典型烧结厂周边土壤多氯联苯的环境污染特征

本文以唐山某典型烧结厂为研究对象,对铁矿石烧结厂排放的烟气及周边土壤样品进行采集,应用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用法(HRGC/HRMS)测定了多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量,并研究了PCBs的同类物分布特征.其中烟气样品中类二英PCBs(dl-PCBs)总浓度为1.04—1.77ng·m~(-3),毒性当量值为8.99—19.32pg·WHO-TEQ·m~(-3).烧结厂周边土壤样品中dl-PCBs的总浓度为8.81—403.59pg·g~(-1),毒性当量值为0.05—0.65pg·WHO-TEQ·g~(-1),是背景土壤样品的(0.035pg·WHO-TEQ·g~(-1))的1—19倍.可以看出,该烧结厂周边环境土壤受到了企业所排放PCBs等有毒污染物的影响.大部分土壤样品的同类物分布特征相似;CB-118对土壤dl-PCBs浓度贡献率最大,贡献率为31.74%.CB-101对土壤指示性PCBs浓度贡献率最大,贡献率为52.82%.将土壤样品和烟气样品的同类物分布进行比较发现二者略有不同.尽管都是以低氯代同类物为主,但是烟气样品中最高的同类物是TrCBs,且随着氯代数的增加,浓度呈现明显下降的趋势;而土壤样品PeCBs浓度最高,PeCBs前后都呈现逐级下降的趋势.唐山市此烧结厂周边土壤无论是TEQ值,指示性PCBs总浓度,PCBs总浓度与其它研究相比都处于较高水平.     

城市污水处理厂污泥中多氯二苯并二噁英/呋喃的分布特征

采用同位素稀释法-高分辨气相色谱-质谱测定了2007年北京8个污水处理厂污泥样品中多氯二苯并二噁英(PCDDs)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)的分布情况,并根据毒性当量系数计算了污泥中PCDD/Fs的毒性当量(I-TEQPCDD/Fs).样品的I-TEQPCDD/Fs为1.4-15.0pg·g-1dw,平均值为6.0p...     

农产品中二噁英类似物含量及人体摄入量的初步评估

应用同位素稀释高分辨磁质谱(HRGC-HRMS)法对农产品中的二噁英(PCDD-Fs),多氯联苯(PCBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量及其毒性当量(WHO-TEQ)进行了检测和统计,结果表明,二噁英类似物的人体日均摄入量达3.72 pg·kg-1(bw)·d-1,已经接近WHO规定的日均容许摄入量的上限(4 pg·kg-1(bw)·d-1),暗示在当地居民的饮食中二噁英类似物的摄入已存在着不容忽视的风险.     

深圳市大气中多氯联苯污染水平

为了解深圳市大气中多氯联苯(PCBs),包括类二噁英类多氯联苯(Dioxin-Like PCB,DL-PCB)和指示性多氯联苯(indicator PCBs)的污染水平和分布特征,利用大流量空气采样器分别采集6个采样点的空气样品,每个采样点采集两个平行样品.通过高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱仪(HRGC/HRMS)对大气样品中12种二噁英类多氯联苯和6种指示性的PCBs单体进行了定性和定量分析.结果显示,∑PCBs的浓度为25.70—66.65pg.m-3,平均值为44.97 pg.m-3.DL-PCBs总毒性当量为2.50—19.55 fg(TEQ).m-3,平均值为10.8 fg(TEQ).m-3.深圳市成人每天呼吸进入体内的DL-PCBs平均为1.81 fg WHO-TEQ.kg-1BW.d-1;在指示性PCBs单体中,PCB28是浓度最高的单体,贡献率分别为71.6%—87.8%,其次是PCB52,占总浓度的11.8%—19.2%.DL-PCBs单体中PCB118的浓度最高,占总浓度的27.1%—50.7%,其次是PCB77和PCB105.PCB126是毒性当量浓度的主要贡献者,其平均贡献率为94.6%,其次为PCB169,其平均贡献率为2.17%.指示性多氯联苯浓度和DL-PCBs浓度显示了良好的一致性和相关性.深圳市大气样品中PCBs的浓度水平明显低于韩国京畿道以及我国台州的水平,大气中的多氯联苯TEQ浓度水平与横滨、曼彻斯特的浓度水平接近,略低于1998年日本城市均值和我国的北京市.     

