干旱内陆河流域土地利用变化及其对环境的影响——以西北地区黑河流域为例

从区域的角度,研究土地利用/土地覆被变化导致的生态环境退化,对于丰富土地利用/土地覆被变化研究内容具有重要的理论意义,同时又对当地生态环境的保护与恢复具有现实的指导意义。文章以我国西北干旱区内陆河流域黑河为例,利用遥感和GIS技术,分析和评价近17年(1987—2004年)来该流域土地利用的动态变化及其对于整个流域环境的影响。研究结果表明,自1987—2004年黑河流域5种土地利用类型面积发生了显著的变化。具体表现在耕地面积由1987年的5178.0km2增加到2004年的5357.8km2,林地面积从1987年的6422.1km2增加到2004年的6450.4km2,城镇用地面积从1987年的115179.5km2增加到2004年的115791.4km2;另一方面,草地面积却从1987年的27710.6km2减少到2004年的27209.3km2,水域面积从1987年的1645.7km2减少到2004年的1386.4km2。同时又分别从黑河上、中、下游方面,对土地利用变化情况作了具体的分析。通过以上研究可以看出,近17年来,黑河流域土地利用发生了深刻的变化,由此造成了整个流域的生态环境退化问题,主要表现在水环境的变化、土地荒漠化、土壤盐渍化以及植被退化等方面。     

甘肃省植被覆盖变化及其对退耕还林工程的响应

利用2000—2015年MODIS-NDVI数据,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,采用像元二分法和一元线性回归分析法,定量探讨了甘肃省近16 a植被覆盖的时空变化特征,并在此基础上评估退耕还林面积与植被覆盖的相互关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年甘肃省年均归一化植被指数(NDVI)值呈增加趋势,年增长速率为0.43%,说明甘肃省植被覆盖总体呈改善态势。(2)16 a间,全省植被覆盖虽有局部恶化趋势,但改善区域面积远大于植被退化区域。其中,明显改善、中度改善和轻微改善区域面积分别占总面积的20.62%、14.67%和33.05%,退化区域面积仅占2.87%。(3)总体上,甘肃省植被覆盖度仍然较低,全省16 a平均植被覆盖度为50.98%,低、中低植被覆盖区面积占总面积的50%以上,且分布不均,其中东南地区平均植被覆盖度最高,为75.43%,中部次之,为47.84%,西北最低,只有31.77%,空间差异显著。(4)退耕还林面积能较好地解释植被覆盖度的变化。退耕还林工程集中区即黄河以东地区累计退耕还林面积与2000—2015年年均植被覆盖度明显相关,其决定系数R2为0.721 8。     

武夷山国家自然保护区NDVI对坡度的响应

武夷山国家自然保护区是全球同纬度带保存最为完整、面积最大的典型中亚热带原生性森林生态系统,地势起伏剧烈,研究此区域归一化植被指数(NDVI)对坡度的响应可为保护区生态建设提供科学参考。文章基于Landsat ETM+/OLI遥感数据、DEM数据和气象资料,提取2004—2018年武夷山国家自然保护区NDVI和坡度,分析研究了2004—2018年保护区6种坡度类型下植被覆盖的变化特征,以及不同坡度下植被的改善和退化情况,指出影响不同坡度NDVI的主要气象因子。结果表明:(1)2004年以来武夷山国家自然保护区植被呈改善趋势,生态环境保护工作取得良好成效,但保护区仍存有耕地、居民点和生产经营活动,中部和北部低坡度地区植被呈变差趋势;(2)在所有坡度范围内,保护区植被变化类型均以轻微改善为主(面积比超过50%),在0°—25°范围内利于植被退化,而在35°范围内利于植被改善;(3)NDVI变化趋势与坡度呈二次函数关系,以17°为界,当坡度小于17°时,植被改善随着坡度的增加而缓慢减弱;当坡度大于17°时,植被改善随着坡度的增加而增强;(4)在保护区内,影响植被生长的主要气象因子为降水。研究结果可为保护区制定生态保护规划、实施针对性地保护和应对气候变化影响提供决策依据。     

