太湖西岸水质变化趋势及主要驱动因子

基于2009—2015年太湖西岸10个监测断面的8个水质指标数据,采用季节性Kendall检验法对其指标的浓度变化趋势进行分析,并用主成分分析法结合相关分析评价历年水质状况,分析影响太湖西岸水质的主要驱动因子。结果表明:(1)2009—2015年太湖西岸COD下降趋势显著,DO非显著上升,电导率、高锰酸盐指数、BOD5、氨氮、TP和TN均表现为高度显著下降趋势。(2)主成分分析从原始信息中提取出两个主成分,共解释了73.645%的结果,分别代表水质氮磷营养盐和有机污染。综合得分表明,2009—2015年太湖西岸水质呈逐年改善趋势。水质污染在空间上表现为北部向南部递减的趋势。(3)相关分析表明,氨氮和COD是影响该区域水质的主要驱动因子。     

基于模糊权物元理论的地下水水质评价模型构建及应用

在物元分析的基础上,结合模糊权重理论与层次分析方法,构建用于评价地下水水质的模糊权物元分析模型。应用此模型对徐州市的重要水源地——张集水源地的地下水水质进行了综合评价。选取数据较为完整的20个监测井的监测数据进行评价。结果表明,研究区的20个采样点水质为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的占95%,绝大多数地下水水质较好,符合饮用水的要求。与投影寻踪法和模糊概率法的评价结果比较发现,得出的评价结果与以上2种评价结果基本一致。     

对近年太湖出湖河道断面的水质评价

依据GB3838--2002（地表水环境质量标准》，采用模糊综合评价方法，分析了太湖出湖河道某断面近10年来的水质状况，并且与W值法的评价结果进行了对比。结果表明，两种方法评价结果比较吻合，模糊综合评价法的实用性更强，并反映出水体的主要污染因子是氨氮，故加强沿湖地区的污染源治理、实施污染物总量控制，是对该地区实施污染减排的有效措施。     

基于分类别评价方法的水源地水质污染特征分析

根据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中水质指标分类控制要求,对其中的基本项目采用灰色关联加权法,对水源地补充、特定项目应用单因子评价法,由此提出一种水源地水质污染变化特征综合分析的新方法,并以贵州省盘县白河沟水库饮用水源地2005、2008、2011、2013年水质监测数据进行综合评价和污染变化特征实证分析。采用分类别法评价的结果表明:2005—2013年,白河沟水库基本项目所有监测因子和超标因子均表现为水质持续提高的趋势;2005、2008、2011、2013年所有监测因子的水质综合评价结果分别处于GB 3838—2002的Ⅱ、Ⅱ、Ⅱ和Ⅰ类,超标因子分别处于Ⅴ、Ⅳ、Ⅳ和Ⅲ类;水源地补充、特定项目中,硝酸盐氮、铁、锰污染经治理后达标,而苯并芘超标2.5~1.0×10~3倍,仍然是白河沟水库的污染特征因子。     

3S技术在太湖富营养化和蓝藻水华分布规律中的应用研究

应用3S技术,采用营养状态指数法、蓝藻水华分级评价方法以及蓝藻水华发生频率分析方法,对2010—2013年太湖富营养化状况和太湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律进行分析和研究,以期为太湖富营养化控制和蓝藻水华预警、监控工作提供技术支持,同时为太湖水环境治理提供科学依据。实践证明,3S技术能快速、全面、直观地反映太湖富营养化状况和蓝藻水华时空分布规律。结果表明:(1)2010—2013年太湖处于轻度富营养状态,太湖富营养化呈现西北高、东南低的分布规律;(2)2010—2013年,全太湖小型蓝藻水华发生次数最多,蓝藻水华级别越高,发生次数越少;(3)年际变化上,蓝藻水华发生次数总体趋于平稳,蓝藻水华发生呈现"小型多发、中大型少发、重大型偶发"趋势,蓝藻水华发生规模呈显著缩小趋势;(4)月际变化上,8月和9月是太湖蓝藻水华的高发月份,9月蓝藻水华发生规模最大;(5)空间变化上,太湖西部沿岸是太湖蓝藻水华首次爆发最频繁的水域,太湖西部沿岸区尤其宜兴沿岸是蓝藻水华爆发频率最高的水域。     