HRGC-HRMS法和CALUX法测定造纸废水中二噁英的研究

荧光霉素报告基因(CALUX)法作为快速、高效的二噁英检测方法逐渐引起人们的关注。选取珠三角地区两家典型制浆造纸厂,以氯漂白工艺段废水为检测对象,采用高分辨气相-高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)法和CALUX法同时测定废水中的二噁英,研究CALUX的适用性。HRGC-HRMS法检测结果显示A企业和B企业废水中二噁英浓度水平分别为1 481-2 124 pg·L~(-1)和12.4-20.8 pg·L~(-1),毒性当量分别为19.0-25.5 pg·L~(-1)和1.46-2.16 pg·L~(-1),均低于国家造纸废水中二噁英的排放限值。CALUX法的检测结果显示A企业和B企业废水中二噁英毒性当量分别为32.7-41.8 pg·L~(-1)和4.44-6.52 pg·L~(-1),A企业毒性当量略高于国家造纸废水中二噁英的排放限值。虽然HRGC-HRMS法与CALUX法检测结果有所差异,但两种方法之间相关性均呈正相关,A企业两种方法的3次检测结果 r~2分别达到了0.59、0.99和0.52,B企业二者之间的r~2则分别达到了0.95、0.93和0.95。研究表明,CALUX在二噁英检测具有较好的推广性,尤其在大规模二噁英背景或污染调查方面。同时HRGC-HRMS法与CALUX法是将二噁英的精准定量和快速测定有机结合,不仅有效减少二噁英分析工作量,同时可为二噁英污染防治提供技术支撑,有效提升监管部门管控力度。     

青海湖湟鱼(Gymnocypris przewalskii)中PCBs和PCDD/Fs的分析

应用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)分析了青海湖湟鱼体内多氯联苯(PCBs)和二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的含量.发现7-9年龄段湟鱼体内平均PCBs总浓度高达3484.9pg·g-1 ww,PCBs的毒性当量为0.41-0.57pgWHO-TEQ·g-1ww.除了PCB-81以外,其它11种二噁英类PCB都被检出,7种具有指示作用的PCB同系物(PCB-28,52,101,138,153,180)的浓度含量占总PCBs浓度的26%.湟鱼体内二噁英基本上未检出.由于青海湖区基本上没有工业污染源,鱼体内的PCBs可能是长距离迁移沉降和生物富集的结果.     

烧结厂烟尘和静电除尘器灰尘中二噁英的分布特征

研究了烧结厂烟道烟尘和静电除尘器灰尘中二噁英的浓度和分布特征.结果显示,烧结台车机头烟道烟尘和机尾烟道烟尘中二噁英的总含量分别为867.49±215.41和170.35±51.12 pg·Nm-3,毒性当量分别36.53±4.47和9.13±2.40pg WHO-TEQ·Nm-3;机头静电除尘器灰尘和机尾静电除尘器灰尘的总含量分别为2423.59±100.01和157.29±36.83 pg·g-1 dw,毒性当量分别71.67±0.62和7.50±1.08 pg WHO-TEQ·g-1 dw.烧结中二噁英的分布以PCDFs为主,而且PCDFs各同系物的浓度与Cl原子取代数目呈负相关(r2=0.98).在WHO-TEQs中2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF的贡献最大,占总TEQ值的45%左右.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区二噁英污染特征、相分配及暴露风险

