基于人工神经网络方法的河北省近海沉积物重金属污染综合评价

利用误差反相传播神经（BP）网络对河北省近海沉积物中的铅、镉、锌、汞、砷5种重金属元素的污染水平进行分析,利用自组织特征映射（SOFM）网络对上述重金属元素分布特征进行分类,通过分类与污染水平量化值的结合,进行综合评价。SOFM把52个沉积物样品分别划分为3、4、6类和9类。对比各种分类,分为3类的物理意义较明确。每个类别分别对应高中低不同的污染物浓度水平,差异显著、分类方式比较合理。通过此种分类可以判断河北省近海的沉积物重金属污染在不同海域存在一定的差别,整体上是离海岸越远,沉积物的重金属污染水平越高,距海岸较近的海域内,沉积物的重金属污染水平较低,但渤海湾内的重金属污染水平高于其他海域。     

基于人工神经网络方法的河北省近海沉积物重金属污染综合评价

利用误差反相传播神经(BP)网络对河北省近海沉积物中的铅、镉、锌、汞、砷5种重金属元素的污染水平进行分析,利用自组织特征映射(SOFM)网络对上述重金属元素分布特征进行分类,通过分类与污染水平量化值的结合,进行综合评价。SOFM把52个沉积物样品分别划分为3、4、6类和9类。对比各种分类,分为3类的物理意义较明确,每个类别分别对应高中低不同的污染物浓度水平,差异显著、分类方式比较合理。通过此种分类可以判断河北省近海的沉积物重金属污染在不同海域存在一定的差别,整体上是离海岸越远,沉积物的重金属污染水平越高,距海岸较近的海域内,沉积物的重金属污染水平较低,但渤海湾内的重金属污染水平高于其他海域。     

重金属Cu2+,Pb2+和Zn2+胁迫对近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis) SOD活性影响研究

为探讨将近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)抗氧化酶防御体系参数作为海洋重金属污染生物监测指标可行性,文章在实验室条件下,研究这三种重金属暴露对近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)鳃和消化腺组织SOD活性的诱导作用;实验结果表明:Cu2 ,Pb2 和Zn2 能诱导近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)腮和消化腺SOD的产生,但由于近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)腮和消化腺的结构和功能的不同,在重金属的诱导下,消化腺内的SOD活性要比腮的大;Pb2 和Zn2 诱导近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)鳃和消化腺组织SOD活性变化的剂量-效应均为抛物线型;Cu2 对近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)鳃组织SOD活性诱导曲线不呈抛物线型,而对消化腺组织SOD活性诱导的剂量-效应呈抛物线型;根据对SOD活性影响的强弱,三种重金属对近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)的毒性强弱顺序为Cu2 >Pb2 >Zn2 。在实验室条件下,近江牡蛎(C.rivularis)消化腺组织中的SOD活性可作为养殖水体重金属污染程度监测指标,但应用到实际养殖水体尚须进一步研究。     

土壤和沉积物中疏水性有机污染物的锁定及其环境效应

大量研究表明,吸附到土壤和沉积物中的疏水性有机物只有部分能够较容易地解吸出来,而残留的部分很难解吸.这种现象常被称为"解吸滞后","不可逆吸附",或者"锁定".锁定会导致受污染土壤和沉积物修复效率的降低;但与此同时,锁定也会降低受污染土壤和沉积物的环境风险.本文综述了土壤和沉积物中疏水性有机污染物锁定的典型热力学和动力...     

