基于普通克里格和投影寻踪模型的城市土壤重金属污染评价

作为城市生态环境的重要组成部分,城市土壤对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。然而,随着人类活动加剧,重金属元素成为城市土壤中具有重大影响的有毒污染物,尤其是铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)及其复合物在城市土壤污染中较为突出。为了探讨城市土壤中重金属的含量及污染空间分布特征,为城市环境治理和环境保护提供客观依据,以内江市城区为例,采集了203个表层土壤样本,利用单因子污染指数法、GIS技术结合投影寻踪模型评估了研究区不同土地利用方式下表层土壤铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)的污染特征及其空间污染程度。结果表明:(1)与国家二级标准限定值比较,镉元素的富集程度最大,锌元素次之,铜元素富集程度最小,铅元素无富集;(2)4种元素变异系数属于高度变异,其含量均受到人类活动的强烈影响;(3)土壤重金属综合污染指数均值表现为公共用地商业用地住宅用地工矿用地农业用地交通用地;(4)内江市城市土壤重金属污染程度的克里格插值评价等级为较清洁、轻污染,在空间展布上二者的面积比例为1.2∶1,内江市重金属综合污染水平较轻。投影寻踪模型为涉及多因素的城市土壤重金属污染评价提供了新思路。     

南京城市土壤的特性与重金属污染的研究

研究了南京市城市土壤母质组成、剖面结构、pH值、土壤质地、土壤有机质、重金属元素全量及其不同形态含量等理化性质和分布规律。结果表明，城市土壤母质来源复杂，剖面层次混乱，土壤反应石灰性、粗粒化、有机质含量升高和表聚现象较明显。城市土壤重金属污染较为严重。不同功能区的污染元素和污染程度有显著差异。综合污染程度以老工业区含量最高。依次为老居民区、商业区、风景区、城市广场、开发区。但各功能区土壤重金属的形态分异不明显。城市土壤的随机空间变异十分突出，无论是土壤性质还是重金属污染积累都如此。城市中可能存在一些高度污染的岛状区域，这在城市环境质量上必须予以密切关注。     

长沙、株洲和湘潭城市群土壤重金属分布特征

随着城市化进程的加快发展,城市扩张过程中对城市土壤地质环境造成的污染及所引起的人类健康问题越来越突出.近年来,全国许多城市及地区都开展了针对环境质量的土壤地质环境调查和评价,并取得了大量的基础资料.本研究采集长沙、株洲和湘潭城市群土壤样品,对土壤中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni含量进行监测,分析土壤重金属含量及污染现状,探讨土壤重金属含量的污染分布特征,并分析其内在联系,此外,在监测数据的基础上,对土壤重金属污染现状进行综合质量评价,为土壤环境保护、污染防治和利用提供理论依据和技术支持.     

广州市城市森林土壤重金属污染状况及其评价

城市森林土壤能储淤城市环境中的重金属污染元素,影响土壤环境质量.文章对广州市的城市森林区域中土壤重金属的污染状况进行研究,应用单项污染元素指数和综合污染指数对广州市城市森林土壤进行环境质量评价,结果表明:广州市机场高速林带林区土壤中As、Pb、Cd三重金属污染元素超标,广深铁路林带林区土壤中Cd重金属元素超标, 其他各林区严格控制环境重金属污染物未超标;帽峰山森林公园土壤重金属综合污染指数最低,表明森林群落对重金属污染元素的消减作用明显.土壤酶活性可以表征森林土壤中重金属污染状况,森林土壤中As、Cu、Zn含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关性;对可能影响城市森林土壤重金属含量因素的10个因子进行主成分分析,建立了城市森林土壤环境质量评价综合模型.     

城市工业用煤X荧光分析及重金属元素污染研究

燃煤是成都市重金属污染的一个重要来源,目前对成都燃煤中重金属元素含量与城市环境污染的相关性研究相对较少。文章以成都市城东工业区为研究对象,利用X荧光分析方法对煤样、煤渣、煤灰、表层土、深层土4种重金属元素进行定量分析,探讨了燃煤中重金属含量与城市土壤重金属污染的相关关系。结果表明,(1)成都市工业用煤原产地煤样重金属元素的含量不尽相同,因此,企业需合理选择煤源。(2)土壤重金属元素污染与工业用煤正相关,工业用煤中有害元素含量较高的对当地土壤的污染也比较严重,相反工业用煤中含量较少的元素在土壤中含量也较小。(3)热电厂燃煤对城市重金属污染的行为属性表现为,Pb属于直接污染大气和土壤,而Cu、Zn、Cr富集在煤渣样、煤灰样中在后期造成对城市土壤的污染。     

