有裂纹,但都出现了大量的孔洞,其主要原因是硼硅酸玻璃的挥发,基体材料并没有发生明显的氧化,涂层表现出优良的抗氧化、阻氧能力。结论硼硅酸玻璃的引入能够在较低的温度下获得表面致密的涂层,提升涂层的阻氧能力。制备的多组分抗氧化烧蚀涂层,可以有效地提高C_f/SiOC复合材料的抗烧蚀能力。     

铌合金表面热防护涂层研究进展

作为武器装备、航空航天等多种现代工业领域热端部件中应用十分广泛的结构材料,铌合金在高温富氧燃流的冲刷下会发生严重的烧蚀现象,进而影响了其在超高温环境下的使用性能。研究发现,采用表面涂层技术能够有效提升铌合金的高温抗烧蚀性能。因此结合热端部件富氧、超高温的实际服役环境,首先介绍了国内外铌合金表面抗氧化烧蚀涂层领域的研究现状,对比分析了金属基和硅系陶瓷抗烧蚀涂层各自在抗氧化烧蚀性能上的优缺点;然后综述了近年来国内外有关热障涂层的研究进展,归纳总结了ZrO2基陶瓷涂层、稀土锆酸盐陶瓷涂层以及钙钛矿结构陶瓷涂层三种热障涂层材料的特点;最后对铌合金表面热防护涂层的结构设计以及未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

飞机结构表面涂层体系改进研究

针对多型飞机表面涂层体系抗腐蚀性能差这一亟待解决的问题,采用制造状态、大修状态及纳米复合涂层对设计的典型飞机蒙皮对接结构模拟件进行涂装,并利用划格法对涂层体系的层间附着力进行表征。采用加速模拟环境试验的方法,对纳米复合涂层的防腐性能进行考核验证。试验结果表明,纳米复合涂层体系的层间附着力、防腐性能和耐老化性能明显优于制造状态、大修状态涂层体系,在飞机中应用纳米复合涂层可以显著改善结构的抗腐蚀品质。     

Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层组织与性能的研究

目的 采用化学复合镀技术对微弧氧化进行封孔,进而得到抗烧蚀性能优良的Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层。方法 通过采用扫描电镜(SEM)、光学金相显微镜(OM)、显微硬度仪(Microhardness Tester)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、氧–乙炔烧蚀试验(Oxy-Acetylene Ablation Test)等方法,对复合涂层的表面形貌、截面形貌、厚度、显微硬度、物相和抗烧蚀性能等进行分析。结果 陶瓷层原始表面完全被化学镀层覆盖,所制得的复合涂层厚度均匀,化学镀层与陶瓷层紧密嵌合。镀液中的SiC浓度对镀覆的速度、镀层中SiC粒子的共沉积量有着较大的影响。当粒子质量浓度为16~20 g/L时,颗粒的共沉积量较大。化学复合镀60 min可以得到厚度20 μm左右的Ni-P-SiC镀层,SiC颗粒分布均匀。当镀液中SiC质量浓度为16 g/L时,镀层具有最高的硬度。对比未处理、仅微弧氧化和Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层试样,Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层试样具有最佳的抗烧蚀性能。结论 Al2O3/Ni-P-SiC复合涂层均匀、致密,具有良好的抗烧蚀。     

火箭整流罩抗碎片侵彻能力的数值模拟

为研究火箭整流罩对箭上有效载荷的防护性能,以某型液体运载火箭为分析对象,利用Autodyn软件对火箭爆炸碎片撞击有效载荷整流罩的过程进行了数值模拟,分析了碎片撞击速度和撞击倾角对整流罩抗碎片侵彻能力的影响。数值计算结果表明:碎片的撞击速度和撞击倾角是影响火箭整流罩抗碎片侵彻能力的重要因素,对碎片本身形变也有一定的影响;侵彻时间随碎片撞击速度呈单调递减,当碎片撞击速度较小时,碎片撞击造成的速度损失与撞击速度呈正相关;有效载荷整流罩抗侵彻能力随碎片撞击倾角的增大而增强,侵彻时间随碎片撞击倾角的增大呈单调递增。数值模拟结果与理论计算结果基本吻合,表明该数值计算模型能较好地模拟火箭爆炸碎片撞击有效载荷整流罩的过程。     

濒海环境钢质紧固件防腐技术试验对比研究

目的针对某濒南海大型工程钢质紧固件腐蚀严重的问题,通过试验研究对比钢质紧固件的腐蚀防护技术。方法分别在钢质紧固件表面制备防护层膜,通过现场挂样试验和实验室环境模拟加速试验研究不同涂层的腐蚀行为,并采用电化学试验研究不同涂层在模拟条件下的失效机理。结果对现场试验、实验室加速试验和电化学阻抗测试数据进行分析,不同涂层紧固件的防腐效果排序为复合涂层锌铝涂层粉末渗锌≈热浸镀锌电镀锌氧化膜层保护。结论通过试验对比评价了紧固件6种表面处理技术的防腐性能,为濒海设备使用的紧固件防腐措施的选择提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

身管内膛镀铬性能检测研究

目的对内膛表面强化层性能进行定量评估,给后续镀铬层的优化及新型内膛表面强化层技术的优选提供试验方法。方法以成熟度最高、应用最广泛的内膛表面镀铬技术为依据,开展强化层检测研究,主要包括硬度、厚度及微观缺陷、结合性能、抗烧蚀性能、抗磨损性能等研究。量化镀铬层抗烧蚀、抗磨损性能,实现实验室对内膛镀铬层性能的综合评估。结果铬层硬度约为521.8HV,高于基体硬度。铬层裂纹初始宽度约为300 nm,多数裂纹未连接成“网状”。铬层与基体结合力约为67.2 N。相同条件下,相比基体,镀铬层的烧蚀量和磨损量始终较小。结论镀铬层综合性能优于基体材料。     

硼化物基超高温复合陶瓷超高速撞击作用下破坏模式研究

随着各国航天实验和航天器的增加,太空中存在微小碎片垃圾越来越多,对航天器正常运行有着极大的危害。研究弹丸超高速撞击硼化物基复合陶瓷产生的碎片云特性,采用非线性动力学分析软件AUTODYN,利用光滑质点动力学方法对圆柱形弹丸超高速撞击硼化物基超高温复合陶瓷单层板形成的碎片云进行数值模拟,分析相同质量不同速度弹丸撞击靶板的破坏模式,不同质量相同速度弹丸撞击靶板的破坏模式。结果表明在不同速度和质量弹丸撞击靶板的破坏模式中,穿孔半径变化规律为穿孔半径随着弹丸速度和质量的增大而增大。根据不同质量弹丸超高速撞击板靶的穿孔半径变化规律,得到弹丸撞击相同厚度靶板的击穿速度临界值。该结果可为航天器超高速撞击风险评估和防护设计提供了参考。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.