费氏中华根瘤菌HN01的putA基因克隆

从快生型大豆根瘤菌费氏中华根瘤菌HN01的基因组文库中克隆到一个putA(脯氨酸脱氢酶)基因,该基因与已报道的苜蓿中华根瘤菌1021中putA基因在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上分别有82%和86%相似性.利用自杀性质粒pK18mob构建含有putA基因部分片段的重组质粒,通过三亲本结合导入出发菌株HN01中,获得正向插入的极性突变体GXHNPA和反向插入非极性突变体GXHNPB.将putA基因完整的ORF连接到广宿主载体pLAFRJ上,获得用于互补的质粒pGXHN37,通过三亲接合,将pLAFRJ导入GXHNPA和GXHNPB获得互补菌株GXHNPHA和GXHNPHB.对出发菌株、突变菌株、互补菌株进一步的研究发现,以脯氨酸为唯一C、N源的MM培养基中培养时,突变体均不能生长,互补菌株和野生型HN01没有差异,而在完全培养基YMB中培养时,突变菌株生长不受影响.植株实验发现,突变体均能有效结瘤,但是固氮酶活与出发菌株相比有所下降,结瘤时间延迟1d,竞争结瘤能力下降,而互补菌株与野生型HN01没有明显的差异.     

费氏中华根瘤菌lrp基因的克隆、突变与功能

通过分子克隆技术,从费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)HN01基因组文库中克降到一个lrp基因.该基因与已报道的苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)1021的lrp基因在核苷酸水平上有89%相似性,在氨基酸水平上有99%相似性.利用自杀质粒pK18mob构建含有lrp基因部分片段的重组质粒,通过三亲本结合后导入原始菌株HN01中,经过同源单交换,获得发生正向插入突变的突变株GXHNLTA和反向插入突变的突变株GXHNLTB.将lrp基因ORF连接到载体pLAFR3上,获得用于互补的质粒pGXHNL100,将该质粒通过三亲本接合导入突变株中,获得互补株GXHNWA、GXHNWB.对野生型菌株、突变株、互补株进一步研究发现,在以脯氨酸、亮氨酸、丝氨酸等氨基酸为唯一碳、氮源的MM培养基中培养时,突变体GXHNLTA、GXHNLTB的生长均滞后于出发菌株HN01.植株试验表明,突变菌株GXHNLTA、GXHNLB比野生菌株HN01开始结瘤的时间提前1 d,在结瘤效率、单株瘤数、瘤重、固氮酶活性方面并无显著差别.     

不同根瘤菌中突变cysDN基因对硫酸盐同化途径的影响

硫是生物体必须的元素,根瘤菌结瘤因子的硫化修饰与其宿主范围和识别效率有着重要关系,实验室前期研究中突变费氏中华根瘤菌的cys DN基因后,突变体不能利用硫酸盐生长,这与Sinorhizobium sp.BR816的cys D基因突变后的现象不同,两株菌的硫酸盐同化途径中可能存在差异.为探讨不同根瘤菌cys DN基因对硫酸盐同化途径的影响,本研究利用同源交换的方法构建费氏中华根瘤菌WGF03、费氏中华根瘤菌HN01、苜蓿中华根瘤菌14500及大豆慢生根瘤菌15606的cys DN突变体,Δcys DN-WGF03、Δcys DN-HN01、Δcys DN-14500和cys NR-15606,对突变体的硫源利用情况和植株结瘤情况进行研究.结果发现,Δcys DN-WGF03和Δcys DN-HN01失去利用硫酸盐的能力;Δcys DN-14500能微弱地利用硫酸盐生长,生长量约为野生菌株的1/3左右;cys NR-15606对硫酸盐的利用与野生菌株相比无明显差别.植株实验结果显示,Δcys DN-WGF03、Δcys DN-HN01和Δcys DN-14500在平均瘤数、平均瘤重、平均植株干重和固氮酶活性方面均表现出显著降低,而突变体的回补体能够恢复硫酸盐的利用能力及与植株的共生固氮能力.这说明cys DN基因在费氏中华根瘤菌WGF03、费氏中华根瘤菌HN01和苜蓿中华根瘤菌14500硫酸盐同化途径中起着关键影响,而该基因在大豆慢生根瘤菌15606的影响并不明显.本研究表明,cys DN基因在不同根瘤菌中所起的作用不同,不同根瘤菌的硫酸盐同化方式也存在差异.     