滇池及其河口沉积物中重金属污染评价

本文对滇池及其入湖河口表层沉积物中As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg等重金属含量进行了分析,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了其污染程度和生态危害.结果表明,滇池草海北部重金属含量最高,草海及其河口重金属污染强度明显高于外海及其河口;以"全国土壤环境质量标准"为依据,As和Cd是沉积物中主要的超标污染物.地质累积指数法评价结果表明,草海及其河口沉积物中Cd达到了"严重"污染程度,是主要重金属污染物,其他金属总体处于"中度"以下污染程度;外海及其河口所有重金属基本处于"清洁"到"偏中度"污染程度.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,草海及其河口沉积物总体上达到了"很强"的潜在生态危害程度,而外海及其河口大部分区域总体属于"低度"危害程度.Cd是最主要的潜在生态危害重金属污染物,其次是Hg、As、Pb和Cu,而Zn和Cr对潜在生态危害指数的贡献率很小,在整个研究区域产生的潜在生态风险均为"轻微".相关性和主成分分析结果表明,滇池表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg和As可能有相似的污染来源,而Cr主要受地球化学成分影响.     

黄河口潮间带表层沉积物重金属和营养元素的分布特征

于2010年5月采集了5个断面的黄河口潮间带高、中和低潮滩的表层沉积物样品,对沉积物的理化性质、重金属和营养元素的空间分布特征进行了研究,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法,参考加拿大安大略省环境和能源部关于沉积物质量指南,对黄河口潮间带沉积物质量进行了评价。结果表明,除Cu和Pb外,其它重金属和营养元素质量分数均表现为河口北侧高于南侧;除Hg外,高、中和低潮滩的表层沉积物重金属和营养元素质量分数无显著差异,没有表现出成熟潮滩明显的垂岸分带特征。Pb质量分数高于渤海表层沉积物的高值,是该区域的首要污染因子;Hg在河口北侧近河口的两个站位低潮滩质量分数达到海洋沉积物质量一类标准的1.7和1.8倍,存在一定的潜在生态风险;TN和TOC质量分数范围在安全级别,TP质量分数在20%的站位超过最低安全级别,存在一定的安全风险。与国内其它潮滩相比,黄河口潮间带重金属Zn、Cd、Hg和As的质量分数处于较低水平,Cu和Pb质量分数处于中等水平,TOC和TP质量分数与长江口潮间带相当,TN质量分数较低。研究结果将为黄河三角洲地区生态保护、环境管理和污染治理提供基础数据。     

华南沿岸海域近江牡蛎体中氯丹含量及其时空分布

为探讨在陆域使用的氯丹对沿岸海域的污染状况,以近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)作为指示生物,用石英毛细管柱-气相色谱-微电子捕获检测器测定了其软组织中氯丹含量。结果表明,2008—2012年在华南沿岸海域采集的115份牡蛎(以湿质量计)样本中有17份检出氯丹,其含量为2.1~9.3μg·kg-1,明显低于加拿大食品安全限量和我国畜肉中安全限量,远低于欧盟、澳大利亚和日本的食品安全限量。牡蛎样本中氯丹平均含量为0.69μg·kg-1,与亚太地区沿海双壳贝类相比处于较低水平。牡蛎样本中氯丹含量的站位间差别较大,区域平均值(μg·kg-1)由高到低依次为粤西(1.17)粤东(0.77)海南岛(0.63)珠江口(0.41)广西(未检出),年平均值(μg·kg-1)在2008年明显较高(1.61),2009—2012年从0.71逐渐下降至0.26。牡蛎中氯丹含量时空变化表明,牡蛎栖息环境中氯丹污染物的来源不完全固定,污染强度不稳定。牡蛎样本中反式氯丹/顺式氯丹比值为0~1.58,平均比值为0.58,有别于工业品氯丹(比值为1.26),说明牡蛎体中氯丹已发生异构体转化或生物降解。     

