辽西北地区农业干旱灾害风险评价与风险区划研究

以辽西北29个农业县(市、区)为研究区域,选取辽西北最主要的玉米作物作为研究对象,从造成农业干旱灾害的致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、脆弱性和抗旱减灾能力4个方面着手,利用自然灾害风险指数法、加权综合评价法和层次分析法,建立了农业干旱灾害风险指数(ADRI),用以表征农业干旱灾害风险程度;借助GIS技术,绘制辽西北农业干旱灾害风险评价区划图,将风险评价区划图与2006年辽西北受干旱影响粮食减产系数区划图对比,发现两者可以较好的匹配。研究结果可为当地农业干旱灾害预警、保险,以及有关部门的旱灾管理、减灾决策制定提供理论依据和指导。     

四川省21市州城市自然灾害脆弱性评估研究

城市自然灾害脆弱性评估,是加强城市防灾减灾能力建设的基本前提。通过对自然灾害脆弱性相关文献进行回顾梳理并结合四川区域特色,构建出城市自然灾害脆弱性评价指标体系。运用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和逼近理想排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS),对比分析了四川省21市州的城市自然灾害脆弱性。结果表明,川西北经济区城市灾害脆弱性程度最为严重,成都经济区灾害脆弱性程度最低,大部分经济区下辖市州的灾害脆弱性状况参差不齐。四川省各地存在明显的区域性城市灾害脆弱性差异。     

制定国家综合减灾战略提高巨灾风险防范能力

阐述了国际减灾战略的三个转变,即：从单纯减灾转变为将减灾与可持续发展结合起来,从减轻灾害转变为减轻灾害风险,从国家减灾转变为全球减灾。回顾和评述了近五年我国加强减灾工作的重大行动,即：初步构建了国家和地方各主要部门与大、中型企业应急管理体系,系统制定了国家“十一五”综合减灾规划,正确引导开办农业保险和实施中央企业全面风险管理,及时提出了防范和应对全球变暖引发极端天气气候事件工作方案,全面论证了加强综合减灾能力建设的减灾战略方针。初步论述了国家综合减灾战略框架,即完成四个转变：由部门减灾转变为综合减灾,由减轻灾害转变为减轻灾害风险,由国家减灾转变为区域减灾,由加强应急响应能力建设转变为综合减灾能力建设;实施四项行动：实施国家“十一五”综合减灾规划,实施“十一五”期间国家突发公共事件应急体系建设规划,实施涉及减灾的各个行业减灾专项规划,实施大型企业综合风险（全面风险）管理工程;建设四个体系：国家综合巨灾风险防范体系,国家高灾害风险地区综合减灾范式体系,国家综合灾害风险防范信息共享体系,国家综合灾害风险防范技术服务平台体系;创新四项制度：完善条块结合、以块为主的综合减灾管理体制,以防为主,防、抗、救相结合的综合减灾运行机制,整合灾前备灾、灾中应急管理和灾后恢复与重建为一体的综合减灾协调机制,规范政府、企业、社区和公民各负其责的综合减灾系统法制。初步阐述了加强国家减灾能力的基本内容,即：制定国家综合减灾战略,加强综合减灾知识普及能力,加强综合减灾科技与学科支撑能力,加强综合减灾制度与组织保障能力,加强减灾物资储备与工程建设能力,加强综合减灾应急响应与信息保障能力,加强综合减灾恢复与重建能力,建立综合减灾范式,提高综合减灾能力。     

灾害脆弱性概念模型综述

分析灾害系统脆弱性类型、成因、驱动力及其驱动过程,评价灾害系统脆弱性程度,可为防灾减灾的适应能力和恢复能力建设提供基础信息。对脆弱性的概念、框架和评估原理进行综述,旨在借鉴其思路和方法,改进减灾实践。     

锡林郭勒盟农牧业干旱风险评价

通过构建农牧业干旱风险评价体系,可以系统、科学地分析旱灾风险,提出正确有效的减灾政策。基于MODIS数据及自然、社会经济数据,采用干旱危险性和脆弱性乘积的概念模型对锡林郭勒盟农牧业进行了干旱风险评价,并编辑了干旱风险分布图。结果表明:(1)基于NDVI-Ts特征空间构建的TVDI可以较好地反映锡林郭勒盟地区的干旱情况,研究区以干旱缺水为主,大面积干旱,致灾因子危险性很高;(2)锡林郭勒盟的干旱脆弱性较强,重、极重脆弱区占很大比例,且在空间分布上自东向西呈递增趋势;(3)干旱风险等级分布也具有明显的区域分布规律,与脆弱性的空间分布规律一致,干旱脆弱性决定了干旱风险的分布。进而,从自然和社会经济两方面对该区域未来的干旱防治与管理提出了建议,以降低干旱风险,促进该地区农牧业的可持续发展。     

评价城市基础设施自然灾害连锁效应的结构方法

介绍一种新的结构方法来评价城市基础设施自然灾害及连锁效应,通过对城市基础设施任务有效性变化的结果分析(第一步)和脆弱性分析(第二步)实现了城市基础设施自然灾害从定性到定量的精确评价,为城市基础设施防灾减灾研究提供一种方法指导和解决措施.     