基于MODIS的陕西黄土高原植被覆盖度变化特征及其驱动分析

基于MODIS数据,采用混合像元分解模型提取陕西黄土高原2000-2009年的植被覆盖度数据,研究其整体变化趋势,并根据植被覆盖类型、地形、气候和土壤因子进行特征分区,研究不同区域植被覆盖变化及其驱动因子.结果表明,整体而言,10a间研究区植被覆盖度呈增长趋势,2000-2009年共增长约10百分点.植被覆盖度为0 ～ 10％、＞10％ ～ 20％、＞20％ ～ 30％、＞30％～40％和＞40％ ～ 50％的区域面积年平均减少-1.05％、-8.63％、-7.04％、-7.20％和-3.49％,而植被覆盖度为＞50％～60％、＞60％ ～ 70％、＞70％ ～ 80％、＞80％～90％和＞90％ ～ 100％的区域面积年平均增长6.92％、10.53％、4.05％、0.87％和7.06％.地形和水热状况从宏观上决定植被覆盖类型,并且影响植被疏密程度,土壤侵蚀影响植被受破坏程度,植被覆盖度持续增长的主要原因是退耕还林(草)工程的实施.     

阿尔泰山地森林草原生态功能区植被覆盖对气候变化的响应

新疆阿尔泰山地森林草原生态功能区(简称阿尔泰生态功能区)是《全国主体功能区规划》中明确的8个水源涵养型重点生态功能区之一,但其植被生态系统对气候变化敏感而脆弱。为了解气候变化背景下阿尔泰生态功能区植被生长状况,基于1986—2015年阿尔泰生态功能区7个气象站气温和降水量、植被覆盖以及植被类型数据,采用遥感技术和相关分析方法,研究阿尔泰生态功能区植被覆盖对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明:(1)1986—2015年阿尔泰生态功能区年平均气温整体呈现明显上升趋势,倾向率为0.34℃·(10 a)~(-1);年降水量整体呈波动循环上升趋势,倾向率为6.19 mm·(10 a)~(-1);年平均归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)值整体呈现缓慢下降趋势,倾向率较小,为-0.001 (10 a)~(-1);生长季NDVI呈明显上升趋势,倾向率为0.002 (10 a)~(-1)。(2)1986—2015年阿尔泰山生态功能区植被覆盖总体保持稳定,NDVI变化率为-0.001 (10 a)~(-1)～0.001 (10 a)~(-1)的区域面积占研究区总面积的60.4%;植被覆盖显著减少,即NDVI变化率-0.002 (10 a)~(-1)的区域面积占总面积的3.1%,主要分布在西北阿尔泰山区;植被覆盖显著增加,即NDVI变化率0.002 (10 a)~(-1)的区域面积占总面积的2.1%,主要分布在东南和中部地区。(3)1986—2015年阿尔泰生态功能区植被覆盖对降水量变化的响应大于气温变化。NDVI变化对气温和降水量变化存在一定滞后性现象,不同时段NDVI变化表现出不同的滞后期。     

基于SPOT-VGT的黄河流域植被覆盖时空演变

植被是土地覆盖中的最主要部分,是连接土壤、大气和生物等要素的自然"纽带"。植被覆盖动态变化对全球能量循环和物质循环具有重要影响,是全球变化研究的重要内容之一。黄河流域作为我国重要的粮食生产基地,其环境变化直接影响到流域经济的可持续发展。为了快速准确地提取地表植被状况,了解黄河流域生态环境,利用1998—2011年的SPOT-VGT遥感数据,结合地理信息技术,采用均值法和趋势分析法对黄河流域植被NDVI时空分布特征和变化趋势进行了动态监测。结果表明,(1)黄河流域14年NDVI均值的空间分布整体特征是东南部平原、盆地和西部山地植被状况要好于北部地区。其次,黄河流域属于干旱半干旱地区,植被发育主要依赖于水文条件,所以沿黄河干流和支流区域也具有较高的植被NDVI值。(2)黄河流域植被NDVI年均值近14年间整体呈缓慢增长趋势,1998—2000年呈现急剧减少态势,2001—2003年出现了较为快速的增长,2004—2011年又出现了较长时间的连续增长过程。(3)黄河流域植被NDVI基本不变的区域约占研究区总面积的71.13%;植被NDVI轻微改善的区域约占流域总面积的27.30%,且主要分布于流域东南部的盆地、平原和西部的山地、丘陵地区,植被NDVI退化的区域面积约占流域总面积的0.98%。黄河流域自1998年以来,植被NDVI整体在不断提高,生态环境在不断改善。     

