用烟气脱硫石膏制备形貌可控的α-半水石膏的方法

该专利公开了一种用烟气脱硫石膏制备形貌可控的α-半水石膏的方法。其步骤为：（1）按烟气脱硫石膏与水固液质量比为1：（4～10）的比例制成水性浆液,加入媒晶剂（为水性浆液质量的5％～21％）,搅拌,加热至80～95℃,用无机酸将浆液pH调至1．0～5．5;（2）加入结晶习性改良剂和稳定剂,加热至100～107℃,回流4～12h,完成转晶;（3）趁热过滤,固体用50～100℃的热水洗涤、60～120℃干燥后,即得形貌可控的α-半水石膏。该方法工艺简单、易操作、生产成本低,即可减少天然原材料的开发,又可变废为宝,保护环境。     

化学法清洗脱硫塔与脱碳塔

合成氨厂半水煤气脱硫塔、变换气脱硫塔及脱碳塔常发生堵塔等现象,尤以半水煤气脱硫塔更为常见,变换气脱硫塔次之,严重影响了生产的正常进行。造成堵塔的因素比较复杂,与脱硫塔内所用填料、脱硫药剂、脱硫液中悬浮硫的多少及生产工艺条件等有关。在半水煤气脱硫中,使用烤胶及浓度高的V2O5脱硫液,发生堵塔的几率比使用其它脱硫药剂相对较大。有些合成氨厂采用降低烤胶、V2O5的浓度,加大脱硫塔直径及增加脱硫液的循环量的方法,以减少脱硫塔发生堵塔的可能性,取得了较好的效果。     

2×130t/h热电锅炉烟气脱硫工程调试及优化

分析了2×130t/h锅炉配套石灰石—石膏脱硫系统调试过程中出现的问题,提出了解决措施并对运行参数进行了优化。结果表明,在实际工况下,燃用中低硫煤,控制吸收塔液位为7.3m,pH值为5.4,投运2台循环泵时,脱硫系统运行最为经济有效。     

国内首台“三炉一塔、一炉调峰”湿法脱硫工程顺利投入运行

由国电环境保护研究院总承包建设的国内首台“三炉一塔、一炉调峰”湿法脱硫工程暨国电天津第一热电厂3×220t/h锅炉烟气脱硫改造工程,于2006年10月31日顺利通过天津市环保局组织的环保验收,脱硫工程各项技术指标均达到设计要求,目前,脱硫系统运行稳定,已顺利投入运行。该工程有三个显著特点:(1)在国内技改工程中首次采用“三炉一塔、一炉调峰”的石灰石/石膏湿法脱硫工艺,存在技术难度高、经验少等困难。(2)地处天津市中心,环境敏感度高,环保要求高。即使燃用硫分为0.97%的煤,要达到天津市SO2低于100mg/Nm3的排放要求,脱硫效率应达95.5%…     

添加剂对烟气脱硫的强化作用

采用鼓泡式烟气脱硫反应装置,研究了己二酸、硫酸镁、无机盐A和无机盐B等4种添加剂的脱硫强化作用。实验结果表明:4种添加剂均能较明显地提高脱硫浆液的脱硫率,且添加无机盐A和无机盐B的脱硫效果更好;随着添加剂加入量的增加,脱硫率逐渐提高,综合考虑,本实验适宜的添加剂加入量为1.0 g/L。现场实际应用中加入质量比为1∶1的无机盐A和无机盐B作为复合添加剂,在使用2台循环泵、烟气流量约1 020 km3/h、初始SO2质量浓度由2 981 mg/Nm3增加至约3 843 mg/Nm3的条件下,脱硫率仍由81.79%提高到89.92%。     

活性炭吸附烟气脱硫技术的工业性试验

宜宾发电总厂进行了活性炭吸附烟气脱硫技术 10× 10 4 m3 /h烟气量工业性试验。试验结果表明 ,该技术脱硫率达 70 %以上 ,运行简便 ,适用性广 ,副产品可综合利用 ,具有显著的经济效益和较好的应用前景     

半密闭集烟罩电炉烟气治理技术

本文介绍了一种新型的电炉烟气捕集装置－半密闭集烟罩，并与其他捕集形式进行比较，简要介绍了半密闭集烟的设计，结构及系统工艺。     

超重力旋转填料床中络合铁脱硫工艺处理海上油田含硫伴生天然气

采用超重力旋转填料床中络合铁脱硫工艺处理海上油田伴生天然气。运行结果表明：海上油田超重力旋转填料床络合铁脱硫系统投资1 500 万元,设备总占用面积不足48 m²,天然气处理量2×10⁵ m³/d,回收硫磺400 kg/d;进口伴生天然气中硫化氢的质量浓度为2 000~2 500 mg/L,经脱硫处理后硫化氢的质量浓度低于3 mg/L,达到GB 17820—2012《天然气》中硫化氢含量的要求。该工艺解决了海上平台空间紧张、结构承重有限等问题,装置运行稳定,避免了设备腐蚀,运行成本低,运行效果显著,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

