桂西北喀斯特次生林凋落物养分归还特征

以桂西北喀斯特次生林为研究对象,选择了自然恢复方式下处于同一演替序列的灌丛、藤剌灌丛、乔灌丛3个森林群落,应用网筐收集法于2007年9月至2008年8月定位观测和研究了各群落的凋落物量、组成特征、季节动态变化及其N、P、K含量.结果表明,3个次生林群落年均凋落物量范围为6 053.93 kg·hm-2(灌丛)～6 794.40 kg·hm-2(藤刺灌丛),凋落物以叶占明显优势,其年变化以单峰形式出现,峰值处在9月份;凋落物中主要养分元素的含量为N＞K＞P,而森林养分利用效率表现为P＞K＞N,灌丛、藤刺灌丛、乔灌丛的养分元素年归还总量分别为:95.41、106.09、80.62 kg·hm-2(N),6.58、6.64、5.06 kg·hm-2(P),18.63、19.66、14.90 kg-hm-2(K);群落地表凋落物层的凋落物现存量范围为2 835.23 kg·hm-2(藤刺灌丛)～3349.16 kg·hm-2(乔灌丛),凋落物的分解速率为1.82(灌丛)～2.37(藤刺灌丛),随着凋落物的分解养分元素的回归速度表现出K＞N＞P.同其他森林生态系统相比较,喀斯特次生林群落的凋落物量、养分归还量较大,养分回归较迅速,具有良好的自养能力和恢复潜力.     

高寒区华北落叶松林生长季内地表凋落物层碳氮磷化学计量特征

为了解青海高寒区华北落叶松地表凋落物不同分解层养分在生长季内的变化特征,分别在2015年5月1日(5/01)、6月15日(6/15)、7月30日(7/30)、9月13日(9/13)和10月28日(10/28)进行采样,将凋落物层分为未分解层(Fresh litter layer,LL)、半分解层(Fragmented litter layer,FL)和全分解层(Humified litter layer,HL),对华北落叶松凋落物总有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)、全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)和全磷(Total phosphorus,TP)及其化学计量比进行测定分析.结果显示:生长季内凋落物的TOC、TN、TOC/TP、TOC/TN和TN/TP均表现为LL FL HL,且各分解层之间差异显著,TP含量各分解层之间差异不显著.在生长季内,TOC、TN和TP含量及其化学计量比表现出不同的变化规律,但最大值均出现在5/01.凋落物分解层与采样时间对TOC、TN和TP储量及其化学计量特征影响的交叉分析表明,TOC、TOC/TN、TOC/TP和TN/TP的变异主要受分解层的影响,TN的变异主要受采样时间的影响,TP的变异主要受分解层和采样时间交互作用的影响,且采样时间对TP的变异没有产生显著影响.凋落物TOC、TN和TP含量及TOC/TN、TOC/TP和TN/TP的Pearson相关分析显示,TOC和TN与TOC/TN、TOC/TP和TN/TP之间呈极显著正相关关系(P 0.01),P与TOC/TN没有相关关系(P 0.05),与TOC/P显著负相关(P 0.05),与TN/TP极显著正相关(P 0.01).本研究表明,青海高寒区华北落叶松凋落物在分解过程中TOC、TN和TP化学计量均表现出明显的季节变化,季节变化和分解程度将显著影响凋落物分解过程中TOC、TN和TP含量;TOC和TN含量是影响TOC、TN和TP化学计量比的关键因子.(图1表4参42)     

川西次生灌丛和不同类型人工林对土壤养分的影响

为评价不同树种造林对土壤养分循环的影响,以落叶阔叶灌丛为对照,比较研究川西亚高山造林恢复28年后4种人工林(连香树Cercidiphyllum japonicum、油松Pinus tabulaeformis、落叶松Larix kaempferi和华山松Pinus armandii)土壤有机质(SOM)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)及全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)的含量,结合林地凋落物贮量及细根生物量等参数,试图揭示不同人工林土壤养分差异化的影响因素.结果显示:人工造林影响土壤的养分循环,与落叶灌丛林地相比,除连香树样地TP密度及2015年10-20 cm的SOM、TN密度外,落叶人工林土壤养分基本呈下降趋势.除华山松样地的可溶性有机质(DOC、DON)外,油松及华山松人工林土壤地力的退化趋势更甚于落叶人工林样地,其土壤有机质含量、TN、TP密度、可溶性有机质及速效养分均呈不同程度的下降.不同人工林间土壤养分的差异性与不同树种的凋落物、细根、土壤容重及涵水能力差异化有关.综上所述,人工林林分结构单一导致小气候恶化、凋落物分解缓慢是造成土壤养分循环功能下降的重要原因;选择有利于养分循环的阔叶树种营造针阔混交林以改善林分结构和土壤环境条件,可促进土壤养分的循环.     