费氏中华根瘤菌ntrBC基因突变株的构建及其特性

从费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)HN01基因文库的重组质粒pGXHN300上获得ntrB、ntrC基因完整序列.通过自杀质粒pK18mob同源单交换的方法,分别获得了HN01菌株的ntrB和ntrC基因的突变株GXHNB、GXHNC.功能检测证明GXHNB、GXHNC能以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行正常生长,但不能以铵源作为唯一氮源进行正常生长.图4表2参15     

用celB基因检测慢生花生根瘤菌竞争性的可行性

采用大肠杆菌和根瘤菌接合的方法，将celB标记基因分别导入了两株慢生型花生根瘤菌Spr3-5和Spr4-5中，对出发菌株和标记菌株的代时测定结果表明，二者之间没有显著差异．在标记菌株与出发菌株等量接种的前提下，比较了二者的竞争结瘤能力；结果显示，标记菌株形成的根瘤（蓝瘤）的占瘤率与50％相比，差异不显著，为了研究标记菌株与出发菌株的固氮有效性，测定了标记菌株与出发菌株各自共生植株的干重、全氮和叶绿素含量；结果表明，标记菌株与出发菌株的这3项指标之间没有显著差异．说明利用celB基因研究慢生花生根瘤菌的竞争结瘤能力是可行的，表5参7     

基于根瘤菌来源的ACC脱氨酶基因提高大豆和紫云英根瘤菌的竞争结瘤能力

根瘤菌的竞争结瘤能力提高对提高接种剂的应用效果至关重要.为提高根瘤菌的共生固氮和竞争结瘤能力,从大豆慢生型根瘤菌USDA110中扩增1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶(ACC脱氨酶)基因和其上游调控序列,通过两亲本接合转移导入华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R、大豆快生型根瘤菌HH103和SMH12,构建含有ACC脱氨酶的重组根瘤菌.结果显示:在土壤盆栽条件下,接种导入ACC脱氨酶的重组菌7653R,宿主植物地上鲜重、瘤数、瘤重和固氮酶活均显著增加,竞争结瘤能力提高22.6%;接种重组菌HH103,植物地上鲜重、瘤重和酶活显著增加,瘤数增加,竞争结瘤能力提高28.9%;接种重组菌SMH12,植物地上鲜重、瘤数、瘤重和酶活增加,未到达显著性,但竞争结瘤能力提高25.4%.本研究表明构建的3个重组根瘤菌具有良好的共生固氮和竞争结瘤能力,可作为有潜力的优良菌株应用到田间试验.(图10表2参32)     

应用全细胞蛋白SDS-PAGE分子标记技术验证含羞草根瘤菌的结瘤能力

对云南省热带及亚热带地区的含羞草根瘤菌进行了分离,选择其中40株菌为接种菌株,通过结瘤试验并采用全细胞蛋白SDS-PAGE分子标记方法研究了其结瘤能力.经过结瘤试验,发现除菌株SWF66075和SWF66093没有结瘤外,其它38株菌株均与含羞草植物结瘤.结瘤率为95%.从结瘤试验所获根瘤中,分离得到结瘤菌株,采用全细胞蛋白SDS-PAGE分子标记对结瘤菌株与接种菌株进行了比较研究.蛋白图谱及聚类分析显示,26株接种菌株与其结瘤菌株的全细胞蛋白分子图谱完全相同,在100%的相似水平上与其结瘤菌株聚在一起,说明宿主植物所形成的根瘤确系接种菌株侵入所致,因而可将这些菌株确认为根瘤菌菌株;而SWF66012、SWF66029、SWF66044和SWF66058等12株菌株的结瘤菌株与其各自接种菌株的全细胞蛋白图谱存在较大差异,推测这12株接种菌株与其结瘤菌株可能不是同一菌株,尚不能确定它们与含羞草植物的结瘤能力,这些菌株是否为根瘤菌菌株仍需进一步验证.研究结果表明,全细胞蛋向SDS-PAGE分子标记技术是一种快速、准确地验证根瘤菌结瘤能力的方法.该方法进一步完善了结瘤试验,并初步揭示了根瘤菌的竞争结瘤能力,适用于对大量根瘤内分离菌株进行根瘤菌的证实研究.图2参28     