人为活动对城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染的影响——以武汉墨水湖为例

人类活动使得大量的重金属向水环境中排放,导致了城市湖泊严重的重金属污染.为了研究中国的工业化、城市化发展对城市水体重金属污染的影响,以武汉墨水湖为例,测定了沉积物中几种常见痕量重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr的含量和富集系数,并运用主成分分析对重金属的污染来源进行了初步探讨.结果表明,墨水湖表层沉积物重金属污染程度较重,主要受人为输入的影响;5种重金属在全湖区域上具有比较高的富集系数,尤以排污口为甚,排污口是重金属富集的主要区域.主成分分析表明,Pb可能主要来自于暴雨径流面源,而Cr可能主要来自于工矿企业的点源排放,其他3种金属则有着大小相当的点、面源输入贡献。以上结果表明,城市化和工业化进程已经给城市湖泊带来了很高的重金属污染负荷.     

太原市土壤重金属污染空间分布及评价

以太原市土壤作为研究对象,系统研究了太原市城市土壤及工业区土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的污染水平和分布,并对污染状况进行了评价.研究表明,太原市土壤中重金属的含量分别为Cr:35.35—848.80mg·kg-1,Ni:4.00—99.57 mg·kg-1,Cu:4.89—266.99 mg·kg-1,Zn:45.16—677.01 mg·kg-1,As:0.66—35.46 mg·kg-1,Cd:nd—1.00 mg·kg-1,Pb:15.61—1240.41 mg·kg-1.其中城市土壤重金属含量较低,工业区土壤重金属含量较高,受到多种重金属的复合污染.以土壤环境质量国家二级标准值作为评价标准,用单项污染指数和综合污染指数对太原市土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示太原市大部分城市土壤未受7种重金属污染,只有6.7%的地区处于轻污染水平;工业区土壤污染严重,污染程度从高至低为化工厂(重污染)热电厂(重污染)化肥厂(重污染)第一电厂(中度污染)建筑工地(中度污染)焦化厂(轻污染).7种重金属在太原市土壤中的空间分布规律不同,且均与工业区分布相关,工业区是太原城市土壤重金属污染的重要来源.     

北京市土壤和TSP中重金属分布特征及相关性研究

城市土壤、大气作为城市生态系统重要组成部分,是城市居民赖以生存的基本物质环境,其重金属污染一直是研究的热点。土地利用方式不同,受到的人类活动影响程度不同,其土壤、大气重金属分布不同。以北京市4个功能区（工业区、交通区、居民区和公园区）为研究对象,通过采集0~20、20~40、40~60 cm的土壤和TSP样品,使用电热板消解和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定样品中7种重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn的质量分数,分析土壤和TSP中重金属的空间分布特征及两者之间的相关关系,旨在正确认识人类活动对城市土壤、大气环境的影响,为北京市环境保护与治理提供理论依据。研究结果表明,（1）北京市土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均质量分数分别为2.62、61.34、11.87、533.82、23.45、24.36、116.42 mg·kg-1。从单因子污染指数来看,Cd、Zn 的平均质量分数超过国家《土壤环境质量标准》一级标准限值,污染指数分别为13.1、1.16。（2）空间上,表层土壤重金属元素含量总体表现为工业区、居民区、交通区的含量高于相对清洁的公园区。垂直剖面上,工业区、居民区及交通区的重金属总体上表现出弱的表聚性,公园区土壤表现为很好的原始性。（3）比较TSP中重金属质量浓度最高值与最低值的比值,从大到小依次为：Ni（4.73）>Pb（3.26）>Mn （2.85）>Cd（2.59）>Cu（2.19）>Cr（1.83）>Zn（1.46）。（4）北京市土壤和大气重金属元素之间的相关性不强,说明大气干湿沉降未使北京市土壤重金属含量产生显著变化。     

新疆“金三角”地区重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

以新疆"金三角"地区为研究对象,采集156份土壤样品,对土壤中6种重金属进行测定,采用土壤重金属富集系数和潜在生态风险指数对污染状况进行分析,运用相关性、地统计学和GIS技术对重金属空间分布和来源进行研究.结果表明,研究区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Ni的平均含量分别为54.44、107.18、0.76、21.78、17.32、40.63 mg·kg~(-1).富集系数结果表明Cd呈现中度富集,其余重金属为轻度富集.研究区土壤重金属潜在生态风险指数平均值为230.87,呈现为较高生态风险,Cd是最主要的生态风险因子.分析空间分布图和污染来源结果表明,研究区中东部重金属Cu,Zn,Pb和As含量较高,工业活动和城市人类活动是其主要来源;研究区西南部Ni含量较高,采矿和母质风化是其主要来源;Cd主要分布在研究区西南部和东北部,主要来源可能是农药、化肥的大量使用,地膜的广泛应用以及采矿产生的粉尘.     