九寨沟国家自然保护区不同森林类型土壤养分特征

土壤性状与植被演替间存在复杂的相互关系,探究不同森林类型间土壤养分差异有助于了解植被演变过程中地上与地下的关系以及生态系统养分循环机制.本文研究了九寨沟国家自然保护区内黄果冷杉(Abies ernestii)林、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林、青杄-辽东栎(Picea wilsonii-Quercus wutaishanica)混交林和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)林4种典型森林类型表层土壤养分特征及其季节动态.结果显示:1)土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、水解氮(HN)和有效磷(AP)在不同林型间均存在极显著差异(P0.01),大小关系为红桦林青杄-辽东栎混交林油松林黄果冷杉林.2)SOC与TN和TP间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01,r≥0.88),而土壤p H与SOC、TN和TP间存在极显著负相关关系(P0.01,r≤-0.83).3)土壤养分存在极显著的季节差异,且与林型间存在显著的交互作用(P0.01).红桦林SOC和TN在10月最大,而其他3种林型在12月最大;可溶性养分在各林型中均在10月达到最大值.本研究表明,红桦林土壤肥力较其他3种林型好,但存在秋冬季节可溶性养分流失的风险;青杄-辽东栎混交林具有较好的养分循环效率和土壤肥力保持能力;森林枯枝落叶层在土壤养分循环过程中具有重要意义.     

鄂尔多斯高原本氏针茅与油蒿群落过渡过程中的植被动态

灌木入侵对草原生态系统结构和功能产生了严重影响,了解其植被动态对草地灌丛化的控制和恢复具有重要意义.在鄂尔多斯高原选取本氏针茅向油蒿群落过渡过程中不同演替阶段的代表性群落类型,采用样方法、刈割法和根钻法,对不同群落的盖度、密度、生物量、凋落物、根系以及物种多样性进行调查和分析.结果表明:从本氏针茅向油蒿群落过渡的过程中,(1)演替阶段经历了本氏针茅群落、本氏针茅+糙隐子草群落、本氏针茅+油蒿群落、油蒿+糙隐子草群落、油蒿+达乌里胡枝子群落、油蒿群落6个群落类型.(2)群落盖度呈现先下降后上升,总密度先下降后升高再下降的趋势,地上、地下生物量及总生物量和凋落物干重在演替过程中总体呈上升趋势.(3)本氏针茅的盖度、密度、生物量和重要值逐渐下降,油蒿则相反.(4)随土层深度的增加,群落内植物根系干重总体上呈下降的趋势.根系干重在0-30 cm土层较为集中,整个演替阶段油蒿群落根系干重分布出现先升高后下降趋势,到第VI阶段根系分布深度可达80-90 cm.(5)物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Winner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈现先升高后下降的趋势.因此,鄂尔多斯高原草地灌丛化较为严重,尽管中度灌丛化阶段群落的盖度、生物量和生物多样性较高,但由于灌木入侵后整个演替阶段盖度、密度、物种多样性等明显下降,草原生态系统的可利用性降低,应将灌丛化草地恢复为本氏针茅为主的草地.     