利用广谱性和特异性组合诱变技术选育辅酶Q10高产菌

为提高辅酶Q10产量，采用了对细胞进行全面的非特异性诱变和针对特定途径的特异性诱变相结合的育种策略，以放射型根瘤菌(Rhizobium radiobacter)WSH2601为出发菌株，选择UV射线和亚硝基胍作为诱变剂，在筛选获得放线菌素D抗性突变株的基础上，通过进一步的诱变处理，分别获得了放线菌素D和L-乙基硫氨酸双抗性突变株、放线菌素D和维生素K双抗性突变株，以及抗放线菌素D和X-gal利用能力提高的突变株．与出发菌株相比，突变株辅酶Q10的产量提高幅度达25％-37％，其中一株放线菌素D和L-乙基硫氨酸双抗性突变株WSH-E25，胞内辅酶Q10含量和辅酶Q10总产量分别达到2．86mg g DCW^-1和40．0mg L^-1，均比出发菌株提高了37％，且遗传稳定性良好，图6表2参8     

紫云英根瘤菌的系统发育多样性

在筛选根瘤菌与不同紫云英品种高效结瘤的基础上,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,对13株共生结瘤效果好的菌种进行了系统发育研究.结果表明,13株菌属于3个主要聚类群,分别与Mesorhizobium、Agrobacterium和Stenotrophomonas亲缘关系最为接近,种类多样性较为丰富;其中编号为ACCC13065株的菌株与S.rhizophila16S rDNA序列相似性为100%,位于γ-变形菌纲,这是除α-变形亚纲、β-变形亚纲外所发现的一类新的根瘤菌类型.     

Dietzia菌随机插入突变体文库的构建及功能基因筛选

Dietzia属菌具有很好的烃类降解和良好的高盐、高碱耐受能力.为研究Dietzia属降解烷烃和耐受盐碱的分子机制,以Dietzia sp. DQ12-45-1b为研究菌株,利用双质粒系统p Tip-istAB-sacB和pRTSK-sacB,成功构建库容为30 720的随机突变体文库.随机挑选的突变克隆及突变克隆传代20次后的Southern blot结果表明:转座序列插入的随机性较好,均为单插入突变,并且具有较好的遗传稳定性,可用于长期筛选功能基因.在此基础上,分别以高盐培养和正十六烷为单一碳源培养,利用高通量基因筛选,成功获得了一个耐盐突变体M9G和5个降解利用正十六烷相关突变株M6A、M6B、M7A、M9A、M81C.与野生型相比,5个降解利用正十六烷相关突变株的降解率下降范围为16.67%-84.35%.插入位点分析结果显示,M9G、M6A、M6B、M7A、M9A和M81C的插入基因分别预测为丝氨酸蛋白酶、铁氧化还原蛋白、假定蛋白、铁氧化还原蛋白还原酶、ABC转运蛋白和细胞色素P450类CYP153烷烃羟化酶.其中除了预测假定蛋白外,有些基因与传统上确定的功能存在差异,暗示着其可能具有新的功能.Dietzia菌随机插入突变体文库的构建及筛选可为研究Dietzia菌的抗逆和烷烃降解机制奠定基础.(图6表3参28)     

高硫高铁土壤全硫提取和测定方法的改进

硫酸钡分光光度比浊法是大批量测定土壤环境样品硫含量的常用方法,但影响测定结果的因素较多,如稳定剂的选择、酸度的控制、BaCl：的形态和用量等均可对测定结果产生影响。在多金属硫化物矿区,由于长期的采矿冶炼活动,造成周边土壤中硫、铁含量增加,用比浊法测定硫含量时,铁的含量也对测定结果产生显著影响。针对这些影响因素,本研究在用硝酸．高氯酸湿法对土壤进行消解后,优化了硫酸钡分光光度比浊法测定高硫高铁样品的实验条件和实验步骤,并对多金属硫化物矿区的土壤样品进行了测定,得到了较好的结果。实验证明,称取0．50g土壤样品,消解后过滤,取滤液7mL,加入1mL研（1＋2）甘油．乙醇]=6％的甘油．乙醇为稳定剂,1mL浓磷酸掩蔽Fe3＋与cl-反应所显的黄色,定容到10mL,加入w（BaCl2）=10％的氯化钡溶液10mL,电磁搅拌1min,静置20-40min,在波长440nm处,比浊法测定土壤全硫含量,相对误差〈10％,取得良好的测定结果。此方法简单、快捷、方便,适合大批量环境样品的测定。     

皮革废物铬革屑的微生物学处理研究Ⅰ:降解铬革屑的微生物筛选及诱变

从不同来源的微生物中筛选出能粗效降解革屑的皱绒青霉 Ａ Ｓ３ ．１０６６ 菌株,可溶性蛋白得率达５３ ．５ ％ ;该株经紫外诱变获得高产蛋白酶诱变株 Ａ Ｓ３ ．１０６６ Ｅ,其蛋白酶活性较原始菌株高３ 倍     

外源硫输入对稻田土壤硒流失的影响

土壤中硒的甲基化可能会导致硒的挥发,加剧土壤硒的流失,而农田土壤硒的缺乏会造成农作物中硒含量偏低.施用硫肥是保障作物增产、增收的一种重要农艺措施,外源硫输入对土壤硒的含量可能产生重要的调控作用.本研究模拟稻田淹水环境,通过添加典型有机硫(甲硫氨酸)和无机硫(硫酸钠),测定硒的挥发量以及土壤中残留的硒含量,以揭示外源硫输...     

