置障空间可燃气体火焰传播特性数值模拟研究

为揭示置障管道内丙烷浓度对火焰传播特性影响,借助ANSYS Fluent软件,利用Zimont燃烧模型开展了置障管道内不同丙烷浓度预混气体燃爆规律的大涡模拟研究。结果表明:在阻塞率为0,0.5,0.7,0.9障碍物管道中火焰锋面速度峰值均随给定初始浓度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且峰值速度随阻塞率的增大而增大,丙烷体积分数为4.5%、阻塞率为0.9时,火焰传播峰值速度可达178.93 m/s;阻塞率越大,涡团规模越大,导致流场紊乱程度增大,湍流脉动增强,火焰面与流场相互作用,促使火焰面褶皱破碎,加速了已燃气体与未燃气体分子间的无规则运动,对燃烧反应起到激励作用;数值模拟结果直观展示了火焰传播进程及火焰结构的发展细节。     

障碍物与管道壁面间距比对瓦斯爆炸传播特性的影响

运用自建瓦斯爆炸实验平台,对障碍物与管道壁面间距比变化下的瓦斯爆炸特性进行实验研究。结果表明:随着障碍物与管道壁面间距比的增加,预混气体的爆炸压力和平均火焰传播速度都有一定程度的增大,其中当障碍物与管道两侧壁面间距比相同时,对爆炸火焰传播特性的影响最大;相比于其他阻塞率的障碍物,间距比的改变对阻塞率50%的障碍物爆炸压力增幅比最大,对比间距比为0时的爆燃压力,间距比为0.25和0.5时的爆燃压力分别增加了55.6%,101.8%。研究结果可为工业和井下设备的设计、安装提供实验依据,具有一定的理论和现实指导意义。     

障碍物对火焰传播过程影响数值模拟

采用CFD软件AutoReaGas建立典型的物理模型及数值模型来研究管道内障碍物对可燃气体爆炸火焰传播的影响规律。结果表明,障碍物间距、阻塞率的改变会对爆炸场内的火焰传播速率产生巨大影响。障碍物间距的改变对火焰传播速率的影响是一个先增大后减小的过程;低阻塞率下,火焰传播速度较低。但随着阻塞率的增大可燃气体爆炸火焰传播速度得到明显的增大。为障碍物对可燃气体爆炸传播规律的影响的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

置障管道内天然气爆炸过程微观特性数值模拟研究

为揭示障碍物对于火焰传播过程中的激励作用,采用Zimont火焰面模型对内置不同阻塞率障碍物的密闭管道内天然气-空气预混气体的燃爆过程进行数值模拟,结果表明障碍物对于天然气燃爆过程中火焰传播的激励作用明显,火焰传播经历了从层流向湍流的转变过程,70%阻塞率时激励作用达到最大,火焰前锋速度达到了1 156 m/s,管道内最大爆炸压力达到1.02 MPa;火焰传播至障碍物处时,不同阻塞率障碍物场中湍流动能峰值变化趋势基本一致,且高湍流动能区的分布与湍流动能峰值发生剧烈变化。     

长管中立体障碍物对瓦斯爆炸特性影响的研究

管道内可燃气体火焰传播与障碍物相互作用的过程的研究对爆炸场所预估和防爆工程设计具有重要的意义,在实际生产、生活中,火焰传播方向上的障碍物往往具有立体结构,基本没有平面结构,因此,利用长管密闭容器,在立体障碍物存在的条件下,研究了瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度。研究结果表明:随着障碍物数量的增加,瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度随之增大;阻塞率增加,瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度出现先增大后减小的现象,当阻塞率为50%时,其爆炸压力和火焰传播速度达到最大;障碍物的摆放形式对瓦斯爆炸压力和火焰传播速度也有一定的影响。     

