活性炭生物转盘法处理化工废水

使用固定剂将颗粒状活性炭固定在盘片上，制成了一种新型生物转盘盘片——活性炭生物转盘盘片。采用一级微型生物转盘法处理模拟化工废水，对比了活性炭、石英砂、聚丙烯3种生物转盘的处理效果。实验结果表明，活性炭生物转盘对COD的去除效果好于其他两种转盘。在进水COD为600mg／L、水力停留时间为6h、盘片转速为4r／min的条件下，活性炭生物转盘对COD的去除率可达71．3％。此外，活性炭生物转盘还有较强的耐有机负荷冲击能力。在废水处理过程中，活性炭仅在挂膜的前7天起吸附作用，挂膜成功后生物降解起主导作用。     

略论灰水中砷的迁移

煤中砷含量随产地,煤种不同而异,有时差别很大。据报道,美国煤的平均砷含量约为1～10mg/kg;捷克斯洛伐克一些煤种中,砷含量高达1500mg/kg;我国东北某种煤砷含量为11mg/kg;山西的部分煤中砷含量范围为0.03～57mg/kg。锅炉燃烧时,煤中砷主要转化为As_2O_3;     

蔬菜废弃物低成本规模化沤肥技术及应用推广研究

研究针对蔬菜废弃物(尾菜)产生量大、周期短、处理成本高等问题,创新性提出尾菜低成本规模化沤肥技术模式,通过减量化沤肥和二次沤肥技术,沤制尾菜生物肥,探索最佳施肥方案,并在旱作区主要农作物种植上推广应用。研究表明,处理1 t尾菜成本平均为20～30元,1 t尾菜可以沤制200 kg尾菜生物肥;尾菜生物肥施用量达到30 000 kg/km²时,可以明显改善耕地土壤理化性状;按照最佳施肥方案施用尾菜生物肥,可以减少化肥用量600～750 kg/hm²,节约成本3 750～4 200元/km²。研究处理方式简单易行、成本低、推广利用率高、群众易于接受,不仅达到了对尾菜资源化处理的目的,而且实现了化肥施用减量化,节约了种植成本,提高了农作物产量,显著改良了土壤理化环境,可以在旱作农业区主要农作物种植上大面积推广应用。     

催化氧化法脱除黄磷尾气中的磷化氢和硫化氢

在常压、温度60~100℃、气体流量0.375~0.875 m3/h的条件下,利用自制的JC-4型催化剂可以深度脱除黄磷尾气中的磷化氢和硫化氢,使它们在产品气中的体积分数小于1×10-6,净化效率接近100%。该催化剂寿命长达6 000 m in,处理黄磷尾气能力为300 m3/kg。在36~50 m3/h黄磷尾气净化中试试验中,取得了同样的效果。     

陶瓷膜处理油田外排废水试验研究

对利用聚丙烯纤维和陶瓷膜过滤来处理某油田外排废水的可行性进行了研究。考察了聚丙烯纤维的除油能力、陶瓷膜过滤去除COD的机理、反应装置的运行参数和处理效果。现场试验表明：聚丙烯纤维吸油能力强，可达0.94kg/kg以上，可把中的含油量从20－35mg/L降到10mg/L以下；三级串联陶瓷膜过滤能将油田废水的COD从300－350mg/L降到150mg/L以下；在操作压力为0.1MPa下，稳定运行的三级陶瓷膜过滤器各级的通量分别为0.23、0.14和0.15m/h；通量小和膜污染后的再生是该处理方法在油田废水中推广应用的限制因素。     

电化学转盘法处理活性艳红X-3B废水

采用电化学转盘法处理模拟活性艳红X-3B染料废水，考察了电解槽电压、电化学转盘转速、废水pH、电解时间、电导率等因素对废水色度、总有机碳（TOC）去除率的影响。在废水pH为6、电解槽电压17V、电化学转盘转速70r／min、电导率1500μs／cm、电解时间60min的条件下，废水色度和TOC去除率分别达98．2％和57．2％。通过对活性艳红X-3B紫外-可见吸收光谱的分析，探讨了活性艳红X-3B的降解机理。     