Si对盐胁迫下水稻根系活力、丙二醛和营养元素含量的影响(Effects of Si on the Index of Root Activity, MDA Content and Nutritional Elements Uptake of Rice under Salt Stress)

为深入了解盐胁迫下外源硅(Si)对水稻生长的作用,采用溶液培养法研究了外源Si对盐(NaCl)胁迫下野生型水稻和硅突变体水稻(不能正常吸收Si)营养元素和生理指标的影响.结果表明:1)外源Si可显著提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的生物量.当NaCl的浓度为100mmol·L-1时,添加1.0mmol·L-1的Si可使野生型水稻茎叶和根系干重提高12.81%和15.25%,硅突变体水稻茎叶干重提高12.31%.2)外源Si可提高盐胁迫下两种水稻茎叶和根系中营养元素含量,降低Na的含量.3)外源Si可显著降低盐胁迫下野生型水稻叶片MDA含量,但对突变体水稻叶片MDA含量影响不大.4)外源Si可显著提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的根系活力.盐胁迫下,与不加Si的对照相比,添加1.0mmol·L-1的Si可分别使野生型和突变体水稻根系活力指数提高60.47%和42.42%.     

The sulfur cycle of a marine sediment model system

In a laboratory sediment model consisting of sand and chopped Zostera marina leaves, the sulfur cycle and the succession and zonation patterns of sulfur bacteria were studied for a period of 7 months. The pool size of different forms of sulfur was quantified, and the rate of sulfate reduction was measured with an in situ radio-tracer technique at regular intervals. From these data, transfer rates of the sulfur cycle in the system could be calculated for different periods. The rate of sulfate reduction was initially 80 nMS·cm³·day^-1; this decreased to 25 nMS·cm³·day^-1 towards the end of the experiment as the system started to become oxidized. There was a transient accumulation of elemental sulfur in the bacterial plate at the sediment surface. More than 50% of the total mineralization of the organic material was due to sulfate reduction. Comparison with the net oxygen uptake showed that, during the first 2 to 3 months (when the sediment closely resembled a natural, reduced shallow water sediment), SO₄ ^- was equally as important as O₂ for transporting oxidacion equivalents from the water to the sediment.     

水稻根系吸收砷的动力学特征及硅的缓解机制（Uptake Kinetics of Arsenic Species in Two Genotypes of Rice Plants and Mitigatory Mechanism of Silicon）

采用室内模拟的方法,研究了两种基因型水稻(硅突变体和野生型)根系吸收As的动力学特征以及Si对水稻吸收As的影响.结果表明,两种基因型水稻根系对As(III)和As(V)的吸收均可以用Freundlich模型较好地模拟.外源Si的加入可显著降低水稻根系对As(III)和As(V)的吸收.在20μmol·L-1As处理下,与不加Si处理相比,加1.0mmol·L-1Si处理导致水稻根系吸收As(III)和As(V)分别降低94.1%和92.2%(野生型);74.4%和90.2%(突变体).在100μmol·L-1As处理下,水稻根系吸收As(III)和As(V)则分别降低64.5%和91.2%(野生型);76.1%和90.6%(突变体).     

园林绿化树种香樟叶片的含硫量动态分析

植物对一定浓度范围内的大气污染物,具有一定程度的抵抗及吸收净化作用。为了解南京市主要园林绿化树种香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）叶片吸收净化SO2的能力,选择在5个不同污染靶区,以3个不同胸径级的香樟叶片为研究对象,采用硫酸钡比浊法测定了不同季节香樟叶片的含硫量。结果表明：香樟叶片对SO2具有一定的吸收净化能力,其叶片含硫量平均为0.2160%,且其含量随分布区、生长季节及个体胸径不同差异显著;并与异域大气中SO2污染指数成一定的正相关;与个体胸径大小成显著负相关;季节间呈现出＂先降后升再降＂的动态趋势,于春秋季较高,而夏冬季较低。     

