聚硅氯化铝混凝剂的应用基础研究

本文采用共聚与复合两种制备工艺 ,研制出了系列具有不同碱化度（Ｂ）和不同Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝（简称ＰＡＳＣ）混凝剂。应用多种化学分析方法及现代仪器分析测试技术 ,如ｐＨ滴定法、光子相关光谱（ＰＣＳ）、超滤膜过滤法、Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法、２７Ａｌ-ＮＭＲ法、２９Ｓｉ-ＮＭＲ法红外光谱分析、流动电流（ＳＣ）及微电泳测定技术、透射电镜技术、烧杯实验等对ＰＡＳＣ的水解 -聚合历程、聚集体大小与结构形貌、形态分布及转化规律、聚硅酸与铝水解产物间的相互情况、电动特性、残留铝含量及混凝机理等进行了全面深入地综合分析研究。试验了ＰＡＳＣ混凝处理由高岭土和腐殖酸配制的模拟水的除浊和脱色效果 ,试验了ＰＡＳＣ混凝处理黄河水、水库水、炼油厂含油废水和油田含油污水的效果。研究结果表明 :在ＰＡＳＣ中 ,聚硅酸与铝的水解产物间存在着相互作用 ,这种相互作用对铝的水解 -聚合历程、水解聚合物的大小及结构形貌、形态分布及转化规律、带电特性以及混凝效果等都有不同程度影响 ;与聚合氯化铝（ＰＡＣ）相比 ,ＰＡＳＣ具有较高分子量 ,稍低的正电荷 ,较低的Ａｌａ 和Ａｌｂ 含量 ,较高的Ａｌｃ 含量 ,较低的残留铝含量 ,较宽的ｐＨ值适用范围和较好的混凝效果 ;制备方     

聚合铝混凝过程研究:不同形态硅酸的影响作用

研究了不同形态硅酸对聚合铝混凝过程的影响作用 .实验结果表明经预制形成的具有不同形态分布组成的硅酸与聚合铝 ,在投加后相互间发生了十分复杂的物理化学作用 ,并受溶液pH值的影响 ,从而最终决定了混凝效果 .反应过程中所生成的形态产物及其物化特征 ,很大程度上取决于聚合铝碱化度以及所投加的Si Al比 .其中碱化度越高 ,最终产物所带电荷越高 .而不同硅酸所起影响作用分别取决于聚合程度 ,在与聚合铝反应过程中表现出一定的规律性 .单体硅酸与单体铝迅速发生较强的络合作用 ,抑制了多聚水解铝阳离子的形成 .聚合硅酸则倾向于与聚合铝形态相互作用形成一定的胶状化合物 ,从而在溶液中稳定存在 .对于胶体硅酸 ,在聚合铝作用下迅速凝聚形成更大的聚集体 ,在颗粒物间架桥形成粗大的絮体 .所得结果对混凝机理的解释与复合混凝剂的发展提供了一定的参考作用     

水解聚合铝溶液中形态分布的定量模拟研究

通过Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法和￣（２７）Ａｌ核磁共振（ＮＭＲ）法，并应用“ＭＩＮＥＱＬ”化学平衡模式计算法，对采用不同反应途径制得的聚合铝（ＰＡＣ）溶液中的化学形态分布规律进行了定量模拟研究和对比。模式计算结果与两种实验定量分析结果都较为吻合，结果表明，在水解聚合铝溶液中较稳定的化学形态主要有五种：一种单体形态［ａｌ＿ａ］，即Ａｌ￣（３＋），Ａｌ（ＯＨ）￣（２＋），Ａｌ（ＯＨ）＿２￣＋；３种聚合形态［Ａｌ＿ｂ］，即和以及一种溶胶或凝胶形态［Ａｌ＿ｃ］，即Ａｌ（ＯＨ）＿３（ａｍ）．这些化学形态的分布和转化不仅取决于溶液的化学特征，而且也取决于制备方法的不同。     

聚硅氯化铝混凝剂中Al(Ⅲ)水解聚合历程及铝硅作用特性研究

采用共聚与复合两种制备工艺，制备出了系列具有不同碱化度和不同Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的聚硅氯化铝混凝剂，分析研究了ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ（Ⅲ）的水解－聚合历程以及聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物的相互作用，探讨了ＰＡＳＣ溶液的酸解聚。     

纳微米塑料的聚合铝铁强化混凝去除及铝残余特征

微纳塑料作为一种典型新污染物,广泛存在于水环境中,具有较强的生物毒性效应.混凝作为胶体和悬浮颗粒物去除的关键技术,主流铝铁絮凝剂对于微纳米塑料的去除效率相对较低,症结是对相关机制仍不明晰.为此,本研究通过预水解制备多种聚合铝铁絮凝剂,研究铁含量和预水解过程对微纳塑料去除效果的影响,解析微纳塑料絮体形成机制和混凝机理.结果表明,絮凝剂铁含量的增加对微米塑料的去除有促进作用,但对纳米塑料的去除有抑制作用.铝铁物质的量的比为9∶4的聚合絮凝剂对微纳塑料均具有较高的去除效率.微米塑料的去除以网捕卷扫为主,而纳米塑料的去除以电中和为主.预水解过程可以增强双金属絮凝剂对纳米塑料的吸附电中和能力,同时有效抑制铝残留.本研究从絮凝剂优化角度解析了微纳塑料的混凝去除机制,可为强化混凝高效去除微纳塑料同时控制铝残留提供参考.     