条形障碍物对瓦斯爆炸特性影响研究

我国煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故不断出现,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失,在置障条件下研究瓦斯爆炸特性,对预防和减少瓦斯爆炸事故具有重要意义。利用水平管道式爆炸试验装置,研究密闭管道内条形障碍物的数量和阻塞率对管道内瓦斯最大爆炸压力、火焰速度、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数的影响以及敞口状态的影响。研究表明:障碍物对瓦斯爆炸具有显著激励作用,管道内瓦斯最大爆炸压力、火焰速度、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数均显著增大,随着障碍物数量和阻塞率的增加,激励作用越明显;敞口状态下管道内最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数均显著减小,火焰持续传播。研究结果对防治煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故提供一定的理论支持。     

复杂多孔结构对丙烷爆炸的影响

为了揭示复杂多孔障碍物对丙烷/空气爆炸动力学参数的影响，采用小尺寸爆炸管道，运用高速摄像技术和数据采集手段，分析不同试验条件下火焰穿越复杂多孔障碍物前后的形态及管内压力变化。结果表明：受复杂多孔障碍物的影响，爆炸火焰穿过障碍物时，会触发Richtmyer Meshkov不稳定性，火焰失稳，形态复杂；随着障碍物阻塞率的增加，爆炸火焰到达障碍物所在位置的时间减小；复杂多孔障碍物对爆炸火焰有明显的激励作用，火焰传播速度随障碍物阻塞率的增加而增加；在所有试验中，火焰传播速度均在0.4～0.5 m的管段攀升至最大；障碍物阻塞率增加，管道出口端的最大爆炸压力增加，达到最大爆炸压力所需的时间增加，爆燃指数随障碍物上圆孔的间距增加而增加。     

立体结构障碍物对甲烷预混火焰传播影响的研究

使用自行设计的火焰加速试验系统,研究了3种立体结构障碍物对管道内预混火焰传播速度和超压的影响。选用长方体、正四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比均为40%。结果表明,管道内障碍物对火焰传播的初始阶段起阻碍作用,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物加速火焰传播过程。有障碍物时管道内最大火焰传播速度和峰值超压比无障碍物时要大。随着点火距离的增大,管道中最大火焰传播速度和超压先变大后减小。当障碍物位于约6倍管径处时,对管道中火焰传播速度和超压影响最大。点火距离的改变对火焰传播速度的影响大于对管道内超压的影响。     

5种结构障碍物对火焰传播影响的试验研究

为了研究障碍物结构对预混甲烷管道内火焰传播速度和峰值超压的影响,自行设计一套火焰加速系统。在火焰加速管道上安装光电传感器和压力传感器分别测定火焰传播速度和超压,试验中选取5种结构障碍物,即平板、长方体、三棱柱、四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比分别为20%,40%和60%3种。研究结果表明:初始阶段障碍物阻碍火焰传播,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物能显著加速火焰传播。随着阻塞比增加,相同结构障碍物的火焰传播速度总体上不断增加,而峰值超压先变大后减小。相同阻塞比下,平板、三棱柱对火焰传播速度和超压影响相对较大;长方体居中;圆柱、四棱柱对增加火焰传播速度和超压作用相对较小。较小阻塞比障碍物管道内超压与无障碍物管道中的超压相比显著增加,但此后,管道中超压随阻塞比变化不明显。     

障碍物管道中预混火焰传播物理机理的试验研究

研究氢气/空气预混火焰加速过程的物理机理对氢气爆炸灾害预防和控制有重要意义。采用压力-时间记录法和纹影法两种测试方法,开展了常温常压下二元燃料氢气/丙烷和空气混合气体在带有阻塞比为0.5的孔板形障碍物、40 mm×40 mm×3 000 mm的方管中预混火焰传播物理机理的试验研究。结果表明,由压力传感器所测的火焰传播速度沿管道轴线方向先增加后逐渐减小。通过纹影法所测的火焰传播速度在可视化范围内逐渐增加。火焰加速初始阶段的主要物理机理是火焰表面积增加、燃烧产物膨胀和障碍物间的延迟燃烧等。     

Effects of multiple annular obstacles on flame propagation of local corn starch dust in a vertical pipe