川西北高原路侧土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

道路交通活动可导致道路两侧土壤重金属污染.为了解川西北高原路侧土壤重金属污染状况,以四川省阿坝州红原县为例,研究不同车流量区域路侧重金属镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)的分布特征与规律,并采用单项污染指数法、尼梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价公路交通导致的重金属污染情况.结果表明:车流量增加对区域路侧土壤重金属含量产生了一定程度的影响,路侧土壤Cd和Zn含量均高于高寒草甸土壤的背景值含量,并随车流量增加呈上升趋势.基于单项污染指数法的结果显示3种车流量等级区域路侧都受到Cd重度污染,部分区域受Ni、Pb、Zn轻度污染.基于尼梅罗综合污染指数法的结果显示车流量大的区域路侧土壤存在重金属中度污染,车流量中等和车流量低的区域路侧土壤存在重金属轻度污染.总体上,由于本地区道路建设和使用年限相对较短,与其他重金属污染严重的城市或地区比较,路侧重金属染污生态风险中等,但部分重金属元属(如Cd和Zn)的生态风险较大,随着道路使用年限的增加势必对当地生态平衡产生影响,需引起重视.     

Ecological risk assessment from the perspective of soil heavy metal accumulations in Xiamen city,China

Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of rising concern in many cities in China undergoing rapid urbanization. Here, we evaluate the severity of soil contamination by four heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead) at 146 urban and suburban sites within the city of Xiamen, Fujian, China. A multivariate regression model was proposed and developed to simulate heavy metals accumulation in urban and suburban soils, to identify the concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils, and to assess ecological risks by 2020. Results showed that, overall, Xiamen soils should be subject to low ecological risks due to heavy metals contamination by 2020, the ecological risks for urban soils were greater than suburban soils, nearly half of Xiamen soils are at moderate ecological risks, and many suburban soils experience low ecological risks. The methods demonstrate the potential to predict future ecological risks from heavy metals contamination which could inform pollution prevention and control measures.     

Current state of heavy metal contents in Vienna soils

This study presents the current state of heavy metal contents in both urban and forest soils within the city area of Vienna, Austria. Based on a systematic survey of urban soils and on targeted sampling in forest areas, local and regional anomaly thresholds are derived using statistical methods and considering regional distribution patterns. For urban soils, local anomaly thresholds of elements Cu (60?mg/kg), Hg (0.5?mg/kg), Pb (100?mg/kg) and Zn (200?mg/kg) exceed national guideline values for uncontaminated urban soils and according to Austrian legislation fall into the category “anthropogenic contamination present but no damage to plants, animals or humans detectable”. In forest soils within the city, thresholds are very similar to reference values for similar geological settings outside the city, apart from higher concentrations of elements Cr and Ni (threshold values of 107 and 64?mg/kg, respectively). Grouping urban soils according to land use reveals that Cd contents are 25?% higher, Pb contents 36?% higher, in traffic and industrial areas than in parks and like Cu, Hg and Zn, these elements can be shown to be at least partly caused by anthropogenic contamination. A dependency between heavy metal concentrations in soils and underlying geological units is shown within the flysch zone at the western city margin where the contents of elements Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and V are controlled by geology and reveal distinct differences between geological units. In built-up areas, no clear dependency between heavy metal contents in soils and geology is evident as urban soils represent accumulations by anthropogenic activity rather than in situ weathering products of underlying sediments.     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅱ．分布于人居环境（村镇）内的电子废物拆解作坊及其附近农田的土壤重金属污染

电子废物拆解活动一般集中于村镇内靠近人居环境的区域,其污染对当地居民身体健康的影响最为直接.为了了解电子废物拆解活动所造成的重金属污染,对广东省清远市龙塘镇、石角镇内电子废物拆解作坊共29个表土样本以及附近农田33个土壤样本进行了取样,并分析了重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量.结果表明,龙塘镇电子废物拆解作坊表土中4种重金属的总含量平均值高达11086mg·kg-1,远高于电子废物焚烧迹地,其中Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd平均含量分别为3039.6、6371.5、1635.4和39.3mg·kg-1.从事电子废物拆解业历史较短的石角镇的拆解作坊表土中,4种重金属总含量和各金属平均含量均低于龙塘镇,显示出拆解历史越长,污染越严重的倾向.与焚烧工序相比,拆解工序中的Zn、Cd污染更为严重,Cu污染相近,Pb污染相对较低.在拆解作坊附近33个农田土壤样本中,Zn含量不超标,Cd含量超标最严重,超标率为78.8%,最大超标倍数达25.7倍,其次是Cu,超标率为63.7%,最大超标倍数达6.3倍,再次为Pb,超标率为48.5%,最大超标倍数为2.1倍.4种重金属的综合超标率达到81.8%.农田土壤中4种重金属与拆解作坊表土中重金属具有一定的同源性,并表现出共迁移特征.由此可见,研究地区大规模的电子废物拆解活动已对当地居民造成了严重的健康风险。     