利用透射电镜研究PACS的形态及絮凝机理

借助于透射电技术观察了稀释作用及ＰＨ值对ＰＡＣＳ聚全形态的影响，研究了搅拌作用及ＰＡＣＳ投量对ＰＡＣＳ絮凝高岭土悬浮效果的影响，探讨了ＰＡＣＳ的絮凝机理，结果表明，稀释作用会导ＰＡＣＳ聚合大分了产生芳较小的组分，溶液的ＰＨ值能改变ＰＡＣＳ的形态，在较低ＰＨ值民政部下，ＰＡＣＳ聚合物呈枝化结构，在较高ＰＨ值下，ＰＡＣＳ水解生成Ａｌ（ＯＨ）３胶体物质，ＰＡＣＳＪ 通过吸附电中和及吸附架桥作用便高岭土颗     

聚合铝有机高分子稳定增效剂

本文试验了有机高分子物质ＰＥＯ、ＰＡＭ对液体ＰＡＣ的稳定性和絮凝性能的影响，结果表明，在投加量适当的情况下，ＰＥＯ能提高液体ＰＡＣ的稳定性和絮凝性能，而ＰＡＭ对ＰＡＣ的稳定性影响不大，但能增强其絮凝能力。     

不同铝聚合形态对聚合铝混凝效果的影响

通过氯化铝(铝单体或初聚物形态Ala)、高Alb含量聚合铝(中等聚合形态Alb)、高Alc含量聚合铝(铝溶胶等高聚合形态Alc)和工业PACl(不同聚合度铝的混合形态Alabc)对某水厂沉后水实际水样进行烧杯混凝实验,依据絮体生长状况、浊度、UV254、颗粒数和过滤指数等参数综合评价不同铝形态的混凝作用效果,从而得出铝的最佳混凝形态.结果表明,高Alb含量聚合铝对浊度去除较好;而高Alc含量聚合铝对于颗粒物和UV254的去除效果较佳.     

铝硅复合无机高分子混凝剂的净水效果研究

本文比较研究了铝硅复合无机高分子混凝剂与聚合氯化铝混凝剂处理模拟水、低浊高藻含量的水库水、高浊度的黄河水及含油废水的混凝效果。研究结果表明，ＣＡＳ的除浊、脱色和除油效果都优于ＰＡＣ。这说明ＣＡＳ是一种新型高效无机高分子水处理剂。     

混凝过程中铝盐水解聚合反应平衡的流体动力学控制

为了明确混凝过程中搅拌剪切等动力学因素对铝盐水解聚合反应平衡的影响,采用配制模拟水样作为混凝水系,用Ferron逐时络合比色法对水解产物形态进行表征,并将获取结果与用去离子水组成的纯净水系获取的结果进行对比分析.同时,研究了模拟混凝水系中搅拌剪切条件对铝盐水解反应产物形态分布的影响,考查了铝盐的碱化度和模拟混凝水系的pH值对混凝体系中搅拌剪切条件作用于铝盐水解产物形态分布的影响,并提出了体系搅拌剪切条件影响混凝水系中铝盐水解反应平衡的作用机理.结果表明,混凝过程中的铝盐水解产物形态分布明显受到体系搅拌剪切条件的影响,并且随着混凝水系中铝盐水解程度的增大和转化率的提高,铝盐的水解产物形态分布受到反应体系中搅拌剪切条件的影响加大.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的混凝效应

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13形态,用透光率脉动检测技术并结合絮凝效能和Zeta电位测定结果,对纳米Al13形态以及PAC、AlCl3絮凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比性研究.结果表明,混凝剂的不同铝形态分布在混凝过程中起着十分重要的作用.Al13形态是在絮凝过程中起电中和作用的主要形态,可以大大增加颗粒间的有效碰撞率,其凝聚速度和所形成絮集物颗粒大小在实验条件下呈现最大值.而对于PAC,其Alc含量较高,可起到吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,所以在低投加量表现出较快的絮体增长速率.     