With high-speed camera technology, the propagation behavior of explosion flame for the local dust cloud of corn starch in a semi-open vertical pipe under the action of the annular obstacle was studied experimentally, and the blockage rate and the annular obstacle numbers as well as impact of dust cloud concentration on the flame propagation were investigated. The researches showed that both the blockage rate and the annular obstacle numbers have significant effects on the flame speed and propagation process for the dust cloud explosion of corn starch. The increase of the blockage rate of such annular obstacles will cause that the combustion of dust cloud with high concentration is mainly concentrated in the lower part of the pipe. The increase of the annular obstacle numbers will lead to the acceleration of combustion of the dust cloud. With the increase of the blockage rate and the annular obstacle numbers, the maximum flame speed shows a trend of the first increasing and then decreasing, and the phenomenon of accelerated propagation of the flame becomes more and more obvious, however, the distance of continuous acceleration for the flame is gradually decreased and the maximum flame speed is farther from the outlet of the pipe. Under the action of such annular obstacles, the concentration of dust cloud has a significant effect on the flame speed and shape of the dust cloud of the corn starch. The increase of the concentration of the dust cloud will decrease the acceleration effect of such annular obstacles to result in maximum flame speed showing a trend of the first increasing and then decreasing. However, the acceleration distance of the flame is longer, and the maximum flame speed is closer to the outlet of the pipe. The increasing concentration will make the flame speed develop more slowly, the flame color will be darker, and the flame segmentation phenomenon will be more obvious.     

LES – DFSD modelling of vented hydrogen explosions in a small-scale combustion chamber

Accidental explosions are a plausible danger to the chemical process industries. In the event of a gas explosion, any obstacles placed within the path of the flame generate turbulence, which accelerates the transient flame and raises explosion overpressure, posing a safety hazard. This paper presents numerical studies using an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for lean premixed hydrogen/air flame propagations with an equivalence ratio of 0.7. A laboratory-scale combustion chamber is used with repeated solid obstacles. The transient compressible large eddy simulation (LES) modelling technique combined with a dynamic flame surface density (DFSD) combustion model is used to carry out the numerical simulations in three-dimensional space. The study presented uses eight different baffle configurations with two solid obstructions, which have area blockage ratios of 0.24 and 0.5. The flame speed, maximum rate of pressure-rise as well as peak overpressure magnitude and timing are presented and discussed. Numerical results are validated against available published experimental data. It is concluded that, increasing the solid obstacle area blockage ratio and the number of consecutive baffles results in a raised maximum rate of pressure rise, higher peak explosion overpressure and faster flame propagation. Future model development would require more experimental data, probably in a more congested configuration.     

水平管道内障碍物数量对瓦斯爆炸过程的影响研究

为了研究水平管道内障碍物数量对瓦斯爆炸的影响,利用自制的水平管道式气体爆炸试验装置,选用阻塞率为60%的圆环型障碍物,在常温常压下对管道内障碍物数量分别为1片、3片、5片和7片时瓦斯(试验气体为甲烷与空气的混合物,下同)爆炸过程进行试验研究。结果表明:瓦斯的爆炸压力及其上升速率均随障碍物数量的增加呈先增后减的变化规律,而火焰传播速度则随着障碍物数量的增加单调递增,但递增幅度逐渐减小。在密闭置障管道内瓦斯的爆炸压力及其上升速率随测试位置长径比的增大先减小后增大,而火焰传播速度则随测试位置长径比的增大单调递减。     

Experimental study on DDT for hydrogen–methane–air mixtures in tube with obstacles

An experimental study of flame propagation, acceleration and transition to detonation in stoichiometric hydrogen–methane–air mixtures in 6 m long tube filled with obstacles located at different configurations was performed. The initial conditions of the hydrogen–methane–air mixtures were 1 atm and 293 K. Four different cases of obstacle blockage ratio (BR) 0.7, 0.6, 0.5 and 0.4 and three cases of obstacle spacing were used. The wave propagation was monitored by piezoelectric pressure transducers PCB. Pressure transducers were located at different positions along the channel to collect data concerning DDT and detonation development. Tested mixtures were ignited by a weak electric spark at one end of the tube. Detonation cell sizes were measured using smoked foil technique and analyzed with Matlab image processing toolbox. As a result of the experiments the deflagration and detonation regimes and velocities of flame propagation in the obstructed tube were determined.     