工业城市不同功能区土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染及其健康风险评价

为了研究和评价工业城市不同功能区的土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染和健康风险状况,以株洲市为例,在工业区（石峰区）、农业区（芦淞区）和旅游区（大京风景区）分别采集土壤和蔬菜样品,分析重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的质量分数,并采用地质累积指数法（Igeo）和健康风险评价模型分别对土壤和蔬菜中重金属进行评价。结果表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的平均质量分数都超出湖南省土壤背景值,部分重金属甚至超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准。不同功能区土壤中重金属的地质累积指数（Igeo）表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中Cd和Hg的污染最为严重,污染程度依次是工业区〉农业区〉旅游区。不同功能区蔬菜中Cd、As、Pb和Zn的危害商（HQ）值都大于1.0,而Cu和Cr的危害商（HQ）都小于1.0。不同功能区蔬菜中重金属危害指数（HI）都大于10.0,尤其是工业区蔬菜的危害指数（HI）〉100.0,当地成年人食用受到重金属污染的蔬菜会导致严重的健康危害,其中Cd和As,是危害指数（HI）的主要贡献者,两者贡献率之和的范围为75%~89%,而Cr的贡献率几乎为0。     

新疆焉耆盆地农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价

为研究新疆焉耆盆地绿洲农田土壤重金属的污染及潜在健康风险,选取194个样点采集土壤样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn共7种重金属元素含量。利用地质累积指数(I_(geo))评价农田土壤污染水平,采用US EPA健康风险评价模型,对农田土壤重金属污染的潜在健康风险进行评估。结果表明,研究区农田土壤7种重金属平均含量均未超出《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》中的限值,但Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的1.67、1.41、1.30、3.01和6.78倍。农田土壤中Zn呈现轻度污染,Cd与Pb呈现轻微污染,As、Cr、Cu与Ni呈现无污染态势。健康风险评估结果表明,经手-口摄入是研究区农田土壤重金属日均暴露量及健康风险主要途径。农田土壤7种重金属通过3种暴露途径的非致癌风险商(HQ)与非致癌风险指数(HI),单项致癌风险指数(CR)与总致癌风险指数(TCR)均小于安全阈值,属于可接受风险水平。研究区农田土壤重金属对儿童的非致癌风险低于成人,致癌风险高于成人。研究区农田土壤中As与Pb是最主要的非致癌风险因子,As是最主要的致癌风险因子,研究区农田土壤中As对人体的健康风险应当引起重视。     

Heavy Metal Contamination and Distribution in the Urban Environment of Guangzhou, SE China

Ever-increasing heavy metal accumulation in the urban environment of Guangzhou, the largest light industrial production base and one of the most rapidly developing cities in China, poses a serious threat to environment as well as to human health in the region. As a sink or source, urban deposits are good indicators of the level and extent of heavy metal accumulation in the surface environment. The aim of this preliminary study was to examine the distribution of heavy metal contamination in the urban environment of Guangzhou. It was based on a systematic sampling of road dusts and corresponding gully sediments along major roads running mainly through commercial and residential to industrial districts of the city. In addition to road dusts and gully sediments, ceiling dusts from the Pearl River Tunnel were also collected to characterize anthropogenic emissions dominated by traffic-related activities. In general, the level of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contaminations were more severe on the industrialized side of Guangzhou than on the western side where heavy traffic and industrial activities were limited. The primary determinants of the level of heavy metal contamination and the distribution of this contamination in the urban environment of Guangzhou were the site-specific conditions of its urban setting, particularly the types of industries, the nature of the traffic flow, sample residence times and variations in grain size of the particulate contaminants. This study highlights the complexity of the urban system and indicates that in just such a system individual urban components should be interlinked to assess the long-term environmental and health effects of heavy metal contamination. Among the heavy metals tested – Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn – the level of Zn contamination was the most severe and widespread, and thus requires immediate attention.     

