小分子有机物对自养型氧化硫硫杆菌与异养型胶红酵母菌共培养的影响

在污泥生物淋滤过程中起主要作用的微生物是嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans),污泥中大量的可溶性小分子有机物对氧化硫硫杆菌的生长有抑制作用,而异养型胶红酵母菌(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)对这些小分子有机物具有吸收和降解作用。通过研究小分子有机物对自养型氧化硫硫杆菌与异养型胶红酵母共培养的影响,探寻能加快生物淋滤进程,缩短生物淋滤周期的方法。采用复合菌体系(氧化硫硫杆菌和胶红酵母菌)和单菌体系(氧化硫硫杆菌)的比较实验,探讨了乙酸、丙酸、柠檬酸、草酸和腐殖酸5种小分子有机物对自养型氧化硫硫杆菌和异养型胶红酵母菌共培养的影响。结果表明:乙酸、丙酸、柠檬酸、草酸和腐殖酸5种小分子有机物对氧化硫硫杆菌的生长及氧化产酸能力均有一定的抑制作用,其抑制作用大小顺序为乙酸丙酸腐殖酸草酸柠檬酸,但实验后期抑制作用都有所消减;在实验前期复合菌体系的氧化硫硫杆菌氧化产酸能力均好于单菌体系,而在实验后期,复合菌体系与单菌体系变化差距逐渐缩小;有机物的分子量越小,对氧化硫硫杆菌的影响越大,胶红酵母菌消除有机物对氧化硫硫杆菌的抑制作用越明显。因此,胶红酵母菌与氧化硫硫杆菌的共培养在一定程度上能有效加快生物淋滤进程,缩短淋滤周期,提高淋滤效率,在污泥生物淋滤技术中有着良好的应用前景。     

伯胺N1923萃取一元有机酸的研究

考察了伯胺Ｎ１９２３对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸以氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸等一元有机酸的萃取、萃取反应属离子缔合机理,有机相中主要生成１：１的萃合物。探讨了有机酸种类、稀释剂性质、温度和无机盐等对萃取的影响。     

离子色谱/电导检测泡菜废水中8种有机酸

近年来,泡菜废水对环境的污染不断加剧.泡菜废水具有高盐度、高氮磷及高有机物含量的特点.泡菜的生产是以乳酸发酵为主的微生物发酵过程,含有大量有机酸.通过对有机酸的分析,可以更准确地掌握泡菜废水的化学成分.泡菜废水有机酸的测定鲜有报道.本文利用离子色谱仪通过梯度淋洗对泡菜废水中乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、甲酸、丁酸、戊酸、草酸和柠檬酸等8种有机酸进行了分析,取得了较好效果.1实验部分1.1仪器和试剂离子色谱仪ICS-900(DIONEX,美国),淋洗液发生器RFC-30,阴离子分析柱IonP ac AS11-HC(4 mm×250 mm),阴离     

一元有机酸的络合萃取研究

本文考察了不同稀释剂中磷酸三丁酯（ＴＢＰ）和甲基异丁基酮（ＭＩＢＫ）的甲酸，乙酸，丙酸，丁酸及氯乙酸，二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸等一元有机酸的萃取，萃取反应属中性络合萃取机理，有机相中生成１：１的萃合物，同时，探讨了各因素（有机酸种类、稀释剂性质、温度和无机盐）对萃取的影响，得到了萃取反应的平衡常数，热力学函数和萃取性能与有机酸性质间的关系方程等。     

利用化学浸提剂去除拟疏浚物中的重金属Cu和Zn

采用搅拌、曝气试验研究了草酸、EDTA等试剂对厦门西海域马銮湾外湾拟疏浚物中重金属Cu、Zn的去除效果.并通过分批提取实验研究了草酸浸提拟疏浚物中Cu和Zn的影响因素如浓度、pH、固液比、提取时间等的影响.结果表明,Cu、Zn的螯合提取率随草酸溶液浓度的增加而增大,草酸溶液浓度为0.2mol·l-1为较适宜浓度;随反应时间增加而增大,反应时间24h可达到较好的处理效果;随pH降低而增大,结合实际处理pH值可选择3左右;随固液比降低而增大,固液比1:50处理效果较佳。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤微生物碳源代谢特征的影响