渤海湾表层沉积物重金属含量及潜在生态风险评价

海洋沉积物中重金属元素的释放可能影响海水质量及海洋生态健康。于2013年8月采集了渤海湾24个点位的表层沉积物,检测了汞、砷、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬7种重金属的含量,并用Hankanson法分析其潜在生态风险。结果表明,渤海湾沉积物中重金属含量均值可达到国家一类海洋沉积物标准(GB 18668-2002),其中汞、砷、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬的浓度分别达到0.03、16.15、23.15、89.45、38.84、0.24和60.60 mg·kg-1。渤海湾不同点位中,表层沉积物重金属含量符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准的占83.3%,其余点位可满足二类标准,超一类标准的点位的主要超标因子是砷和铅。渤海湾重金属的综合生态风险指数达到95.01,属于轻微生态风险等级。不同重金属所产生的生态风险排序为镉汞砷铅铜铬锌,除镉外均属于轻微生态风险等级。镉的潜在生态风险值为47.00,达到了中等生态风险等级,其风险占所有重金属总风险的49.5%。镉的潜在生态风险高与镉的生物毒性较高及其近年来在渤海沉积物中积累速度较快有关。重金属潜在生态风险在河口地区和天津港工业区附近呈现高值,而南部渔业区和远离海岸的中心区的生态风险相对较低,说明近海工业活动和陆源污染排放渤海湾沉积物中的重金属生态风险的主要来源。因而,调整近海的产业结构,严格控制入海河流和近海经济活动的重金属特别是镉的污染排放,对保障渤海沉积物的生态安全至关重要。     

近50年长江流域建坝与营养盐物质输送研究进展

为深入总结长江营养盐输送规律,本文收集了近10年前人发表的大量文献和数据,重点探讨近50年流域大规模筑坝和人类活动加剧背景下,长江水沙与营养盐输送规律以及河口生态环境响应,并提出了今后研究的重点领域.结果表明,近半个世纪以来,由于人类活动频繁和流域建坝兴起,长江N、P输入过剩,而Si显著减少,导致河口和近海营养盐比例N∶P升高,Si∶N下降,造成部分水体出现P限制和Si限制,进而诱发河口水体藻类优势种由硅藻向有毒鞭毛藻转变,长江口和邻近海区底层水体出现厌氧现象.此外,三峡建坝对营养盐输送规律可能产生短期影响,但长期影响较为有限.最后,本文从流域资源利用和河口生态环境响应的角度,提出今后应重点关注三峡水库营养盐蓄积效应、河口近海营养盐扩散规律以及长江口生物种群和生态结构变化等问题.     

南运河重金属污染状况及生态风险评价

采集南运河的水样和沉积物样品,对其重金属污染状况和生态风险进行了分析评价。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对水、沉积物中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)浓度进行分析。结果显示南运河水样中这5种重金属浓度均低于地表水环境质量标准I类水质标准,虽然运河上游沉积物中As和Cd浓度较高,但沉积物中重金属浓度总体上均处于较低水平。地累积指数法计算显示:As和Cd在部分河段达到重度和中度污染水平,Cu、Cr、Pb均处于无污染水平。各种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Eir)从大到小的顺序为:CdAsCuPbCr,与地累积指数法结果相似。南运河总的潜在生态风险指数(RI)均值为128.85,潜在生态风险程度为"中",沉积物中Cd和As是南运河需要优先控制的重金属污染物。     

Heavy Metals in Sediments and Oysters From Bluefields Bay, Nicaragua

The distribution of trace metals (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was investigated during a year (1994-95) in surface and core sediment samples and in the oyster (Crassotrea rhizophorae) from Bluefields Bay, Nicaragua. the aim was to assess the arthropogenic impact of potential pollutant sources, mainly Bluefields City, since domestic waste waters are discharged directly or by infiltration to the bay. Lyophilised samples were submitted to different acid digestion methods and analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. the results showed highest contents for copper, lead and zinc near Bluefields City, with an increase in the affected area in the rainy season that is generated by greater city run off. Metal contents in oysters do not show the same distribution pattern than in sediments and were similar to those from other areas without reflecting pollution levels.     

Concentrations of cadmium,manganese, copper,zinc, and lead in the tissues of the oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) obtained from Setiu Lagoon,Terengganu, Malaysia

Heavy metals pollution in aquatic environments is a major problem contributing to human health issues. The study of these pollutants through bioindicators such as the oyster Crassostrea iredalei is important for (1) determining the levels and sources and (2) regulating the quantity of pollutants. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in tissues of C. iredalei, sediment and surrounding water was measured, and data was analyzed to determine the relationship between sampling periods and between oyster tissue, sediment, and water. The highest concentration of metals in oyster tissue was Zn, followed by Cu, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum level allowed according to the Malaysian Food Act of 1983, which is equivalent to the WHO recommended levels of heavy metals in organisms used for consumption. The highest metal concentration in sediment was Mn followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd. Concentrations of heavy metals in surrounding water were Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Cd. There was no correlation between metal concentration in oyster tissue and in sediment for all five metals.     