Flame acceleration in tube explosions with up to three flat-bar obstacles with variable obstacle separation distance

The effect of obstacle separation distance on the severity of gas explosions has received little methodical study. It was the aim of this work to investigate the influence of obstacle spacing of up to three flat-bar obstacles. The tests were performed using methane-air (10% by vol.), in an elongated vented cylindrical vessel 162 mm internal diameter with an overall length-to-diameter, L/D, of 27.7. The obstacles had either 2 or 4 flat-bars and presenting 20% blockage ratio to the flow path. The different number of flat-bars for the same blockage achieved a change of the obstacle scale which was also part of this investigation. The first two obstacles were kept at the established optimum spacing and only the spacing between the second and third obstacles was varied. The profiles of maximum flame speed and overpressure with separation distance were shown to agree with the cold flow turbulence profile determined in cold flows by other researchers. However, the present results showed that the maximum effect in explosions is experienced at 80 to 100 obstacle scales about 4 times further downstream than the position of maximum turbulence determined in the cold flow studies. Similar trends were observed for the flames speeds. In both cases the optimum spacing between the second and third obstacles corresponded to the same optimum spacing found for the first two obstacles demonstrating that the optimum separation distance does not change with number of obstacles. In planning the layout of new installations, the worst case separation distance needs to be avoided but incorporated when assessing the risk to existing set-ups. The results clearly demonstrate that high congestion in a given layout does not necessarily imply higher explosion severity as traditionally assumed. Less congested but optimally separated obstructions can lead to higher overpressures.     

障碍物对油气-空气混合气体泄压爆炸火焰传播特性影响

为了研究障碍物对油气泄压爆炸火焰传播特性的影响规律,进行了不同数量障碍物工况下的对比实验,并利用纹影仪和高速摄影仪记录了火焰传播过程,针对障碍物对火焰形态、火焰锋面位置及火焰传播速度的影响规律进行了研究,结果表明:圆柱体障碍物会导致油气泄压爆炸火焰形态产生褶皱和弯曲变形,诱导层流火焰向湍流火焰转变,加速火焰的传播,对油气泄压爆炸火焰的初始传播形态有显著影响;随着障碍物数量的增多,火焰锋面传播距离点火端的最大距离增大,但到达最远距离的时间减少;障碍物能够增强火焰的传播速度,尤其对障碍物下游火焰影响最为显著,随着障碍物数量的增多,火焰传播的最大速度也随之增大,但达到最大火焰传播速度的时间却随之减少;障碍物的存在增大了油气泄压爆炸过程外部爆炸压力,并且随着障碍物数量的增多,外部爆炸压力峰值增长幅度增大。     

Solution adaptive CFD simulation of premixed flame propagation over various solid obstructions

This paper presents the results of a number of calculations carried out in order to simulate combustion past obstacles of different shape and blockage ratio. The obstacle shapes considered are circles, squares, triangles and flat plates. Two-dimensional simulations are carried out with the McNEWT code. The code solves the reacting flow field with a laminar flamelet model on an unstructured mesh. Adaptive mesh refinement is applied so that the flame front is accompanied by mesh refinement throughout the calculation domain. A transition from laminar to turbulent combustion induced by passage past the obstacle is seen in the simulations. Evidence for the transition is found in the change in flame shape, flame speed and pressure. The simulations are compared with experimental data and there is good agreement between experiment and simulation.     

球形障碍物对瓦斯爆燃火焰影响试验研究

为进一步开发煤矿井下瓦斯爆炸事故的隔抑爆技术装备,利用截面为0.2 m×0.2 m的方形管道、纹影仪和高速摄像机,开展无障碍物时和球形障碍物存在情况下的瓦斯爆燃传播试验。研究发现,无障碍物时,密闭管道内爆燃火焰的结构和传播速度受反射压力波的影响很大,湍流火焰、化学反应作用能力与反射压力波的相互作用是造成火焰传播速度变化的主要原因;球形障碍物存在时,火焰受扰动后被拉伸为前锋、中锋和尾锋,前锋速度最快,尾锋最慢;火焰前锋从经过障碍物开始整体呈加速趋势,与无障碍物相比,通过观察段的时间明显缩短。