废水处理三维电极体系中填料的选择评价方法

以瞬时电流效率和电耗为衡量标准，对填充活性炭、涂膜活性炭和石英砂3种填料的废水处理三维电极体系进行了研究。实验结果表明：活性炭的瞬时电流效率最高、电耗最低；3种填料对苯酚的选择性氧化系数依次为0.63，0.57，0.46，表明3种填料对苯酚的降解能力依次降低；在初始苯酚质量浓度为600mg/L、Na₂SO₄质量分数为3%、电流为1A、进水流量为0.60L/h的条件下，以活性炭作为填料，苯酚废水的COD去除率可达80.52%。     

含氨氮催化剂生产废水的处理

采用加入淀粉的短程硝化-反硝化一体化技术处理低碳含NH3-N催化剂废水。通过中试确定了适宜的工艺参数，并在工业化装置上进行了验证。试验结果表明：在DO为0.5 mg/L左右、淀粉加入量为0.25 kg/ m3、HRT=30 h的条件下，短程硝化-反硝化一体化技术具有较好的处理效果，NH3-N去除率大于97%，且具有较强的抗冲击负荷的能力； 出水的COD<100 mg/L，ρ（NH3-N）<10 mg/L，达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级排放标准。工业化装置的运行费用以NH3-N计为2.3 元/kg、以废水计为4.6 元/t。该法适用于中低浓度（ρ（NH3-N）<300 mg/L）废水的处理。     

复合柱净化法分析生物试样中残留的有机氯农药

用复合柱净化法分析生物试样中残留的有机氯农药，采用复合柱将少量硫酸含量较低的硅胶放在适量的硫酸含量较高的硅胶上，并将去活化硅胶复合在同一根柱子内，有效地避免了浓缩后的提取液与硫酸含量较高的硅胶直接接触时发生的板结现象。该方法对生物试样中8种有机氯农药六六六和滴滴涕的净化效果较好，当农药六六六和滴滴涕的标准加入量为200μg／kg和50μg／kg时，各目标物的平均回收率为63．9％～79．8％，相对标准偏差为5．6％-12．8％，检出限为0．001-0．040μg/kg。     

供气式射流曝气器充氧性能研究

主要研究了供气式射流曝气器的充氧性能与结构型式及尺寸、运行条件的相互关系以及应用范围等.     

Oxygen demand for the stabilization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste in passively aerated bioreactors

Conventional aerobic waste treatment technologies require the use of aeration devices that actively transport air through the stabilized waste mass, which greatly increases operating costs. In addition, improperly operated active aeration systems, may have the adverse effect of cooling the stabilized biomass. Because active aeration can be a limiting factor for the stabilization process, passive aeration can be equally effective and less expensive. Unfortunately, there are few reports documenting the use of passive aeration systems in municipal waste stabilization. There have been doubts raised as to whether a passive aeration system provides enough oxygen to the organic matter mineralization processes. In this paper, the effectiveness of aeration during aerobic stabilization of four different organic fractions of municipal waste in a reactor with an integrated passive ventilation system and leachate recirculation was analyzed. For the study, four fractions separated by a rotary screen were chosen. Despite the high temperatures in the reactor, the air flow rate was below 0.016 m³/h. Using Darcy’s equation, theoretical values of the air flow rate were estimated, depending on the intensity of microbial metabolism and the amount of oxygen required for the oxidation of organic compounds. Calculations showed that the volume of supplied air exceeded the microorganisms demand for oxidation and endogenous activity by 1.7–2.88-fold.     

In situ nitrogen removal from leachate by bioreactor landfill with limited aeration

The feasibility of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a bioreactor landfill with limited aeration was assessed. Three column reactors, simulating bioreactor landfill operations under anaerobic condition (as reference), intermittent forced aeration and enhanced natural aeration were hence established, where aerated columns passed through two phases, i.e., fresh landfill and well-decomposed landfill. The experimental results show that limited aeration decreased nitrogen loadings of leachate distinctly in the fresh landfill. In the well-decomposed landfill, the NH(4)(+)-N of the input leachate could be nitrified completely in the aerated landfill columns. The nitrifying loadings of the column cross section reached 7.9 g N/m(2)d and 16.9 g N/m(2)d in the simulated landfill columns of intermittent forced aeration and enhanced natural aeration, respectively. The denitrification was influenced by oxygen distribution in the landfill column. Intermittent existence of oxygen in the landfill with the intermittent forced aeration was favorable to denitrify the NO(2)(-)-N and NO(3)(-)-N, indicated by the high denitrification efficiency (>99%) under the condition of BOD(5)/TN of more than 5.4 in leachate; locally persistent existence of oxygen in the landfill with enhanced natural aeration could limit the denitrification, indicated by relatively low denitrification efficiency of about 75% even when the BOD(5)/TN in leachate had an average of 7.1.     

