气候变化背景下京津冀极端高温事件变化特征研究

基于京津冀地区174个气象台站1981—2020年逐日最高气温、最低气温数据资料，统计计算了京津冀地区极端高温事件相关指标(极端最高温TXx、高温日数Htd和闷热日数Swd),利用多种统计方法分析了京津冀地区近40年极端高温事件的时空分布特征，并探究了在气候变化背景下两个典型年代Htd和Swd的空间变化情况。结果表明：(1)近40年年极端最高温(TXx)、高温日数(Htd)和闷热日数(Swd)均呈上升趋势，京津冀地区极端高温事件强度增强、频次增加，并且年代际呈波动变化特征。(2)京津冀地区极端高温事件主要集中发生在6—8月份，其中TXx和Htd主要发生在6、7月份，Swd集中发生在7月份；冀北山区的高温、闷热日集中发生在7月份。(3)京津冀地区高温日和闷热日初(终)日呈提前(显著推迟)趋势，高温和闷热日更早发生且持续时间更长、同步性增强。(4)京津冀地区极端高温事件多发生在南部，TXx和Htd空间分布均呈南高北低的分布特征，Swd呈东南高、西北低的分布特征；极端高温事件显著增加的地区主要集中在经济人口发展较快的北京、天津和石家庄三个大城市。(5)M-K突变分析发现京津冀地区极端高温事件...     

基于点模式的地震重灾区滑坡空间分布特征研究

受自然环境因子(如地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等)和诱发因素(如降雨、地震等)的影响,滑坡在空间上的分布特征极其复杂,但其空间分布仍具有内在的规律。本文以"汶川地震"极端事件为时间分段点,采用基于样方的点模式分析法对汶川地震重灾区滑坡的空间分布特征进行了分析,得出滑坡点群在震前和震后均呈空间聚集模式分布。这说明由于受各环境因子及其因子组合作用,汶川地震重灾区滑坡的发生无论在震前还是震后并非随机事件,其滑坡点的空间分布具有统计意义上的自相似结构,且无特征尺度。     

气候工程对中国极端降雨强度的影响(2010-2099)

针对气候工程方法中争论最多的太阳辐射管理(Solar Radiation Management),基于BNU-ESM模式的气候工程(G4实验)和非气候工程(RCP4.5)两种情景,以2010-2099年日值降雨量数据的95%和99%分位数值作为强降雨和极端降雨事件的阈值。对超阈值取样(POT)的数据采用韦伯分布(Weibull)进行拟合,诊断10、20、50和100年一遇的强降雨和极端强降雨。结果表明:在两种情景下,强降雨和极端强降雨的强度随年遇型的增加而增强,并表现出东南高-西北低空间分异特征。气候工程整体上有助于中国地区强降雨和极端强降雨的增多,同时具有空间异质性,即表现出抑制部分地区的强降雨和极端强降雨的发生。     

黄土高原极端温度事件的时空变化

极端温度事件对农业生态系统有显著影响,其变化趋势需要进行评估。基于黄土高原50个站点的日序列最高和最低温度数据,经定义极端温度事件及其衡量指标(频率、强度、年极值和日温差)后,评价了黄土高原1961-2007年极端温度事件的空间分布和长期变化趋势。结果表明1,961-2007年黄土高原极端温度事件不同指标的空间分布有显著差异,基本上沿东南—西北方向呈梯度变化。多数站点极端温度事件的变化具有单调趋势,但趋势具有显著意义的站点数有很大差异,96%以上站点极端高(低)温事件的频率显著升高(降低);70%站点的日温差(46%降低和24%升高)和最低温度年极值的升高趋势具有显著性;约50%站点极端低温事件的强度和最高温度年极值的增加趋势显著;其他指标的显著性趋势较少。黄土高原极端温度事件对全球变暖的响应有其特殊性。     

降雨条件下拟建川藏铁路典型段潜在滑坡三维稳定性动态识别研究∗

拟建川藏铁路是国家中长期规划网中的重要一线,具有重大的国防和经济意义。铁路横穿青藏高原东缘地形急变带,沿线发育崩塌、滑坡等众多山地灾害。以川藏铁路比选线邦达机场至然乌段作为主要研究区段,在对该段已有滑坡灾害进行野外调查和遥感解译的基础上,将降雨入渗斜坡稳定性分析模型(TRIGRS)中的降雨入渗模块和三维斜坡稳定性分析模型(Scoops3D)有机结合起来,对川藏铁路典型段的潜在滑坡进行系统的三维搜索及识别,分析天然状态下潜在滑坡的分布范围和50年一遇极端降雨情景下研究区段斜坡稳定性的动态变化。研究结果表明:(1)在天然状态下,高风险潜在滑坡主要集中分布于拟建怒江大桥附近,低风险潜在滑坡主要分布于冷曲河两岸陡峻斜坡和拟建怒江大桥附近;(2)在50年一遇极端降雨情景下,潜在滑坡区的分布范围较天然状态下均显著增大,高风险和低风险潜在滑坡在拟建怒江大桥附近和沿冷曲河两岸陡峻斜坡均有密集分布;(3)极端降雨情景下模型计算的潜在滑坡分布结果与历史滑坡灾害的分布特征基本是一致的。     