氨法脱硫工艺物料平衡模型的研究

建立了氨法脱硫工艺的物料衡算模型,描述了物料计算软件的计算框图和开发过程,介绍了计算模型在实际脱硫工程中的应用,表明该模型对工程设计和设备选型具有一定的指导意义。     

用喷射鼓泡反应器进行烟气脱硫

介绍了采用喷射鼓泡反应器处理烟气量为7 000~10 000 m3/h的软锰矿浆烟气脱硫中试试验。试验中,对喷射鼓泡反应器及系统的阻力进行了测定,考察了不同品位、不同液固比的软锰矿条件及系统连续运行时的脱硫率和锰浸出率。中试表明,在液固比为(2~3)∶1、矿粉粒度约为100目的连续运行条件下,无论是选用品位高的钦锰矿还是品位低的软锰矿,系统运行稳定,且脱硫率保持在90%以上,锰浸出率在70%以上。吸收液经净化处理后得到的MnSO4.H2O产品可达到国家GB1622—86标准。     

模糊控制理论在湿法脱硫真空皮带脱水机滤布纠偏控制中应用

随着国家节能减排工作的不断深入,燃煤电站脱硫装置的投运容量已占全国燃煤机组的一半左右。靖远第二发电公司4×300MW机组脱硫装置自投运以来多次出现真空皮带脱水机滤布跑偏的现象,造成真空皮带过滤机停车及滤布撕裂等严重后果,影响脱硫装置的正常投运。介绍了通过引进先进的模糊控制理论应用于滤布纠偏控制,并对控制硬件进行相应的改造,成功地解决了靖远第二发电公司湿法脱硫真空皮带脱水机滤布纠偏控制中出现的问题。为燃煤电站湿法脱硫真空皮带脱水机滤布及其他行业相似工艺过程的纠偏控制提供参考。     

高硫石油焦的脱硫研究

采用湿化学氧化和高温煅烧相结合的方法对含硫量6.28%(w)的石油焦进行二段脱硫处理,并利用FTIR、SEM和XRD技术对脱硫机理进行了探讨。实验结果表明:氧化工段的优化条件为硝酸与30%(w)双氧水的体积比1∶2、氧化时间10 h、氧化温度80℃、液固比35 m L/g、石油焦粒径106μm以下,优化条件下的氧化脱硫率为26.91%;煅烧工段的优化条件为1 280℃下煅烧6 h,优化条件下的煅烧脱硫率为79.43%,总脱硫率为83.95%。表征结果显示:经处理后石油焦中的黄铁矿类无机硫以及硫醇类和大部分噻吩类有机硫得到有效脱除,剩余噻吩硫转变为更稳定的形式;处理后的石油焦微观形貌轮廓变得清晰和圆润;处理前后石油焦的石墨雏晶结构基本未发生变化。     

Tar removal during the fluidized bed gasification of plastic waste

A recycled polyethylene was fed in a pilot plant bubbling fluidized bed gasifier, having an internal diameter of 0.381 m and a maximum feeding capacity of 90 kg/h. The experimental runs were carried out under various operating conditions: the bed temperature was kept at about 850 degrees C, the equivalence ratio varied between 0.2 and 0.35, the amount of bed material was between 131 and 215 kg, the fluidizing velocity was between 0.5 and 0.7 m/s, quartz sand and olivine were used as bed material, and air and steam were used as fluidizing reactants. The results confirm that the tar removal treatments applied inside the gasifier (primary methods) can eliminate or strongly reduce the need for a further downstream cleanup of the syngas. In particular, the utilization of a natural olivine as an in situ tar reduction agent remarkably improves the quality of the product gas, in terms of both high hydrogen volumetric fraction and larger syngas yield.     