Experimental and DFT insights into nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanotubes for effective desulfurization of liquid phases: Equilibrium & kinetic study

• Synthesis of NS-CNTS is used in a high desulfurization performance. • Synthesizing NS-CNT is considered as a novel adsorbent from low-cost precursors. • A high sulfur removal capacity for NS-CNT is attained compared with recent works. Herein, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanotubes (NS-CNT) adsorbents were synthesized via the chemical vapor deposition technique at 1000°C by employing the camphor, urea and sulfur trioxide pyridine. In this study, desulfurization of two types of mercaptans (dibenzothiophene (DBT) and tertiary butyl mercaptan (TBM) as nonlinear and linear forms of mercaptan) was studied. In this regard, a maximum capacity of NS-CNT was obtained as 106.9 and 79.4 mg/g and also the removal efficiencies of 98.6% and 88.3% were achieved after 4 h at 298K and 0.9 g of NS-CNT for DBT and TBM, respectively. Characterization of the NS-CNTs was carried out through exploiting scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and elemental analysis (CHN). The isotherm equilibrium data could be ascribed to the Freundlich nonlinear regression form and the kinetic data was fitted by nonlinear form of the pseudo second order model. The negative values of ΔS⁰, ΔH⁰ and ΔG⁰ specify that the adsorption of both types of mercaptans was a natural exothermic process with a reduced entropy. Maintenance of more than 96% of the adsorption capacity even after nine cycles suggest the NS-CNT as a superior adsorbent for mercaptans removal in the industry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also performed to peruse the effects of S/N co-doping and carbon monovacancy defects in CNTs toward the adsorption of DBT and TBM.     

Sulfur cycle as an electron mediator between carbon and nitrate in a constructed wetland microcosm

• Fe(III) accepted the most electrons from organics, followed by NO₃^‒, SO₄^2‒, and O₂. • The electrons accepted by SO₄^2‒ could be stored in the solid AVS, FeS₂-S, and S⁰. • The autotrophic denitrification driven by solid S had two-phase characteristics. • A conceptual model involving electron acceptance, storage, and donation was built. • S cycle transferred electrons between organics and NO₃^‒ with an efficiency of 15%. A constructed wetland microcosm was employed to investigate the sulfur cycle-mediated electron transfer between carbon and nitrate. Sulfate accepted electrons from organics at the average rate of 0.84 mol/(m³·d) through sulfate reduction, which accounted for 20.0% of the electron input rate. The remainder of the electrons derived from organics were accepted by dissolved oxygen (2.6%), nitrate (26.8%), and iron(III) (39.9%). The sulfide produced from sulfate reduction was transformed into acid-volatile sulfide, pyrite, and elemental sulfur, which were deposited in the substratum, storing electrons in the microcosm at the average rate of 0.52 mol/(m³·d). In the presence of nitrate, the acid-volatile and elemental sulfur were oxidized to sulfate, donating electrons at the average rate of 0.14 mol/(m³·d) and driving autotrophic denitrification at the average rate of 0.30 g N/(m³·d). The overall electron transfer efficiency of the sulfur cycle for autotrophic denitrification was 15.3%. A mass balance assessment indicated that approximately 50% of the input sulfur was discharged from the microcosm, and the remainder was removed through deposition (49%) and plant uptake (1%). Dominant sulfate-reducing (i.e., Desulfovirga, Desulforhopalus, Desulfatitalea, and Desulfatirhabdium) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., Thiohalobacter, Thiobacillus, Sulfuritalea, and Sulfurisoma), which jointly fulfilled a sustainable sulfur cycle, were identified. These results improved understanding of electron transfers among carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in constructed wetlands, and are of engineering significance.     

转座子挽救法克隆鞘氨醇单胞菌CDS-1中呋喃丹水解酶相关基因

用含Tn5转座子的自杀性质粒pSC123诱变呋喃丹降解菌Sphingomonas agrestis CDS-1,获得失去呋喃丹降解功能的突变株CDS-M1.以pMD18-T为载体在E.coli DH5α中构建了CDS-M1的基因组文库,采用转座子挽救法对Tn5插入位点两侧翼的序列进行克隆与测序,根据测序结果(共4 551个碱基)设计引物,从CDS-1的基因组中扩增到同样大小的片段,把该片断克隆到广宿主载体pPZP201上,得到重组质粒pCDZ1,通过三亲接合的方法把pCDZ1导入CDS-M1中进行功能互补实验,结果显示CDS-M1的呋喃丹水解功能得到了恢复,表明该片断中包含呋喃丹水解酶相关基因.图7表1参14