北京地区极端温度事件的变化趋势和年代际演变特征

利用北京地区20个气象观测站1978-2007年逐日平均温度资料,分析了近30年北京地区极端温度事件的变化趋势以及年代际空间演变特征。研究结果显示,北京观象台近30年的两次迁站对研究极端温度事件并无太大影响;近10年夏季显著的热岛效应,是城区极端高温事件发生频次明显高于其他地区的重要原因;尽管北京地区冬季平均温度的空间分布形态变化甚微,并始终存在着明显的热岛效应,但城区极端低温事件的发生频次有可能发生了与热岛效应无关的突变过程。     

中国未来极端降水事件的变化——基于气候变化预估结果的分析

利用区域气候模式PRECIS单向嵌套Hadley气候中心海-气耦合模式HadCM3高分辨率的大气部分HadAM3P,分别进行了气候基准时段(1961—1990年)和2080 s时段(2071—2100年)中国区域各30年时间长度的模拟试验,以分析PRECIS对当代中国区域极端降水事件的模拟能力和SRES B2情景下2080s时段相对于气候基准时段中国区域极端降水事件的可能变化趋势。气候基准时段模拟结果与观测值的对比分析表明:PRECIS能够较好地模拟出中国区域年平均极端降水事件的空间分布特征,但模式模拟的大雨事件和湿日数高值区范围较观测值偏大,对华南地区暴雨事件和日最大降水事件的模拟结果较观测值偏低。SRES B2情景下,2080s时段年平均大雨事件除东北和华南地区外,全国均呈增多趋势。暴雨事件在西部地区以减少为主,而东部地区主要呈增加趋势。年平均日最大降水事件的分布型与大雨事件基本一致。湿日数除华北、西北和青藏高原部分地区外均呈减少趋势。未来长江流域洪涝灾害事件发生的频率将可能增大。     

基于SRTM DEM的月降雨量空间插值研究

在水文模型的实际应用中,常需要根据雨量站观测值来合理地模拟降雨的空间分布。选取清江流域为研究对象,利用ArcGIS地统计模块中的反距离权插值法、径向基插值法、克里格插值法和引入高程、坡度、坡向等地形信息的协克里格插值法对该流域1998年4～9月的月降雨实测值进行空间插值。在插值之前,通过数据探索性分析掌握降雨的空间分布特征,以便提高插值精度。插值结果表明：应用协克里格方法,在考虑高程、坡度、坡向等影响要素的条件下,降雨空间插值效果更优。     

山东省多年降雨侵蚀力及其增长率变化分析

收集了山东省23个气象站50年的日雨量资料,结合侵蚀力理论和GIS空间分析方法,分析了山东省各雨量级降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征和降雨侵蚀力增长率空间差异的原因。结果表明:山东省降雨侵蚀力和降雨量的空间分布相一致,呈现自东南向西北减少的趋势;年平均和各雨量级降雨侵蚀力的变化表现为高值区降低,低值区增加的规律;全省降雨量和降雨侵蚀力的年际变化分别为减少(-0.03 mm/a)和增加(9.00 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a));暴雨和大雨是山东省降雨侵蚀力的主要来源,而大暴雨侵蚀力增大是多年来降雨侵蚀力呈现增长趋势的原因;ENSO冷暖事件、地形、局部强对流天气和夏秋季东南季风减弱会导致山东省降雨侵蚀力增长率的空间差异。     

吉林省夏季极端降水事件特征分析

利用吉林省46个气象站1961-2010年逐日降水资料,采用百分位定义极端事件阈值的方法,对吉林省极端降水事件的时空分布及变化趋势特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)吉林省极端降水事件主要发生在夏季,其中5%的降水日数贡献了该季度25%～30%的降水量;夏季极端降水强度以通化地区最强、东部山区最弱,极端降水频率东部山区最大、西北部最小;(2)吉林省100mm以上的极端大暴雨天气也时有发生,通化地区南部发生几率最大,约为4～6 a一遇;中部一带约为8～10a一遇;西北平原区和东部山区出现大暴雨概率很小。(3)近50a吉林省夏季极端降水事件稍有增多的趋势,而强度变化趋势不明显,但存在明显的地域差别,西北部表现为频率减少、强度减弱,中部和东南部表现为频率增多、强度增强。(4)极端降水事件存在年代际差异,20世纪70年代极端降水频率最小,90年代极端降水强度最大,60年代初期极端降水强度存在由强转弱的突变。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.