选取南方某典型电子垃圾拆解区不同作业区为研究对象,重点研究了拆解地大气中二噁英的污染特征、气相-颗粒相分配及呼吸暴露风险。通过对5个采样点（包括1个背景点）的研究发现,电子垃圾拆解作业区颗粒相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：20.64-56.14 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.293-1.490 pg·m^-3;气相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：3.861-19.29 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.384-2.150 pg·m^-3。背景点大气中二噁英浓度相对较低,颗粒相和气相样品中质量浓度值分别为：3.734 pg·m^-3和2.637 pg·m^-3,毒性当量仅为I-TEQ 0.176-0.267 pg·m^-3;要明显低于电子垃圾拆解区。基于污染物气相-颗粒相分配系数与蒸汽压的关系对二噁英的气-固分配行为研究显示,除了拆解混合作业区有较好的分配系数（-0.64）外,其它监测点位二噁英的气-固平衡状态较弱（-0.27--0.03）,更多的是以低分子量的单体化合物赋存于气相样品中。对拆解区二噁英呼吸暴露风险研究结果表明,儿童呼吸暴露风险要高于成年人;同时无论是儿童还是成年人,其二噁英的呼吸暴露量均要高于国内外城市报道的二噁英人体呼吸暴露量,说明本次监测的电子垃圾拆解区存在的潜在健康风险不容忽视。     

现代黄河三角洲土壤特性对多氯联苯分布的影响规律

对现代黄河三角洲22个表层土壤样品中类二噁英类多氯联苯(PCBs)进行双毛细管柱GC-ECD结合MS测试,并使用相关数学统计学分析方法-相关性研究方法研究了现代黄河三角洲地区土壤特性对PCBs分布的影响,结果表明:土壤有机质量分数与其类二噁英类PCBs的总质量浓度呈弱的正相关关系。土壤粒径组成中粘粒质量分数与其类二噁英类PCBs的总质量浓度呈相关性关系,且达到极显著的水平;粉砂粒的质量分数与类二噁英类PCBs的总质量浓度无相关关系;砂粒质量分数与类二噁英类PCBs的质量浓度呈负相关关系,达到显著相关的水平。土壤溶解盐质量分数及pH值与类二噁英类PCBs的总量没有明显的相关性。可见,土壤中有机质、土壤颗粒组成中粘粒和砂粒质量分数是影响现代黄河三角洲地区土壤中PCBs分布的主要因素。     

不同垃圾焚烧炉产生的PCDD/Fs和PCBs同类物的分布

要应用高分辨气相色谱一质谱联用技术，测定了3种垃圾焚烧炉产生的飞灰中17种PCDD／Fs和12种共平面PCBs的浓度及毒性当量，比较了PCDD／Fs和PCBs同类物分布的差异．结果表明，流化床焚烧炉和炉排焚烧炉产生的PCDD／Fs多于PCBs，而气化熔融焚烧炉产生的PCBs多于PCDD／Fs；产生的PCBs对总毒性当量的贡献都比较小；3种焚烧炉产生的PCDD／Fs同类物具有相似的浓度分布；流化床焚烧炉和炉排焚烧炉产生的PCBs同类物具有相似的浓度分布，而气化熔融焚烧炉产生的PCBs同类物分布与其他两种焚烧炉差别较大．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

Instream and offstream environmental conditions and stream biotic integrity: Importance of scale and site similarities for learning and prediction

Two different methods to predict biotic integrity were tested and compared in the present paper. The first one tries to predict the fish indices of biotic integrity (IBI) at the state or regional scale based on the most similar observations to a specific target site of interest using the simple to implement k-nearest neighbors (or kNN) method. Two different distance functions were considered to find the k-nearest neighbors: the Euclidean and the Mahalanobis. The second method was applied on the same datasets and consisted of a step-wise multiple regression. The two modeling approaches yielded similar results but kNN proved to be more time-efficient and very fast computationally for the given dataset sizes, which allowed applying a leave-one-out cross validation.In an attempt to reveal the importance of scale in the prediction of IBI, regression models were constructed at the state (or regional) scale and at the more refined cluster of sampling sites scale. Clusters of sites were extracted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) followed by k-means clustering of the SOM neurons. Cluster-level regression models, constructed after site patterning, performed better in IBI prediction than global regression models constructed without any previous site patterning. The importance of identifying groups of sites with similar environmental characteristics affecting the IBI was revealed. The combined use of site patterning and regression modeling for IBI prediction also helped identifying important variables acting at the local scale which remain latent at the global scale.     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.