连续年龄序列尾巨桉人工林养分循环

为探究尾巨桉乔木层养分随林龄变化的趋势,对闽南山区连续年龄序列(2年、3年、4年、5年、6年)尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylly×E.grandis)人工林乔木层的养分积累、分配和循环特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)尾巨桉各组分中氮(N)的含量最高,其次是钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg),最低的为磷(P).(2)尾巨桉养分贮量随林龄增长而增加,各林龄5种养分元素的总贮量依次为753.26、882.07、1 010.22、1 087.51、1 704.79 kg hm-2,其中树干的养分贮量最大,枝的贮量最小.(3)各年龄段人工林对5种养分元素的年净积累量分别为383.37、392.25、424.21、400.89、505.36 kghm-2a-1.(4)各林分养分年吸收量随林龄增加而增加,而养分归还量则呈相反趋势.(5)林分对营养元素的利用系数分别为0.51、0.44、0.42、0.37、0.30,随林龄增加而逐渐减小;循环系数分别为0.18、0.19、0.24、0.24、0.16;周转时间分别为8.76、9.75、7.58、9.39、17.47年.因此,尾巨桉在生长初期对养分的利用效率较小,中期归还给林地的养分多,到了后期对养分利用增加的同时,归还速率也变小,容易引起林地养分的匮乏,在尾巨桉生长初期和后期中应通过施肥、增加林下植被种类和数量来维持林地地力.     

青藏高原东部高寒沙化草地中高山柳凋落叶分解特征的空间异质性

凋落物分解是生态系统碳氮循环的重要环节,为探究青藏高原东部沙化草地中高山柳(Salix cupularis)凋落叶的分解及其对灌木"肥岛"形成的影响,采用分解袋法研究不同大小高山柳灌丛冠幅下不同微位置(茎基周围、冠幅最小半径处、灌丛间裸地)高山柳凋落叶的分解特征.结果表明:(1)分解时间显著影响高山柳凋落叶分解及养分释放过程,随着分解时间延长凋落叶木质素含量无显著变化,凋落叶质量损失率、C和N含量均显著增加(P 0.05),且凋落叶C/N和木质素/N均显著降低(P 0.05).(2)高山柳灌丛冠幅越小,其凋落叶质量损失率越高;且不同微位置下,高山柳凋落叶质量损失率外圈中圈内圈(P 0.05).(3)大冠幅的高山柳下,凋落叶N含量显著高于小冠幅的高山柳(P 0.05),但不同微位置未引起C(总有机碳、纤维素和木质素)和N养分含量变化的显著差异.总之,在高山柳凋落叶分解初期(第一年),高山柳灌丛冠幅大小仅影响其质量和N含量;无论高山柳灌丛冠幅大小如何,不同微位置下高山柳凋落叶养分含量无显著差异,这表明短期内高山柳凋落叶的分解对其"肥岛"的形成可能没有显著贡献.(图4表1参59)     

退化喀斯特森林群落常见植物叶片光合作用变异特征

植物的光合生理特征既与自身遗传特性有关,也受外部环境条件的影响。为探讨退化喀斯特森林不同演替群落植物叶片光合参数的变异特征及其对环境变化的响应,以陈旗小流域内退化喀斯特森林群落中的4种常见植物为研究对象,分别对其叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等气体交换参数进行了测定分析。结果表明,(1)研究区常见植物叶片的Pn(μmol·m~(-2)·s-1)、Tr(mmol·m~(-2)·s-1)、Gs(mol·m~(-2)·s-1)和Ci(μmol·mol~(-1))的平均值分别为9.95、2.71、0.22和269.88,水分利用效率(WUE,μmol·mmol~(-1))、羧化速率(CE,mol·m~(-2)·s-1)和气孔限制值(Ls)的平均值分别为5.04、37.57和0.33。(2)Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、Ls、CE和WUE在不同演替阶段植物群落间均有显著差异(P0.05),其中,Pn、Gs、Ci以藤刺灌丛中的最大,Tr、CE、Ls以灌木林中的最大,而WUE则以乔木林中的最高。Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、Ls、CE和WUE在乔木林群落外的同一演替阶段植物群落中均较稳定。(3)研究区常见植物叶片的Pn、Tr、Gs、CE以竹叶花椒最大,Ls、WUE以小叶鼠李(Rhamnusparvifolia)最大,Ci以小果蔷薇(Rosacymosa)最大。Pn、Tr、Gs和CE在不同种间均有显著差异(P0.05)。除小叶鼠李、小果蔷薇的Tr和WUE、火棘的Gs以外,其余植物叶片的Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、Ls、CE和WUE在物种内均较稳定。(4)植物叶片Pn、CE在藤刺灌丛、灌木林、乔灌过渡林、乔木林中,Tr、Gs在藤刺灌丛、灌木林、乔灌过渡林中,Ci、Ls在藤刺灌丛、乔灌过渡林、乔木林中的种间差异均较显著(P0.05),而WUE仅在藤刺灌丛中的种间差异显著(P0.05)。(5)Pn与Tr、Gs、CE,Tr与Gs、CE,Gs与Ci、CE,Ls与WUE之间均具有显著正相关关系(P0.05),WUE与Tr、Ci、Pn,Ls与Gs之间均具有著负相关关系(P0.01),表明它们之间存在着一定的平行和依赖关系。(6)研究区常见植物叶片的Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、Ls和CE受植物种和群落类型的交互影响均极显著(P0.01),其中,Pn、Tr、Gs、CE的变异受生境条件的影响更大。     