Heavy metal contamination in soils and food crops around Dabaoshan mine in Guangdong,China: implication for human health

This study was designed to investigate heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) contamination levels of soils, vegetables, and rice grown in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan mine, south China. The concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in paddy soil exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for Chinese agricultural soil. The heavy metal concentrations (mg kg⁻¹, dry weight basis) in vegetables ranged from 5.0 to 14.3 for Cu, 34.7 to 170 for Zn, 0.90 to 2.23 for Pb, and 0.45 to 4.1 for Cd. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in rice grain exceeded the maximum permissible limits in China. Dietary intake of Pb and Cd through the consumption of rice and certain vegetable exceeded the recommended dietary allowance levels. The status of heavy metal concentrations of food crops grown in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine and their implications for human health should be further investigated.     

Metal contamination of soils and dusts in Seoul metropolitan city,Korea

To investigate the dispersion patterns and the characteristics of heavy metal contamination due to urbanisation and industrialisation, soils and dusts collected from the Seoul area were analysed for Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd. The metal concentrations in most soils and dusts are higher than the world averages. The pollution index (( Metal concentrations in soils/Permissible level for metal)÷(Number of metals)) of soils and dusts is > 1 in most of the Seoul area, a result that concurs with the industrialisation and urbanisation index of the Seoul area. The soils are contaminated with Cu, Zn, Cd and particularly Pb. This suggests that the contamination of the soils in the Seoul area are mainly caused by vehicular emissions. The pollution index of soil is the highest in the Kuro area where Cu and Zn contamination in soils are due to the indigenous brass and bronze factories. From the discriminant analysis, the Seoul area may be partitioned into control, traffic and industrialized areas by the metal concentrations in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb.     

城市地表颗粒物重金属分布特征及其影响因素分析

城市地表颗粒物作为重金属的重要载体,严重危害城市人群和水体,已成为城市环境的重要研究对象。阐述了对地表颗粒物重金属的空间、粒径、赋存形态等分布特征及其影响因素进行系统分析的意义。通过对国内不同城市不同功能区的重金属（主要为：Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb）数据进行对比分析,各功能区重金属污染情况为：Cu、Pb：工业区〉商业区〉交通区〉居民区〉休闲区;Zn：工业区〉交通区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区;Cd：交通区〉工业区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区,同时各功能区中Zn、Pb含量波动性较大。整体上国内工业区、交通区和商业区地表颗粒物重金属污染严重。与我国的土壤重金属背景值相比,4种金属中Cd污染程度最为严重。探讨了与国外部分城市地表颗粒重金属污染特征之间的差异,指出国内城市重金属含量均值整体上低于欧美发达城市,而国内一线城市重金属含量明显偏高。系统分析了颗粒物重金属的粒级效应,赋存形态以及生物有效性。综述了城市交通活动（主要为交通流量、车辆行驶速度、变速频率、车辆类型、道路特征等）、降雨冲刷事件、雨前干燥期、大气风力作用、和其他因素对地表颗粒物重金属分布特征的影响。某种程度上,道路车辆的行驶速度和变速对颗粒物重金属累积的影响作用大于交通流量。不同降雨事件和雨前干燥期对重金属分布特征影响的研究结论不一,但地表颗粒对大气PM2.5重金属贡献较大。今后应在以下方面进一步加强对城市地表颗粒物重金属的研究：建立颗粒物粒径划分标准;加强重金属在降雨冲刷过程变化规律的分析;探讨地表颗粒物与大气颗粒物重金属转换关系;还应开展中小型城市,城乡结合部（城中村）地表颗粒物重金属污染特性研究。     

Risk assessment for safety of soils and vegetables around a lead/zinc mine

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) were determined in soils and vegetables (chrysanthemum, spinach and four cultivars of Chinese cabbage from the area adjacent to a Pb/Zn mine in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China, and compared with the Chinese National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality. The accumulation of heavy metals in cabbage cv. Siyuegreen was investigated at different distances from the center of the mine. The vegetable plantation soils were polluted with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, especially by Pb and Cd. The levels of Pb and Cd were 20 and 30 times higher than the permitted standards, indicating that this Pb/Zn mining area is unsuitable for agricultural use. Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum and spinach had different enrichment coefficients. The enrichment coefficient of Cd from soil to roots of chrysanthemum was >80% and from roots to leaves of cabbage cv. Shanghaigreen was >120%. These vegetables were polluted by heavy metals and could not be regarded as safe for human consumption. Environmental accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetable plantation soils was proportional to heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and both were inversely proportional to the distance from the lead/zinc mine.