Concurrent Chemical and Histological Analyses: Are They Compatible?

Bivalves are often used as sentinel organisms in monitoring programmes for trace organic contaminants. the animal's physiological state may be important in interpreting trends in contaminant body burden. Simultaneous evaluation of physiological state and organic contaminant concentration in bivalves typically involves removal of a lipid-rich cross-section of the body mass for histopathological and/or gonadal analysis.

In this study, the bias introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations, e.g. of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, are evaluated on five different size groups of oysters. As a test case, we evaluated the use of this method in the NOAA's Status & Trends Mussel Watch (NS&T) Programme. the average biases introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations in Gulf of Mexico oysters have been increasing since 1986 as a consequence of a continuous decrease in the size of the individuals sampled.     

Accumulation of Organochlorine Compounds in Oysters (Crassostrea Gasar) of an Estuarine Environment: Case of A Tropical Lagoon in the Gulf of Guinea

As part of a pollution monitoring study, oysters (Crassostrea gasar) were sampled in June 1996, in order to determine the concentrations and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in two stations (near Boulay Island and Riviera Golf) of the Ebrie Lagoon, in the Abidjan area.

The chromatographic analysis of the oven dried samples revealed the presence of PCBs (2.13 to 86.22 ppb or ng/g dry weight), DDE (<0.48 to 169.55 ppb), DDD (<1.04 to 60.27 ppb), DDT (1.43 to 77.81 ppb, lindane (<0.22 to 91.64 ppb), aldrin (<0.30 to 154.1 ppb), endrin (<0.23 to 293.31 ppb) and dieldrin (<0.26 to 199.74 ppb). the results indicated high concentrations in oysters sampled near Boulay Island, due to industrial, agricultural and port activities going on in this area.

Compared to DDD/ΣDDT and DDT/ΣDDT, the DDE/ΣDDT ratios were high indicating old DDT inputs. the ΣDDT/PCBs ratios were higher than 1 illustrated the predominance of organochlorine inputs from agriculture activities. the presence of lindane in both stations illustrated the problem of fishing with toxic products.

Negative correlations found between dry tissue weight and organochlorine compounds concentrations showed that young oysters may concentrate more of these substances. More studies are needed in order to make any conclusions on their bioaccumulation trends.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. Ii. A Study of the Effects of Phosphogypsum Exposure On Diversity and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms

The effects of cement consolidated phosphogypsum (PG) on marine organisms was investigated under natural conditions in four 1000 m² estuarine ponds. Two ponds were seeded with 160 kg of PG arranged in aggregations of blocks and two ponds received similar mass of sand/cement blocks. Meiofauna were sampled quarterly and PG did not affect total meiofauna or major taxa (nematodes and copepods) density. Abundant species of copepods either were slightly increased in ponds with PG or were inconsistently affected.

All ponds were drained after one year. Three species of macroinvertebrates and 15 species of fishes were collected. Diversity indices showed modest but inconsistent variation among ponds. Only Pond 1 (control) and Pond 4 (experimental) had similar species abundances and all ponds showed unique distributions of biomasses among species. Thus, no differences in community structure attributable to the presence of PG could be detected among benthic invertebrates, natant invertebrates, or fishes.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. Ii. A Study of the Effects of Phosphogypsum Exposure On Diversity and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms

The effects of cement consolidated phosphogypsum (PG) on marine organisms was investigated under natural conditions in four 1000 m² estuarine ponds. Two ponds were seeded with 160 kg of PG arranged in aggregations of blocks and two ponds received similar mass of sand/cement blocks. Meiofauna were sampled quarterly and PG did not affect total meiofauna or major taxa (nematodes and copepods) density. Abundant species of copepods either were slightly increased in ponds with PG or were inconsistently affected.