Influence of oxygen flow rate on reaction rate of organic matter in leachate from aerated waste layer containing mainly incineration ash

It is known that aeration reduces rapidly the concentration of organic matter in leachate. However, the oxygen flow rate required to attain a certain reaction rate of organic matter should be carefully estimated. In this study, using the oxygen ratio (the ratio of oxygen flow rate by aeration to oxygen consumption rate of waste layer) as a parameter, the reaction rate of organic matter in leachate from landfilled incineration ash and incombustible waste upon aeration was evaluated. Total organic carbon (TOC) in the leachate was reduced rapidly when the oxygen ratio was high. The decomposition rate exceeded the elution rate of TOC in the leachate from the waste layer for several days when the oxygen ratio was above 10². The results indicate that the oxygen ratio can be used as a parameter for the aeration operation in actual landfill sites, to rapidly stabilize organic matter in leachate.     

Influence of aeration rate and biodegradability fractionation on composting kinetics

The influences of aeration rate and biodegradability fractionation on biodegradation kinetics during composting were studied. The first step was the design of a suitable lab-reactor that enabled the simulation of composting. The second step comprised of composting trials of six blends of sludge (originating from a food processing effluent) with wood chips using aeration rates of 1.69, 3.62, 3.25, 8.48, 11.98 and 16.63 L/h/kg DM of mixture. Biodegradation was evaluated by respiration measurements and from the analysis of the substrate (dry matter, organic matter, total carbon and chemical oxygen demand removal). Continuous measurement of oxygen consumption was coupled with the analysis of initial substrate and composted product for chemical oxygen demand (in the soluble and non-soluble fractions), which enabled an evaluation of the organic matter biodegradability. Oxygen requirements to remove both the easily and slowly biodegradable fractions were determined. Dividing the substrate into different parts according to biodegradability allowed explanation of the influence of aeration rate on stabilization kinetics. Considering that the biodegradation kinetics were of the first-order, the kinetic constants of the easily and slowly biodegradable fractions were calculated as a function of temperature. The methodology presented here allows the comparison of organic wastes in terms of their content of easily and slowly biodegradable fractions and the respective biodegradation kinetics.     

Influence of aeration rate on nitrogen dynamics during composting

The paper aimed to study the influence of aeration rate on nitrogen dynamics during composting of wastewater sludge with wood chips. Wastewater sludge was sampled at a pig slaughterhouse 24h before each composting experiment, and mixtures were made at the same mass ratio. Six composting experiments were performed in a lab reactor (300 L) under forced aeration. Aeration flow was constant throughout the experiment and aeration rates applied ranged between 1.69 and 16.63 L/h/kg DM of mixture. Material temperature and oxygen consumption were monitored continuously. Nitrogen losses in leachates as organic and total ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate, and losses in exhaust gases as ammonia were measured daily. Concentrations of total carbon and nitrogen i.e., organic nitrogen, total ammoniacal nitrogen, and nitrite and nitrate were measured in the initial substrates and in the composted materials. The results showed that organic nitrogen, which was released as NH4+/NH3 by ammonification, was closely correlated to the ratio of carbon removed from the material to TC/N(org) of the initial substrates. The increase of aeration was responsible for the increase in ammonia emissions and for the decrease in nitrogen losses through leaching. At high aeration rates, losses of nitrogen in leachates and as ammonia in exhaust gases accounted for 90-99% of the nitrogen removed from the material. At low aeration rates, those accounted for 47-85% of the nitrogen removed from the material. The highest concentrations of total ammoniacal nitrogen in composts occurred at the lowest aeration rate. Due to the correlation of ammonification with biodegradation and to the measurements of losses in leachates and in exhaust gases, the pool NH4+/NH3 in the composting material was calculated as a function of time. The nitrification rate was found to be proportional to the mean content of NH4+/NH3 in the material, i.e., initial NH4+/NH3 plus NH4+/NH3 released by ammonification minus losses in leachates and in exhaust gases. The aeration rate was shown to be a main parameter affecting nitrogen dynamics during composting since it controlled the ammonification, the ammonia emission and the nitrification processes.     