阜新市大气质量评价及其有效性的研究

为了解阜新市2008—2012年的大气质量,就主要指标总悬浮颗粒物、二氧化硫和二氧化氮浓度并结合国家相关标准对这5年的大气数据进行了分析。分析方法为改进属性识别模型,该模型结合属性识别理论模型,同时运用变异系数法计算权重,从而对属性识别的评价模型进行改进。使用该模型分析了这5年大气质量的变化情况,并与综合污染指数法和模糊综合评价法进行了结果比较,阐述了该方法与这两种方法的优点。结果表明,按污染程度从轻到重排序为2012年2011年2009年2008年2010年,阜新市大气质量趋于好转。     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

鄱阳湖水环境现状评价及趋势特征分析

基于鄱阳湖湖区2008—2013年的水质监测数据,对鄱阳湖的水质现状及营养化水平进行评价,采用季节性Kendall检验法对鄱阳湖多年水质进行趋势分析。结果表明,2013年鄱阳湖湖区TP、TN普遍超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅲ类标准,富营养化状况在枯水期为轻度重营养化水平,丰水期为中度营养化水平。14个监测点位的氨氮浓度无明显变化,4个监测点位氨氮呈下降趋势;TP浓度总体呈下降趋势,说明水质状况有所好转,但湖区多数监测点位的TP年平均浓度超过GB 3838—2002中的Ⅲ类标准,未来仍需加强对鄱阳湖TP的控制。     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法，对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点，确定了8个指标作为评价因子，建立了评价因素矩阵，计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上，提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别，证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

模糊物元识别模型在巢湖水体富营养化评价中的应用研究

选取TN、TP、Chl-a、COD、BOD5、DO和SD等7项指标,应用模糊物元识别模型对2000~2007年巢湖的12个水质监测点的富营养化等级进行了模糊识别。通过与巢湖同期水质浓度变化及其分布区域进行对比分析,验证了模糊物元识别模型在巢湖水体富营养化评价中的适用性。巢湖富营养化评价结果表明,2000~2007年富营养化呈逐年加重的趋势,据采样点模糊物元计算结果得知西巢湖(1#~6#)的富营养化状况比东巢湖(7#~12#)更严重,西巢湖贴近度最高值为0.9974,接近极富营养状态,而东巢湖的最高值仅为0.5866。从年际变化上看,2000~2007年东巢湖富营养化状况变化不大,营养状态级处在较低的水平,而西巢湖的富营养状况变化则较大,营养状态级则处在较高水平。     

企业环境绩效模糊综合评价

环境绩效评估指标体系的建立是企业环境绩效评估的关键环节.目前,中国指标体系方面已有一定的理论基础,但还不完善.为此,借鉴国外现有成果,建立中国企业环境绩效评估指标体系,并应用模糊综合法进行评价.     

Ecotoxicological evaluation of pig slurry

Swine sewage could be source of nutrients and pollutants. This work estimates the environmental risk in nine samples from different farm treatment systems based on the evaluation of their effects in Daphnia magna acute test, and on the assessment of Cu, Zn and ammonia as main contributors. NH3 and Cu were responsible for LC50 results (1-5% of dilution). Organic compounds were quantified through several extraction methods (SPMDs, SPE and solvent extraction). A more exhaustive extraction was performed in an additional sample, which showed indole and phenol recoveries much higher than the previous ones. This method also includes PCBs (430 ppb) and fatty acids (approximately =150 ppm) quantification.     

Mutagenicity evaluation of chemical pesticides

Abstract

Over the last few decades, the use of chemical pesticides has increased dramatically in the U.S. This relatively sudden increase greatly concerns the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), since it has the responsibility for ensuring the safety of all pesticides used in the U.S. In response to this concern, EPA has established a review program, the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR), for periodically reassessing the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of pesticide compounds.

This paper presents a review and evaluation of the data reported in the literature on six chemical pesticides suspect for mutagenic potential. The pesticide chemicals discussed are maleic hydrazide; rotenone; monuron; diallate; triallate, and benomyl.     