All ponds were drained after one year. Three species of macroinvertebrates and 15 species of fishes were collected. Diversity indices showed modest but inconsistent variation among ponds. Only Pond 1 (control) and Pond 4 (experimental) had similar species abundances and all ponds showed unique distributions of biomasses among species. Thus, no differences in community structure attributable to the presence of PG could be detected among benthic invertebrates, natant invertebrates, or fishes.     

牡蛎和贻贝中二噁英及多氯联苯同类物的分布

利用同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用仪，首次测定了大连湾牡蛎和贻贝等海洋生物体内痕量的二噁英和多氯联苯，并比较了二噁英及多氯联苯的同类物在牡蛎和贻贝中的含量分布。结果表明，所采集的牡蛎和贻贝样品中均含有二噁英和多氯联苯，且多氯联苯的含量明显高于二噁英，反映出环境中多氯联苯背景值大于二噁英的背景值。其中，牡蛎和贻贝中二噁英总质量分数平均值分别为47．8pg／g和216pg／g(以干物质计)，毒性当量平均值分别为O．89pg／g和0．87pg／g；12种有毒性的共平面多氯联苯的总质量分数平均值分别为585．5pg／g和818．6pg／g，总毒性当量平均值分别为0．47pg／g和1．18pg／g。牡蛎和贻贝样品中的二噁英及多氯联苯的同类物含量分布基本类似，表明二者摄取的二噁英及多氯联苯可能有相似的来源。可以把牡蛎和贻贝作为生物标志物，以监测海洋环境中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染状况。     

Relationships Between Copper Species and Forms,Hydrographic and Biomass Parameters in the Taiwan Erhjin Chi Coastal Area

The first incident of green oysters (Crassostrea gigas) was reported in Taiwan in the Charting coastal area in January, 1986 and mortality was reported three months later. the cause of the greened oysters was identified as copper pollution. the copper content of the green oysters was extremely high - 2100 ppm, 2225 ppm, and 4400 ppm dry weight, in January, 1986, February 1987, and January 1989, respectively. in this paper we summarize the seasonal and regional distributions of copper species (complexed by inorganic and organic ligands, labile and non-labile, polar and non-polar) and forms (dissolved and particulate) and the hydrographic and biomass parameters (mainly particulate organic carbon, chloropyll -α, adenosine triphosphate and primary production) in sea water in the Erhjin Chi coastal area. in general, high concentrations of particulate material (0.24 to 724 ppb) and non-labile organic copper (0.03 to 21.5 ppb) were observed. Low values of polar organic copper (<0.02 to 16.5 ppb) indicated that non-polar organic complexes (0.3 to 20.4 ppb) from man-made organic pollutants were the major complexes in the area studied. On the basis of this data, the cause of greening and mortality in oysters is evaluated in relation to the bioavailable copper (sum of particulate and labile copper) and copper assimilative capacity (detoxicant). Finally, the correlations between the species and forms of copper, hydrographic and biomass parameters are also discussed.     

Trace elements in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil) determined by total reflection X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation

Trace elements were determined in fish and oysters from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, by total reflection Xray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation (SRTXRF). Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Se were determined in fish muscles and organs and in oyster soft tissue. SRTXRF was shown to be a good tool for the analysis of trace elements from biological tissue samples. Overall, the levels of the analysed metals were higher in oysters than in the fish samples. Metals were not uniformly distributed throughout the body of the analysed fish. The detected concentrations of Cr, Zn and Se were very high in some samples, surpassing the maximum limits established by Brazilian legislation.     

Forward

Abstract

Three collectives of substances - plastics, plant nutrients, biotoxins - are candidates for monitoring programmes that could keep track of the quality of ocean waters for vital life processes. All three are not subject to systematic surveillance at present. They are each characterized by long residence times in the marine environment, by increasing influx, and by growing evidence of their deleterious impacts on living systems.