基于MODIS的山东省植被覆盖时空变化及其原因分析

卫星遥感获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)可以指示地表绿度和植被覆盖特征,被广泛应用于大尺度地表植被活动的监测和评估。基于2000─2014年的328景MODIS/NDVI时间序列数据,采用基于栅格像元的趋势分析和稳定性分析方法,深入分析了2000年以来山东省不同区域植被覆盖和绿度变化特征。结果表明,(1)近15年山东省植被年平均NDVI和春季NDVI都呈现显著增加趋势(P0.01),NDVI的增加趋势与降水量的年际变化关系显著(P0.05);由于城市化进程加剧,生长季绿色植被面积显著减少,平均每年减少243 km~2。(2)NDVI变化趋势具有明显的空间差异,鲁西农业区植被与黄河三角洲以及南四湖的湿地植被变化趋势相反,农田植被绿度有增加趋势,湿地植被绿度下降明显。这一趋势差异与不同植被类型对于降水年际变化的响应差异有关。(3)由于不同植被类型对于自然和人为活动干扰的适应能力不同,不同地区的植被覆盖在时间序列上表现出不同的稳定性。植被稳定性的排序为:农田植被森林灌木植被湿地植被。说明湿地植被对于环境变化的响应最敏感,而人为管理的农田植被的抗干扰能力最强。本研究对于了解山东省植被覆盖变化格局特征和评估不同生态系统的气候变化响应具有积极作用。     

基于遥感的泾河流域植被覆盖格局分析

以MODIS遥感影像数据为数据源,应用遥感和GIS技术对泾河流域植被覆盖格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)泾河流域植被覆盖类型以退化草地和草地为主,二者占流域总面积的53.30%;地面覆盖程度较高的森林、疏林仅占流域总面积的9.83%,流域植被覆盖程度较低。(2)受自然环境条件和人类活动的影响,退化草地、稀疏灌丛、郁闭灌丛和疏林破碎化程度较为严重,对地面覆盖程度最低的退化草地除集中分布于流域北部外,主要零散分布于流域中、南部,其斑块形状复杂多样,数量最多,应成为流域植被恢复的重点。(3)各植被覆盖类型的斑快数量组成以小斑块所占比例最大,最小斑块比率均在50.0%以上;森林的斑块面积多样性最大,草地的斑块面积多样性最小。     

近代黄河三角洲植被覆盖度时空变化分析

为了深化研究近代黄河三角洲植被演化规律与机理,指导该地区合理开发和保护植被资源,选用Landsat等卫星遥感数据结合野外调查数据,利用像元二分模型估算并分析了该地区1986—2015年长时间序列植被覆盖度时空变化过程及影响因素(水分条件、盐分条件、人类活动)。结果表明,该地区近30年植被覆盖度时空变化明显,(1)空间变化上,植被覆盖度呈现由西南向东北递减,由河流两岸向沿海递减的趋势,并且随着时间变化,这两种趋势越来越明显。随着人类活动加强,植被覆盖破碎化显著。(2)时间变化上,1986—2015年该地区植被覆盖度总体呈上升趋势,由1986年的36.77%上升为2015年的37.83%。中高、高植被覆盖面积增幅最大,达到314.96 km~2。低植被覆盖度区逐渐转为高植被覆盖度区,特别是2001—2015年,随着研究区生态环境逐渐变化,转化速度逐渐加快。(3)环境因子与植被覆盖度具有一定的相关性,采用基于像元的空间分析法分析不同时滞月降水量与近代黄河三角洲植被覆盖度相关性,发现月降水量与植被覆盖度有较大关系。通过遥感指数构建土壤反演模型,得到盐分空间分布,并进行相关性分析,发现土壤盐分与植被覆盖度相关性系数为-0.331(P0.02),近代黄河三角洲盐碱化对植被生长有一定阻碍作用。人类活动对植被覆盖度的影响主要以农业为主,通过对植被覆盖度与耕地进行相关性分析,得相关性系数为0.452(P0.02),近代黄河三角洲耕地的开发,在一定程度上促进了该地区植被覆盖度的恢复。     