Effect of in-situ formed Al hydrates through long-term aging on enhanced particle destabilization by PACl coagulation

Aging of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants could significantly influence hydrolyzed Al speciation ruling coagulation performance. The goal of this study was to investigate Al species transformation through long-term aging and its impact on coagulation performance. Two kinds of commercial coagulants (PACl-1 and PACl-2) were stored for in-situ aging tests in six months to evaluate Al species variation with time and the performance of coagulation with natural turbid waters. The results showed that CaSO₄ precipitation easily occur in a commercial PACl coagulant with time as it contains SO₄^2? and Ca²⁺. It also activates the precipitation of gibbsite Al(OH)₃ in PACl with aging. Through 180 days aging, both monomeric Al (Al_a) and polymeric Al (Al_b) substantially transform into colloidal Al (Al_c) and precipitated for both PACl coagulants. At low turbidity (10 NTU), PACl-1 has a superior turbidity reduction rate than PACl-2, while PACl-2 performs a little better turbidity reduction at high turbidity (1000 NTU) regardless of aging time. With aging time, an obvious decrease in turbidity reduction for PACl-1 coagulation is observed at low turbidity of 10 NTU, while the improvement in turbidity reduction for PACl-2 coagulation by enhanced sweep flocculation can be achieved as Al_b mostly transform into Al_c after 150 days aging. It is concluded that dominant in-situ formed Al_c after a long time hydrolysis can improve PACl coagulation efficiency in turbidity reduction by enhanced sweep flocculation, especially for low turbidity water, but the increase in preformed Al_c in PACl would worsen particle destabilization after aging.     

柠檬酸对不同混凝剂混凝效果的影响

通过对不同混凝剂(Al2(SO4)3、Fe2(SO4)3、PACl25)混凝过程中絮体粒径大小的测定,研究了在不同pH条件下柠檬酸浓度对3种混凝剂混凝效果的影响.结果发现,随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,3种混凝剂混凝过程中生成絮体的速率和粒径大小都在逐渐降低,但3种混凝剂受到抑制的程度不同:对于硫酸铝,当n(柠檬酸)/n(Al) =0.1时,混凝20 min内没有絮体生成;对于硫酸铁,仅当n(柠檬酸)/n(Fe)=0.05时,絮体就不再生成;而当n(柠檬酸)/n(Al) =0.5时,PACl25絮体仍能很快地形成.不同的pH值下柠檬酸对混凝效果的抑制程度也不同:对于硫酸铝,pH =6时生成絮体最大,pH =8时没有絮体生成;对于硫酸铁,pH =5时产生絮体的情况和pH =6时相似,而pH =7时絮体消失;而对于PACl25,絮体大小随着pH值的升高而增大(pH在7～9之间).另外,通过对Zeta电位的测定可知,随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,3种混凝剂的Zeta电位都在降低,但降低的速率不同:硫酸铁＞硫酸铝＞ PACl25,这与絮体粒径大小的变化规律一致.     

藻类絮凝体形态学特征及其与气浮的关系研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝药剂,利用混凝-气浮技术去除水中铜绿微囊藻(MA),用图像法对絮凝体的分形维数进行测定,分析不同混凝条件下的气浮除藻效果以及PAC-MA絮凝体的形态学特征,并探讨两者的关系.结果表明,在快速混合搅拌强度和时间分别为500 s-1和1 min,回流比为10%条件下,PAC最佳投药量范围为5.6-9.8 mg/L Al2O3,最佳点为8.4 mg/LAl2O3;最佳的絮凝反应搅拌强度范围为50～80 s-1,最佳点为50 8-1;最佳的絮凝时间范围为5～8 min;投药量、絮凝反应搅拌强度及时间对PAC-MA絮凝体形态有着显著影响,在最佳混凝条件下,絮凝体的二维分形维数D2较小,在1.168 8～1.235 7之:间,相对应的絮凝体的平均粒径较大,在300～500 μm之间;在适当的混凝条件下,结构疏松,枝权较多,尺寸较大的PAC-MA絮凝体与气泡粘附效果好,容易气浮去除.     

高Al13纳米聚合氯化铝的结构表征及混凝效果

采用AlCl36H2O和Na2CO3制备了聚合氯化铝(PAC),并采用SO42-/Ba2+沉淀-置换法分离提纯了其中的纳米Al13形态,应用27Al-NMR和XRD等现代实验技术对其中的Al13形态进行了分析表征,27Al-NMR结果表明,分离提纯后样品中的Al13含量明显高于PAC,XRD结果表明,Al13的衍射峰出现在2q角为5~25之间;混凝烧杯实验表明,纳米级PAC较传统的混凝剂AlCl3、Al2(SO4)3和PAC具有更好的除浊、脱色效果.     