Characteristics of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge co-composting

The purpose of this work is to study the characteristics of the co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS). Four main influencing factors (aeration pattern, proportion of MSW and SS, aeration rate and mature compost (MC) recycling) were systematically investigated through changes of temperature, oxygen consumption rate, organic matters, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, nitrogen loss, sulphur and hydrogen. We found that a continuous aeration pattern during composting was superior to an intermittent aeration pattern, since the latter delayed the composting process. A 3:1 (v:v) mixture of MSW and SS was most beneficial to composting. It maintained the highest temperature for the longest duration and achieved the fastest organic matter degradation and highest N content in the final composting product. A 0.5L/minkgVS aeration rate best ensured rapid initiation and maintained moderate moisture content for microorganisms. After the mature MC was recycled to the fresh materials as a bulking agent, the structure and moisture of the initial materials were improved. A higher proportion of MC resulted in quicker decrease of the temperature, oxygen consumption rate and moisture. Therefore a 3:1:1 (v:v:v) proportion of MSW: SS: MC is recommended.     

气升式环流生物反应器处理废水厌氧过程研究

采用气升式环流生物反应器处理模拟废水。周期性通入空气和氮气来实现厌氧一好氧交替过程。对厌氧一好氧过程和普通好氧过程进行了对比,研究了厌氧处理时间和曝气速率对生物除磷效果的影响。结果表明,厌氧过程可以显著地增强生物除磷效果,与普通好氧过程相比,在进水总磷质量浓度为10mg／L时,磷的去除率可以提高30％,而COD的去除基本不受影响;适当延长厌氧处理时间和适当增大厌氧过程曝气速率可以改善厌氧环境及活性污泥性能,提高磷的去除率。     

Characterization and modelling of the heat transfers in a pilot-scale reactor during composting under forced aeration

The paper focused on the modelling of the heat transfers during composting in a pilot-scale reactor under forced aeration. The model took into account the heat production and the transfers by evaporation, convection between material and gas crossing the material, conduction and surface convection between gas and material in bottom and upper parts of the reactor. The model was adjusted thanks to the measurements practised during fifteen composting experiments in which five organic wastes were, each, composted under three constant aeration rates. Heat production was considered proportional to oxygen consumption rate and the enthalpy per mole oxygen consumed was assumed constant. The convective heat transfer coefficients were determined on basis of the continuous measurements of the temperatures of both the lid and the bottom part of the reactor. The model allowed a satisfying prediction of the temperature of the composting material. In most cases, the mean absolute discard between the experimental and the simulated temperatures was inferior to 2.5°C and the peaks of temperature occurred with less than 8h delay. For the half of the experiments the temperature discard between the simulated peak and the experimental one was inferior to 5°C. On basis of the calculation of a stoichiometric production of water through oxidation of the biodegradable organic matter, the simulation of water going out from material as vapour also allowed a rather satisfying prediction of the mass of water in final mixture. The influence of the aeration rate on every type of heat loss was characterized. Finally, the model was used to evaluate the impacts on material temperature caused by the change of the insulation thickness, the ambient temperature, take the lid away, the increase or the decrease of the mass of waste to compost.     

旋流气浮除油装置预处理含油污水

在河南油田开展旋流气浮除油装置的现场试验,考察进水流量和曝气量对旋流气浮除油装置除油效果的影响。试验结果表明:在进水流量为1.8 m³/h、曝气量为0.5 L/min时,除油率最高达到96.03%;在不添加任何药剂的条件下,装置处理效果稳定;连续运行6 d内,进水含油量为174.57~1 193.15 mg/L时,出水含油量可以保持在137.38 mg/L以下,除油率为58.58%~94.53%。     

Higher pH and faster decomposition in biowaste composting by increased aeration

Composting of source separated municipal biowaste has at several plants in Scandinavia been hampered by low pH. In this study the hypothesis that increased aeration would improve the process was tested in full-scale experiments at two large composting plants. The O2 concentrations were high (>15%) even at the low aeration rates, so the prevailing low pH was not due to an anaerobic process environment. In spite of this, increased aeration rates at the start of the process resulted in higher microbial activity, increased pH and a more stable compost product. At one plant the decomposition rate varied in proportion to the aeration rate, to the extent that the temperatures and O2 concentrations were similar during the early processes even though aeration rates varied between 10 and 50 m3/(h, m3 compost). However, increased aeration caused severe drying of the compost, but at one plant the addition of water was adequate to prevent drying. In conclusion, by increasing the aeration rates and adding water to compensate for drying, it was possible to shorten the time needed to produce a stable compost product and thus to increase the efficiency of the composting plants.