分析浮顶罐低液位控制对于蒸发损耗的影响

目前外浮顶及内浮顶罐在石油化工行业已被广泛地使用，其有效地控制了罐内储存油品的蒸发损耗．从而减少了对环境的污染。从减少蒸发损耗的角度出发，阐述了控制罐内低液位使得浮盘处于悬浮状态的重要性。     

EDTA生产工艺清洁生产分析与评价

清洁生产是以提高企业的科学管理水平，降低原材料、能源资源的消耗，减少污染物的产生量和排放量，减少污染和处理费用，实现最佳的生产工艺，最佳的资源配置、最佳的管理水平、最佳的污染控制设备为目标根据生产工艺情况，重点从经济、环境、技术三项指标进行评述。     

智能建筑照明节能设计

本文从智能建筑的建设目标出发，提出智能建筑照明节能设计应定位于实施绿色照明的高度，从照明方式、照明光源、照明灯具、照明控制各个设计环节综合考虑高效节能与可持续发展，采用高效节能且在生产和使用中对外界不产生污染或污染小的光源和照明电器产品，采用智能照明控制系统对不同时间不同区域的灯光进行开关及照度控制，节约照明用电，减少电厂大气污染物的排放。[编者按]     

电子产品污染源头的控制与回收

电子废物污染控制成为全球关注的焦点。电子行业面对实施严格的法规管理的挑战，不仅要承担废物处理的责任，而且对产品的设计与制造也必须实施清洁生产，从源头控制电子产品可能对环境造成的污染，并提高电子废物回收利用率，减少废物处置中对环境与人体的健康的危害。     

我国农药环境优先控制品种的筛选

减量使用农药是当今国际环境保护发展的必然趋势。农药使用量的减少首先是控制那些环境危害较大的农药品种的生产使用。针对近年来我国农药环境污染与危害日趋严重的状况，建立了适合我国国情的农药环境优先控制品种的筛选程序方法。筛选出16种我国近期应优先控制的农药品种，以此作为加强农药环境管理，从宏观上根本控制我国农药环境危害的有效手段。     

悬浮物测定应注意的问题

悬浮物的测定，受某些物质的分解、氧化，吸附水、结晶水的变化，气体挥发，以及滤纸或试样干燥程度差异等原因的影响而有不同。本文从控制实验条件入手，探讨减少悬浮物测定误差的方法。     

腈纶生产差别化工程清洁生产分析与评价

清洁生产是指将整体预防的环境战略持续应用于生产过程和产品中，以减少对人类和环境的风险。对提高企业科学管理水平，降低原材料、能源、资源的消耗，减少污染物的产生量和排放量，减少污染物的处理费用，实现最佳的生产工艺，最佳的资源配置、最佳的管理水平、最佳的污染控制设备为目标。从经济、环境、技术三项指标对抚顺腈纶石差别化改造工程的生产工艺进行清洁生产分析与评价。     

农田氮素流失对水环境污染及防治研究进展

氮是造成水体富营养化的主要元素之一，农田氮素流失是水环境氮污染的主要来源。文章从农田氮素对水环境污染途径、氮污染控制模型、污染控制措施等方面对当前国内外水环境氮污染防治进行概述。综合国内外农田氮流失污染防治措施的成功经验提出：加强农田养分管理，利用平衡施肥技术，推广施用控释、缓释肥料，改进施肥方式，从污染源头控制和减少氮素流失；同时，充分利用生态工程技术，建立人工湿地、植被过滤带、多水塘系统，改变或切断氮污染物的传播途径是控制农田氮素对水环境污染的有效措施。     

安徽省工业污染特征分析与减排对策

本文通过对比安徽省与全国之间及安徽省各市之间的工业经济增长和污染排放情况，分析了安徽省的工业污染特征，提出从以下方面推进污染减排工作：严把建设项目环批审批关，从源头上控制新增污染；加强环境立法，制定地方污染排放标准，促进区域工业合理布局；加大落后产能的淘汰力度，推进产业结构升级，减少污染产生量；加快推进重点行业和企业的减排工程，减少污染排放量；加强环境执法监督，确保稳定达标排放；推进清洁生产审核，开展ISO14000认证，发展循环经济；深化城市生活污水处理，为工业发展腾出环境容量。     

提高油品质量 减少大气污染

提高石油产品质量，控制有害物质含量，应是减少汽车排放污染的物质基础。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

野生动物资源的保护与持续利用

本文从非洲南部的大象、澳大利亚的大袋鼠到北美的野生动物管理体制、欧洲的野生动物狩猎、新西兰草地牧业的转轨,回顾了世界野生动物利用与保护的历史。并追溯了我国古代野生动物管理思想,以黄羊、虎两个实例,分析了我国野生动物资源濒危的原因与现状。最后,探讨了野生动物资源保护与开发的辩证关系,提出了野生动物利用分为开发初期、过度开发期、保护恢复期及持续利用期,目前我国野生动物资源正处于保护恢复期。     

汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.     

MFI型沸石吸附分离水体中混合硝基氯苯的研究

采用MFI型沸石(HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石)为吸附剂分别吸附水体中的对硝基氯苯和邻硝基氯苯,研究了温度与沸石的结构特性对硝基氯苯吸附的影响,以及2种硝基氯苯分子在MFI型沸石中的扩散行为．结果表明,在不同温度下,对硝基氯苯与邻硝基氯苯在HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石中的吸附行为明显不同;对硝基氯苯在2种MFI型沸石中的扩散系数都显高于邻硝基氯苯．对硝基氯苯与邻硝基氯苯在吸附量与扩散性上的差异导致HZSM-5与Silicalite-1沸石对对硝基氯苯的吸附具有良好的选择性．尤其HZSM-5沸石在低温下更有利于从水体中选择性吸附分离混合硝基氯苯。     

Spatial distribution of dissolved Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu and As in the Bohai Sea

Characteristics of the spatial distribution of selected dissolved heavy metals were analyzed during large scale surveys from August 12 to 25,2003 in the Bohai Sea.Dissolved Pb was the only element with average concentrations higher than the grade-one sea water quality standard of China.The spatial distribution of dissolved Pb in surface water was similar to those of Cd,Cu and As,where the isopleths generally indicated decreasing values from the bays to the central areas.Only for Hg did the high concentrations not only appear in Liaodong Bay,Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay,but also in the Central Area,viz.not only in inshore but also in offshore areas. Vertical distributions of dissolved Pb,Cd,Cu and As were largely uniform,while that of dissolved Hg increased with depth.We infer that the input of pollutants from land was the main influencing factor for the detected distribution patterns of dissolved heavy metals, followed by the dynamics of sea water,release from bottom sediments and biochemical processes.Comparing with historical data, average concentrations of dissolved heavy metals appear to decline in recent years.