The influence of particle size and concentration combined with pH on coagulation mechanisms

In order to evaluate the influence of particle size and particle concentration on the coagulation process, two kinds of particle suspensions, nanoparticles and microparticles,were employed to investigate the effect of particle size on coagulation mechanisms with varying coagulation parameters. Results showed that it is easier for nanoparticles to cause self-aggregation because of Brownian motion, while interception and sedimentation are the mainly physical processes affecting particle transport for microparticles, so they are more stable and disperse more easily. The particle size distribution and particle concentration had distinct influence on the coagulation mechanisms. Under neutral conditions, as the amount of coagulant increased, the coagulation mechanism for nanoparticles changed from charge neutralization to sweep flocculation and the nanoparticles became destabilized, re-stabilized and again destabilized. For microparticles, although the coagulation mechanism was the same as that of nanoparticles, the increased rate of aluminum hydroxide precipitation exceeded the adsorption of incipiently formed soluble alum species, resulting in the disappearance of the re-stabilization zone. Under acidic conditions, Brownian motion dominates for nanoparticles at low particle concentrations, while sweep flocculation is predominant at high particle concentrations. As for microparticles, charge neutralization and sweep flocculation are the mechanisms for low and high particle concentrations respectively.Under alkaline condition, although the mechanisms for both nano-and microparticles are the same, the morphology of flocs and the kinetics of floc formation are different. At low particle concentrations, nanoparticles have larger growth rate and final size of flocs, while at high particle concentrations, nanoparticles have higher fractal dimension and recovery factors.     

Natural organic matter(NOM) removal from surface water by coagulation

IntroductionNaturalorganicmatter(NOM)inriversandlakesisacomplexmixtureofmoleculeswithvaryingmolecularweightandchemicalnatureandoriginatesfromavarietyofsources(degradationofterrestrialandaquaticorganisms,biologicalactivityinthewaterbody,humaninputsetc.).NO…     

絮凝DAF中试工艺处理密云水库低温低浊水的影响因素

系统研究以硫酸铝和聚铝为絮凝剂时絮凝-DAF工艺中的水力学参数对除浊率的影响 .结果表明聚铝表现出了更优越的参数值 .在凝聚段 ,聚铝需要的高速混合时间为 15s,而硫酸铝则为 30s以上 ,2者对混合强度的要求为G=300～1000s^-1.聚铝的絮凝反应时间为 5.0min以上 ,硫酸铝为 7.5min以上 ,而且搅拌强度范围平均G值 =40～140s^-1;确定合适的总平均GT值≥2×10⁴.当应用聚铝为絮凝剂时 ,可以采用两级或三级等速搅拌 .对于仿MJ型的释放器 ,在实验的范围内释气压力为 2.5～3.3kg/cm² 时 ,5.0 %～8.3%的回流比较合适 .气浮接触区的水力条件和停留时间对絮凝气浮的除浊效果有较大的影响 .     

Electrokinetic characteristic and coagulation behavior flocculant polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC)

The electrokinetic characteristics and coagulation behaviors of polyaluminum silicate chloride(PASiC)and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were studied and compared by streaming current(SC) measurement and jar test method.The experimental results showed that the interaction between polysilicic acid characterized negative charge and hydrolyzed aluminum species result in a decrease of the charge-neutralizing ability of PASiC, compared to PAC.The decrease has a close relationship with the basicity(B) and Al/Si molar ratio in PASiC.The less the B value and the Al/Si molar ratio,the lower the change-neutralizing ability of PASiC is.In contrast,the preparation technique for PASiC affects the charge-neutralization of PASiC to a smaller extent.In addition, compared with PAC, PASiC may enhance aggregating efficiency and give better coagulating effects.     

Purification and characterization of Al13 species in coagulant polyaluminum chloride

Nano-Al₁₃ was separated and purified by four methods to investigate its characteristic, and was analyzed by Al-Ferron timed complexation spectrophotometer,²⁷ Al-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Coagulation efficiency of nano-Al₁₃, polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and AlCl₃ in synthetic water were also investigated by jar test. The dynamic process and aggregation state of kaolin suspensions coagulating with nano-Al₁₃, PAC, and AlCl₃ were also investigated. The experimental results indicated that the efficiency of gel column chromatography method was the highest for separating PAC solution with low Al concentration. Ethanol and acetone method was simple and could separated PAC solution with different Al concentrations, while silicon alkylation white block column chromatography method could separate PAC solution only with low Al concentration. The SO₄²−/Ba²⁺ displacement method could separate PAC solution with high Al concentration, but extra inorganic cation and anion could be introduced into the solution during the separation. The coagulation efficiency and dynamic experimental results showed that nano- Al₁₃ with a high positive-charged species was the main species of electric neutralization in coagulation process, and it could reduce the turbidity and increase the effective particles collision rate efficiently in coagulation process. Its coagulation speed and the particle size of coagulant formed were of greatest value in this study.