扎龙湿地土地利用/覆盖类型时空演变及其气候响应

基于Landsat和HJ星数据,采用决策树、面向对象分类、GIS空间分析、线性拟合、相关分析等方法研究了2000—2017年扎龙湿地土地利用/覆盖时空格局变化及其对气候因子的响应,为湿地生态气象综合监测评估提供数据及方法支撑。结果表明,(1)草甸一直是扎龙湿地的主要土地利用/覆盖类型,面积在1 326.70～1 513.87 km2之间变化,平均占该湿地总土地面积的65.15%,2001年以来面积以7.21km2?a-1的速度显著下降。核心区90%以上为草甸,缓冲区和试验区的草甸所占比例依次降低,不同类型的草甸年际间相互转换频繁,总体上呈现此消彼长的现象。(2)农田面积在281.80～364.65km2之间变化,平均占总土地面积的14.24%,以4.15 km2?a-1的速度呈极显著上升趋势,绝大多数农田分布在试验区内。(3)水体和农田的地理中心有明显向东北方向转移的趋势,其他土地利用/覆盖类型的地理中心虽然在部分年份有较大波动,但总体上未见有明显聚集或转移趋势。(4)气象因子年际变化幅度小将更有利于扎龙湿地明水体和草甸的维持和发展,有地表水覆盖的草甸景观格局变化的主要驱动因子为温度,无地表水草甸变化的主要驱动因子为水分。     

Modeled historical land use and land cover for the conterminous United States

The landscape of the conterminous United States has changed dramatically over the last 200 years, with agricultural land use, urban expansion, forestry, and other anthropogenic activities altering land cover across vast swaths of the country. While land use and land cover (LULC) models have been developed to model potential future LULC change, few efforts have focused on recreating historical landscapes. Researchers at the US Geological Survey have used a wide range of historical data sources and a spatially explicit modeling framework to model spatially explicit historical LULC change in the conterminous United States from 1992 back to 1938. Annual LULC maps were produced at 250-m resolution, with 14 LULC classes. Assessment of model results showed good agreement with trends and spatial patterns in historical data sources such as the Census of Agriculture and historical housing density data, although comparison with historical data is complicated by definitional and methodological differences. The completion of this dataset allows researchers to assess historical LULC impacts on a range of ecological processes.     

Analyses on phenological and morphological variations of mangrove forests along the southwest coast of Bangladesh

Drastic changes in river discharge and salinity levels are threatening the phenology and morphology of the coastal mangrove forests of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh. We have used AVHRR GIMMS (1985–2006) and MODIS (2005–2010) satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to identify the temporal variation of the phenology of the mangroves. Linear interpolation and Fourier-based adjustment were applied to remove noise from the NDVI time series. Then linear regression analysis on a single area (8 km ? 8 km) and a composite of 36 areas for three NDVI statistics the annual minimum, annual average, and annual maximum were performed--over the time periods 1985–1990, 1990–2000, 2000–2006 and 2005–2010 to identify possible functional changes in NDVI time series around the Sundarbans. Furthermore, we used fourteen LANDSAT images spanning the period 1989–2010 to estimate the spatiotemporal rate of shoreline changes over the three time periods 1989–2000, 2000–2006, and 2006–2010. A decreasing trend in the annual minimum NDVI was observed in most of the areas of the Sundarbans for the period 1990–2000. During the years 2000–2006, the trends of the three NDVI statistics became significantly positive, indicating an improvement of the mangrove phenology. In the period 2005–2010, a decreasing trend in all the NDVI variables was again dominant. The coast underwent rapid erosion from 1989–2000 and 2006–2010. However, the rate substantially declined between 2000 and 2006, when accretion was dominant. The advent of the upstream Farakka barrage caused a significant reduction in the Ganges-Gorai River discharge and increased the salinity in and around the Sundarbans. Our study concludes that this may be responsible for the degradation of mangrove phenology and accelerated erosion in the earlier and recent periods. In the interim, 2000–2006, improved river discharge and salinity levels due to the Ganges water sharing agreement (1996) and dredging of the Gorai River bed (1998–1999) enhanced the mangrove phenology and helped the coast to gain land.     

Intensity of land use changes in a sugarcane expansion region,Brazil

In the last decades, Brazil has been consolidated as one of the world’s largest producers of food, with emphasis on soybeans, sugarcane and beef production. With the opening of new markets and the increase in demand, a competitive scenario was developed among farming activities, resulting in changes in land use and cover. Thus, this study aimed to verify the spatial and temporal land use changes, through intensity analysis, in the microregion of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo state, in two time intervals, 2004–2007 and 2007–2015, in addition to determining the relevance of pasture in this context. The identification of land uses occurred through the analysis of the spectrum-temporal pattern of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), in such a way that six classes were identified, annual crop, water, sugarcane, forest, pasture and urban area. The categories annual crop and sugarcane had more intense variations of losses and gains in the studied time intervals. The category pasture was the primary supplying source of the area, showing a reduction of approximately 180,000 hectares in the analyzed period, losing area with greater intensity for the categories of annual crop and sugarcane.     