Preparation of activated carbon from coconut shell chars in pilot-scale microwave heating equipment at 60 kW

Experiments to prepare activated carbon by microwave heating indicated that microwave energy can decrease reaction temperature, save the energy and shorten processing time remarkably compared to conventional heating, owing to its internal and volumetric heating effects. The above results were based on the laboratory-scale experiments. It is desirable to develop a pilot-scale microwave heating equipment and investigate the parameters with the aim of technological industrialization. In the present study, the components and features of the self-invented equipment were introduced. The temperature rise curves of the chars were obtained. Iodine numbers of the activated carbons all exceed the state standard of China under the following conditions: 25 kg/h charging rate, 0.42 rev/min turning rate of ceramic tube, flow rate of steam at pressure of 0.01 MPa and 40 kW microwave heating power after 60 kW pre-activation for 30 min. Pore structure of the sample obtained at a time point of 46 h, which contained BET surface area, and pore size distributions of micropores and total pores, was tested by nitrogen adsorption at 77K.     

Influence of mixed molten carbonate composition on hydrogen formation by steam gasification

Steam gasification in the presence of carbonate compounds is an effective method to recover useful materials from electronic waste streams by converting plastics into gaseous products that can be used for energy production and avoiding the expensive manual disassembly process. We investigated steam gasification of activated carbon in the presence of various mixtures of lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The activated carbon was almost completely converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide at 700°C under 0.1 MPa pressure in the presence of carbonate mixtures. Carbon dioxide was also derived from partial decomposition of lithium carbonate. Steam gasification was accelerated in the presence of various carbonate mixtures and at increasing steam partial pressures. These experimental results show that fluidity of carbonates, the potassium content of the carbonate, and the steam partial pressure are important factors in accelerating steam gasification.     

A techno-economic comparison of fluidized bed gasification of two mixed plastic wastes

A comparison between the most promising design configurations for the industrial application of gasification based, plastics-to-energy cogenerators in the 2-6 MWe range is presented. A pilot scale bubbling fluidized bed air gasifier, having a feeding capacity of 100 kg/h, provided experimental data: the syngas complete composition, the characterization of the bed material, the entrained fines collected at the cyclone and the purge material from the scrubber. Mass and energy balances and material and substance flow analyses have been therefore drawn to assess and compare design solutions utilizing two mixed plastic wastes (MPW) obtained from separate collection of plastic packaging, after different levels of pre-treatments. The related techno-economic performances have been finally estimated on the basis of the manufacturer’s specifications. The study concludes that the MPW obtained after a very simple pre-treatment and fed to a gasifier coupled with a steam turbine is the solution that currently offers the higher reliability and provides the higher internal rate of return for the investigated range of electrical energy production.     

火电厂湿法脱硫系统中pH计及密度计的设计应用

针对火电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统中传统pH计及密度计的探头结垢磨损及测量管路堵塞频繁,导致pH和密度的测量出现偏差甚至数据失真这一问题,结合山西大土河焦化有限责任公司热电一分厂3×75t/h循环流化床锅炉烟气脱硫工程实例,着重介绍了改进型pH计的有效防堵塞安装方法及隔膜压力变送器代替传统密度计的设计原理及应用情况,为今后工程实践提供参考。     

ZFP-1380型曝气转盘充氧性能的测试和分析

介绍了ZFP-1380型曝气转盘的参数和性能，并对其在氧化沟污水处理工艺中的主要指标——充氧能力和动力效率的主要影响因素作了测试和分析。该转盘适宜的浸没深度为480～510mm、转速为52～56r/min，在此运转条件下，单片转盘的充氧能力为1.78～1.98kg/h，动力效率为3.18～3.43kg/(kW     

钡渣用于三相流化床烟气脱硫

提出了在三相流化床内用钡渣进行烟气脱硫的方法。分析了钡渣湿法脱硫原理，并进行了工艺改进实验，对两种不同溶渣方式工艺进行了静态和动态模拟实验，考察了两种方式的离子浓度和吸收容量等因素。实验表明，将渣先和水混合再用脱硫废水调整水质、脱硫塔进水pH在7．5左右时有利于系统的稳定运行。当液气比为2．88、气速为9．5m／s时，脱硫效率可以达到85％以上。这种方法可大大降低脱硫成本，实现以废治废。     

炼油污水处理装置恶臭气体源强估算方法的比较

以某炼油污水处理装置为例,根据其运行现状及恶臭气体的监测结果,使用卫生防护距离反推法、源强经验估算法以及地面浓度反推法3种方法对恶臭气体源强进行估算,并利用AERMOD模式进行预测,对预测值与监测值进行方差分析。实验结果表明：在监测得到的NH₃和H₂S的平均质量浓度分别为0.113,0.006 mg/m³的条件下,卫生防护距离反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的无组织排放源强分别为2.395,0.127 kg/h。源强经验估算法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为0.255,0.080 kg/h,地面浓度反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为3.120,0.250 kg/h;源强经验估算法为炼油污水处理装置气体源强估算的最优方法。