Ecotoxicity evaluation of selected sulfonamides

Sulfonamides (SAs) are a group of antibiotic drugs widely used in veterinary medicine. The contamination of the environment by these pharmaceuticals has raised concern in recent years. However, knowledge of their (eco)toxicity is still very basic and is restricted to just a few of these substances. Even though their toxicological analysis has been thoroughly performed and ecotoxicological data are available in the literature, a systematic analysis of their ecotoxicological potential has yet to be carried out. To fill this gap, 12 different SAs were chosen for detailed analysis with the focus on different bacteria as well as non-target organisms (algae and plants). A flexible (eco)toxicological test battery was used, including enzymes (acetylcholinesterase and glutathione reductase), luminescent marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), soil bacteria (Arthrobacter globiformis), limnic unicellular green algae (Scenedesmus vacuolatus) and duckweed (Lemna minor), in order to take into account both the aquatic and terrestrial compartments of the environment, as well as different trophic levels. It was found that SAs are not only toxic towards green algae (EC₅₀ = 1.54-32.25 mg L⁻¹) but have even stronger adverse effect on duckweed (EC₅₀ = 0.02-4.89 mg L⁻¹) than atrazine - herbicide (EC₅₀ = 2.59 mg L⁻¹).     

Conjoint analysis for environmental evaluation

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Conjoint analysis and the related choice-modelling methods have been used for many years in marketing research to evaluate consumer behaviour and preferences for different kinds of product attributes. Recently, the number of applications in environmental science and management has started to grow. Conjoint analysis is found in many different forms, and the environmental studies evaluated in this review display the same range of methods as in other fields. The key characteristic of all these methods is that trade-offs are evaluated by jointly considering a number of important attributes. MAIN FEATURES: This paper is a review of the literature on environmental applications of conjoint analysis and assesses in which environmental area conjoint analysis has been most successful. The method and the design of the studies are reviewed as well. RESULTS: A total of 84 studies were found, dealing with environmental issues that were evaluated by conjoint analysis. The studies concern agriculture, ecosystem management, energy, environmental evaluation, forestry, land management, pollution, products, recreation, environmental risk analysis and waste management. DISCUSSION: Choice experiments seem to have a comparatively stronger position in environmental studies than elsewhere. Most of the environmental applications are related to natural resource management. This is somewhat surprising, but a number of reports have appeared also on product evaluation, which could be a key application area in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to marketing and transportation, the number of environmental conjoint studies is rather small but increasing, and the method has proven to work effectively in eliciting preferences on environmental issues. In environmental issues, experimenters often use choice experiments, especially concerning ecosystem management and environmental evaluations. When it comes to evaluating preferences concerning agriculture, forestry, energy and products, a more traditional approach of conjoint analysis is favoured. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Two new areas of application are identified in this review--environmental communication and expert elicitation. Conjoint analysis can thus be developed into a useful instrument for environmental risk analysis and communication, both of which are necessary for an efficient approach to risk governance.     

Ecotoxicological soil evaluation by FETAX

The frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a powerful and flexible bioassay that makes use of the embryos of the anuran Xenopus laevis. FETAX satisfies the requirements of low cost, reliability and reproducibility and, thanks to its three endpoints (i.e., mortality, teratogenicity and growth inhibition) can detect the xenobiotics that affect embryonic development. In this paper, we have used FETAX to evaluate samples of soils collected in an oil-contaminated area. Embryos were exposed directly to the soil to be tested. Particular attention was devoted to provide a statistical procedure for analysing mortality and malformation data as well as growth retardation.     

模糊综合评价法在矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力评估中的应用

为了合理利用土地、提高土地生产率、改善矿区及其周围的生态环境,对矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力进行了研究。阐述了模糊综合评价法的基本原理,并以南票矿区为例,选择了塌陷土地复垦潜力评价的二层树状结构因子,确定了隶属度函数、评价指标权重和评价集,得出了塌陷土地复垦潜力的评价结果。为其他矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力评价提供了理论依据。     

论环境政策评估的一般模式

环境政策评估的一般模式包括政策目标和因果关系分析、评估内容和标准、评估方案设计和实施、评估结论和政策建议4个部分内容.政策目标分析包括政策目标的表述、政策目标体系的分解等,因果关系分析包括政策设计的逻辑框架,并根据实际政策实施状况确认政策要素之间、干系人之间等的关系;评估的内容包括政策的效果、效率、公平性、回应性等方面...