How dynamics and drivers of land use/land cover change impact elephant conservation and agricultural livelihood development in Rombo,Tanzania

Land use/land cover (LULC) change affects the provision of ecosystem services for humans and habitat for wildlife. Hence, it is crucial to monitor LULC particularly adjacent to protected areas. In this study, we measured LULC change in Rombo, Tanzania, an area with high-potential agro-ecological zones that is dominated by human–elephant conflicts (HECs). We used remote sensing and geographical information system techniques, questionnaires and village meetings to assess spatio-temporal patterns of the LULC changes in the study area. Using Landsat imagery, digital elevation model (DEM) and ground truthing, we classified and monitored changes in LULC from the years 1987 to 2015. We found that within Rombo, settlements were increasing, while agricultural and agroforestry lands were decreasing and respondents’ perceptions varied along the altitudinal gradient. Patterns of HEC and LULC were observed to change along the gradient and the later threatened the agricultural land and ecological integrity for elephant habitat, leading to high tension and competition between elephants and people. This research offers baseline information for land use planning to balance wildlife conservation with livelihood development in Rombo and highlights that managing the impacts of LULC changes on HEC and elephant habitat loss is a matter of urgency.     

Parcels versus pixels: modeling agricultural land use across broad geographic regions using parcel-based field boundaries

Land use and land cover (LULC) change occurs at a local level within contiguous ownership and management units (parcels), yet LULC models primarily use pixel-based spatial frameworks. The few parcel-based models being used overwhelmingly focus on small geographic areas, limiting the ability to assess LULC change impacts at regional to national scales. We developed a modified version of the Forecasting Scenarios of land use change model to project parcel-based agricultural change across a large region in the United States Great Plains. A scenario representing an agricultural biofuel scenario was modeled from 2012 to 2030, using real parcel boundaries based on contiguous ownership and land management units. The resulting LULC projection provides a vastly improved representation of landscape pattern over existing pixel-based models, while simultaneously providing an unprecedented combination of thematic detail and broad geographic extent. The conceptual approach is practical and scalable, with potential use for national-scale projections.     

Modeling freshwater fish distributions using multiscale landscape data: A case study of six narrow range endemics

Species distribution models (SDMs) have become integral tools in scientific research and conservation planning. Despite progress in the assessment of various statistical models for use in SDMs, little has been done in way of evaluating appropriate ecological models. In this paper, we evaluate the multiscale filter framework as a suitable theoretical model for predicting freshwater fish distributions in the upper Green River system (Ohio River drainage), USA. The spatial distributions of six fishes with contrasting biogeographies were modeled using boosted regression trees and multiscale landscape data. Species biogeography did not appear to affect predictive performance and all models performed well statistically with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.87 to 0.98. Predictive maps show accurate estimations of ranges for five of six species based on historical collections. The relative influence of each type of environmental feature and spatial scale varied markedly with between species. A hierarchical effect was detected for narrowly distributed species. These species were highly influenced by soil composition at larger spatial scales and land use/land cover (LULC) patterns at more proximal scales. Conversely, LULC pattern was the most influential feature for widely distributed at all spatial scales. Using multiscale data capable of capturing hierarchical landscape influences allowed production of accurate predictive models and provided further insight into factors controlling freshwater fish distributions.     

Modelling the potential impacts of land use/cover change on terrestrial carbon stocks in north-west Morocco

Terrestrial ecosystems store more carbon (C) than the atmosphere and provide ecosystem services (ES) such as global climate regulation, by sequestering carbon within biomass and soil. Land use land cover (LULC) change is considered a key factor, playing an important role in the dynamic variations of carbon storage. The aim of this paper is to assess the effects that LULC has had on carbon stocks and consequently on climate change regulation in north-western Morocco over 21 years. To achieve this aim, the Integrated Valuation of ES and Trade-offs (InVEST) model is used to assess status and variation in the net amount of carbon stored by the different types of LULC, and the economic value of the carbon sequestered in the remaining stock. The results show that the total carbon stock increased from 4.81TgC in 1996 to 4.98TgC in 2017. Over the 21 years, the LULC changes had the greatest effect on carbon storage - an increase of 6.87% with 0.17TgC of carbon sequestered, since the majority of unused land was changed to forest and cultivated land. Based on the global costs of atmospheric carbon, we estimate the economic value of carbon storage services to be between US$1,800,000 and US$3,570,000 for the whole period, with an average yearly increment of between US$86,000 and US$170,000. The results show that the ecosystem management has had a substantial climate mitigation effect. Also, the possibility of paying for ES could inform policy on the adoption of LULC to support livelihood and management choices.     