经营模式对大渡河干暖河谷黄果柑坡地果园土壤养分的影响

坡地果园是大渡河干暖河谷两岸一种常见的土地利用方式,大面积坡地果园垦殖导致了严重的水土流失和一定程度的氮、磷面源污染.为了解经营模式与坡位是否及如何影响果园的土壤养分,选择大渡河流域两类典型经营模式(散户和集体经营)下的黄果柑坡地果园作为研究对象,比较不同坡位(下坡、中坡、上坡)土壤养分的差异,并探讨土壤有机质(SOM)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)及全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量与细根生物量、土壤持水性能等的关系.结果显示:与下坡位相比,中上坡位的土壤养分(SOM、TN、DON、DOC)含量降低,表明下坡位出现土壤养分的聚集现象;与散户经营的坡地果园相比,集体经营的坡地果园中每土层TN、DON、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量分别增加28%、17%、85%、72%,而SOM、DOC含量分别降低4%、3%;TP在两类经营模式的坡地果园间差异不大,每土层均值均为0.49 g/kg.不同经营模式和坡位土壤养分的差异性与不同经营模式和地形位置下的细根、土壤容重及涵水能力的差异化有关.总之,经营模式的差异会导致土壤养分循环的变化,从而影响植物对养分的吸收,不合理的经营模式将会增加坡耕地土壤氮、磷和有机质的流失,这可能是造成坡地黄果柑果园土壤养分下降的重要原因;上述结果对于指导坡地种植时控制水土流失带来的土壤养分流失和氮、磷面源污染有一定的理论与实践意义.(图3表2参56)     

亚热带森林凋落物层土壤酶活性的季节动态

凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分循环中至关重要的过程。凋落物的分解与凋落物中的分解酶的活性直接相关。本研究调查了亚热带常绿阔叶林与针叶林中与土壤碳氮元素循环有关的β-糖苷酶(β-glucosidase)、内切纤维素酶(endocellulase)和几丁质酶(chitobiase)活性的季节变化规律。结果表明:在两个群落中,3种土壤酶活性与温度之间都有一定相关性,最高值均出现在温度较高的七月份;阔叶林中三种酶的活性在各个季节中大小顺序都为未分解凋落物层(L)>半分解层(F)>腐殖质层(H),而针叶林中则是半分解层(F)>未分解凋落物层(L)>腐殖质层(H);在每个取样时间点β-糖苷酶和几丁质酶的活性最高值都在阔叶林L层,显著高于针叶林L层,而内切纤维素酶的活性最高值是在针叶林H层。两林型下酶活性动态的差异,可能是导致两林型下凋落物层残存量差别的一个重要原因。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fractionation of trace metals (Mn,Zn, Cu,Pb) in Red Sea sediments,Gulf of Aden,Yemen

A sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the chemical association of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in five chemical phases (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residual) in sediments of the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. The results indicated that a higher level of Mn was associated with the residual fraction (natural sources) than the non-residual fraction (anthropogenic sources). Zn fractionations revealed that it was associated more with Fe–Mn oxides and organic fractions than exchangeable and carbonate fractions. Most of the Cu was present in the residual form (60–72%) except for in the main port area (zone III), where it was associated with the organic phase (77% of the total Cu content, the organic matter content was 5%). Similarly, most Pb was bound in the residual fraction (56–71%) except the main port area where ～ 62% of the total Pb was bound in non-residual fractions. It was also found that the Pb concentration in the exchangeable fraction was very high compared with other metals. The risk assessment code for the metals showed a low risk for Zn and Cu, but low to medium risk for Mn. Fractionation of Pb showed medium risk at most of the regions except at the eastern area, which revealed a high risk for the aquatic environment.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.