应用MicroResp~(TM)方法研究了4种低分子量有机酸作用下土壤微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢特征.结果表明,甲酸、草酸、柠檬酸处理下土壤微生物碳源总利用率均高于对照,苯甲酸则与对照没有差异.各有机酸之间进行比较,柠檬酸处理下土壤微生物对碳源总利用率最高,苯甲酸最低;碳源代谢的Shannon指数大小顺序为苯甲酸柠檬酸≈草酸甲酸;综合而言,柠檬酸处理下土壤微生物代谢能力最强.4种低分子量有机酸处理下,4大类碳源底物的利用率大小顺序表现为糖类氨基酸类羧酸类≈芳香族类,其中,海藻糖和γ-氨基丁酸的利用率占碳源总利用率的比例最高.主成分分析结果表明,有机酸处理下土壤微生物群落变化的敏感碳源是糖类;各有机酸处理的土壤微生物代谢特征都与对照显著不同,柠檬酸处理下碳源代谢特征与其它3种有机酸明显不同.综上所述,甲酸、草酸、柠檬酸能够提高土壤微生物碳源代谢能力,其中柠檬酸效果最好,可将添加较高浓度的柠檬酸作为提高土壤碳周转率的一种方式.     

低分子量有机酸对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

采用室内培养实验测定了4种低分子量有机酸在低浓度(4 mmol·kg~(-1)干土)、中浓度(20 mmol·kg~(-1)干土)和高浓度(100 mmol·kg~(-1)干土)梯度下,对土壤微生物数量、呼吸强度和土壤酶活性的影响规律.结果表明,随着有机酸浓度的升高,甲酸、草酸和柠檬酸处理的土壤细菌数量和呼吸强度持续升高,真菌数量持续降低,放线菌数量在低浓度被促进,中浓度和高浓度被抑制;苯甲酸则表现出了与前3种有机酸不同的规律,土壤真菌数量持续升高,而土壤细菌、放线菌数量和土壤呼吸强度则表现了低浓度升高而后不断降低的特点.对于土壤酶活性而言,甲酸处理的淀粉酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性和苯甲酸处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和土壤肥力生物指数(BIF)在低浓度升高,而在中浓度和高浓度降低;甲酸处理的过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和BIF,草酸处理和柠檬酸处理的蛋白酶、脱氢酶、土壤酶活性指数(EAN)、BIF,苯甲酸处理的蛋白酶和脲酶活性呈现随着有机酸浓度的升高而持续上升的趋势.综合土壤微生物数量、土壤呼吸和土壤酶活性,对土壤生态质量而言,在低浓度时苯甲酸处理最高,中浓度时柠檬酸处理最高,而在高浓度时草酸处理最高.     

雨水中有机酸的离子色谱法测定

本文研究了以邻苯二甲酸为淋洗液,用无抑制柱离子色谱仪测定甲酸、乙酸、丁二酸、乳酸一氯乙酸、苯甲酸、抗坏血酸和果糖酸等有机酸的条件,确定了淋洗液的pH值对色谱峰保留时间和响应值的影响。当pH为4.15时,分离效果很好,可同时测定六种有机酸,但pH值在3—4范围内,色谱峰高随pH值的增高而降低。 本方法可测定浓度为ppm量级的有机酸,精密度良好,变异系数一般在3％以下,检测限在0.05μg/ml(甲酸)至0.70μg/ml(抗坏血酸)之间。本法可用于测定雨水中微量有机酸,雨水中常见的无机阴离子存在并不干扰测定。     

有机物对蒽酮-硫酸法测定葡萄糖含量的影响

本文主要对污水生物处理中常见小分子有机物如乙醇、乙醛、甲酸、丙酮、乙酸异戊酯进行研究,甄别出干扰物,对不同浓度干扰物的影响及干扰物存在对不同浓度葡萄糖测定的影响进行定量分析.结果表明,乙醇对葡萄糖测定无影响,甲酸、丙酮和乙酸异戊酯使测定结果存在负偏差,乙醛使测定结果存在正偏差,且偏差值随着有机物浓度和葡萄糖浓度的增加而增大.建立了蒽酮-硫酸法葡萄糖含量测定的校正方程,研究结果可为相关领域采用该法测定葡萄糖含量提供参考.     

上坝村井水中重金属的污染状况和分布特征分析

调查了上坝村重污染区的上樟组、群樟组和群联组共29个井水中的pH、Eh和重金属.结果表明,上坝村井水的Cu、Pb含量不超标,但Zn、Cd和Mn浓度均值分别是国家生活饮用水卫生标准的1.24倍、1.96倍和10.8倍;Zn、Cd、Mn的浓度和Eh值随着水井离横石河越远而越低,即呈现上樟组群樟组群联组的关系;当Eh小于300mV或上樟组pH值大于5.5、群樟组pH值大于4、群联组pH值介于5.1—5.4时,随着Eh的降低或pH值升高,井水中Zn、Cd、Mn的浓度急剧下降且趋向零.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中铅污染调查

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤中重金属铅含量背景值的调查结果。结果表明，目前土壤未被重金属铅污染。