Trees and rural households’ adaptation to local environmental change in the central highlands of Ethiopia

This study assesses the role of trees in adaptation strategies of rural households to local environmental change in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Change in tree cover was assessed by producing Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) maps using satellite remote sensing images, and household survey was conducted to generate socioeconomic data. The results show that tree cover has increased over the last 30 years, mostly in the form of eucalyptus woodlots around homesteads. Eucalyptus reportedly helps households pass through livelihood shocks and provide protection against negative effects of climate change and variability. Despite some concerns on the part of local agricultural experts that planting eucalyptus may affect future food production, farmers are converting their croplands into eucalyptus woodlots. We conclude that land use planning and proper allocation of land resource is important to improve local livelihoods while also supporting adaptation of communities to local environmental change in general and climate change in particular.     

The utility of earth observation technologies in understanding impacts of land reform in the eastern region of Zimbabwe

Land tenure and land policies influence the spatial variations of land use/cover (LULC) at any given time or place. Thus, it is important to evaluate the role of land tenure policies on land cover changes. In this study, we evaluate the utility of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images in understanding the impacts of the 2000 fast track land reform (FTLR) policy on LULC in the eastern region, Zimbabwe. Landsat images for the year 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2011 were classified using traditional image classification techniques (i.e. the maximum likelihood (ML) classifier) in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. Results indicate that forested areas drastically decreased by approx. 30% between the year 2000 and 2005 (during and after the FTLR), while croplands marginally increased by (approx. 30%) the results further showed that slight increase in bare lands (degraded lands) and disturbed lands. The observed LULC changes after FTLR were mostly induced by human activities resulting from changes in land tenure. Overall, the findings of this study underscores the importance of remotely sensed data in assessing the impact of FTLR on forest resources for purposes of informed and sustainable forest management.     

洞庭湖区地表温度反演及其时空变化特征

洞庭湖是我国第二大的淡水湖,对区域气候的调节起着极其关键的作用,然而受全球变暖及其他因素的影响,洞庭湖区范围内对气候变化的响应并不一致。为了更好地认识洞庭湖区的地表温度变化及其对全球变暖的响应情况,同时为准确的判断该区温度未来的变化趋势奠定基础,利用1995年、2004年和2013年12景冬季Landsat TM/ETM＋遥感影像的热红外波段数据反演了洞庭湖区地表温度,并对反演的地表温度值进行标准化处理,采用标准差分类法得到地表温度等级图。通过三时相温度等级图的面积统计与直观对比,分析了洞庭湖区在三峡蓄水前后的温度时空变化特征;并结合归一化植被指数（NDVI）、降雨资料、DEM、坡度等数据对洞庭湖区的温度变化影响因素进行了统计分析。结果表明,（1）洞庭湖区各温度等级面积成正态分布,主要以中温区、较高温区和较低温区为主。从空间分布上来看,低温区主要分布在水体,而高温区则没有明显的分布特征。（2）受雨雪天气影响,2004年的高温范围减少,减少情况为西洞庭湖区〉南洞庭湖区〉东洞庭湖区,面积变化比例分别是5.38%、2.12%、0.71%,表明冷气流对西洞庭湖区的温度变化影响最强,而东洞庭湖区最弱。（3）2013年高温范围增加,且变化强度呈现出西洞庭湖区〈南洞庭湖区〈东洞庭湖区的空间特征,面积变化比例分别是2.21%、2.38%、2.68%,表明在三峡水库蓄水之后,东洞庭湖区的地表温度受到较大影响。（4）植被的覆盖情况与温度相关性不明显,而坡度、海拔与温度呈正相关关系,这表明坡度可以有效的减少冷气流对温度的影响,地势较高地区与阳坡出现高温情况则表明地表温度受太阳辐射影响较大。