基于网格GIS的安徽省旱涝组合风险区划

依据自然灾害风险形成原理,综合考虑安徽省自然和社会经济状况,从致灾因子的危险性、承载体的暴露性和脆弱性、防灾减灾能力四个方面选取指标,利用自然灾害风险指数法、熵组合权重法以及加权综合评价法建立安徽省旱灾风险指数和涝灾风险指数评价模型。并运用GIS空间分析技术与格网GIS技术绘制出安徽省旱涝组合风险区划图。研究发现,安徽省西北部、中部旱涝组合风险较高,西南部和东北部旱涝组合灾害风险较低,这与安徽省旱、涝灾害历史资料基本吻合,该研究结果可以作为安徽省旱涝综合灾害管理的理论依据。     

莱州湾地区海水入侵灾害风险评价

莱州湾地区是我国海水入侵灾害最严重的地区。结合自然灾害风险评价理论并根据莱州湾地区的实际情况,将海水入侵风险评价体系分为危险性评价、易损性评价和防灾减灾能力评价,并借助GIS空间分析方法,对危险性、易损性和防灾减灾能力评价结果进行了叠加分析,将莱州湾地区划分为低风险区、较低风险区、中等风险区、较高风险区和高风险区等5个海水入侵灾害风险区域。     

承灾体脆弱性评价指标中的量化方法探讨

承灾体脆弱性与人为因素有很大关系 ,承灾体脆弱性研究对区域减灾、减灾投资以及灾害保险等有着重要的意义 ,因此承灾体脆弱性评价则成为该项研究的关键。本文在采用层次分析法的基础上 ,探讨了承灾体脆弱性评价中的量化方法     

中国西南地区地震-滑坡-泥石流灾害链风险防范措施框架研究

地震-地质灾害链是多灾种的常见表现形式之一,由原生灾害和次生灾害逐级传递,往往导致灾害损失延伸放大,因此灾害链风险防范应成为减灾应急管理的重要组成部分。从多灾种风险因果传递的角度突出灾害链风险防范特征,针对防灾减灾、备灾、响应和恢复重建为全过程的综合风险防范特点,聚焦中国西南地区典型地震-滑坡-泥石流灾害链,整编梳理地震与滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害风险的工程与非工程防范措施,解析识别灾害链各链节风险形成过程与防范关键节点路径,提出并构建了地震-滑坡-泥石流灾害链风险防范措施框架。该框架重点包括链节灾害传递阻断措施、承灾风险损失防控措施与减灾能力建设措施,以规避致灾因子危险性、降低承灾体暴露度与脆弱性、提升减灾能力为防范目标,针对关键节点路径,统筹工程与非工程措施,旨在分解区域灾害链因果传递风险。     

黄土高原山区城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级系统--以吉县吉昌镇为例

随着山区城镇建设规模的扩张,城镇边坡风险评价与分级成为亟需开展的一项研究工作,同时,对于山区城镇土地利用规划、地质灾害防治决策等具有重要现实指导意义。该文以吉县吉昌镇为例,在前人研究的基础上,开展黄土高原城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级系统研究,通过完善、优化城镇边坡危险性评价指标,采用数理统计学方法重新厘定城镇边坡危险性与危害性的评分分级标准,进而依据建立的城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级矩阵表确定边坡的风险级别,探索建立黄土高原山区城镇边坡地质灾害风险分级系统,为山区城镇土地利用规划、建设以及地质灾害风险防控提供技术支撑。     

综合防灾减灾的安全理念在城市规划中的实施路径——以北川新县城灾后重建规划为例

北川,作为汶川特大地震中唯一一个整体异地重建的县城,受到全国人民乃至世界的极大关注,其安全防灾问题必然成为新县城建设的核心问题。通过对北川灾后重建规划的系统总结,揭示出城市规划与城市安全的紧密关联。在城市规划中应将安全置于首位,并将安全防灾理念贯穿于规划全过程;通过选址、布局、防灾疏散场地的合理布局构建安全的城市环境;通过强化建筑防灾、基础设施防灾,加强公共安全设施工程建设,提高城市抗御灾害和应对突发事件的能力;通过建立健全灾害预防和应急信息系统及紧急救援体系等一系列规划、工程手段,达到建设"安全、安定、安心"城市的目标。     

我国边疆城镇精细化管理技术研究∗

智慧城市的发展对城市安全提出了更高的要求,提升城市管理与应急反应水平是提高城市安全水平的重要保障。城市三维场景快速重建与精细化管理是智慧城市构建的重要支撑技术。针对我国边疆城镇地区社会稳定和公共安全管理的应用需求,提出了航天、航空、地面、室内外一体化的数据采集与处理方法,解决了基于高性能计算的大规模倾斜三维影像数据快速建模关键技术。以我国西部边疆典型城镇新疆库尔勒市为试验区,开发城市精细化管理系统,实现城市人口信息的精细化管理及突发事件应急响应预案的动态模拟等应用功能,验证了研究内容的合理性与实用性。     

Volcanic hazard or economic destitution: hard choices in Banños,Ecuador

In 1999, the entire population of tourism-dependent Baños, Ecuador, some 16,000 people, was evacuated in anticipation of a violent eruption of Mount Tungurahua. Subsequently, many areas in the risk zone experienced heavy ash falls, lahars, and landslides, although no cataclysmic events occurred. Many small rural communities were also evacuated. While these communities became impacted by the hazard, Baños avoided most direct effects. Conditions for all evacuees were grim, and their conditions compounded because Ecuador was simultaneously undergoing profound economic and political crises. Absent livelihood alternatives, community leaders from Baños organized a return to their town even though it remained under an evacuation order. An aggressive campaign brought tourists and more residents back and Baños revived economically; however, this was achieved at the cost of hazard awareness among both groups, tourists and residents, and public safety became compromised.     

A baseline assessment of emergency planning and preparedness in Italian universities

Besides offering teaching and research services, schools and universities also must provide for the safety and security of their employees, students, and visitors. This paper describes emergency preparedness in a sample of Italian universities. In particular it examines risk perception within a specific professional category (university safety and security officers) in a specific cultural context (Italy). In addition, it discusses the transposition and implementation in a European Union (EU) member state of EU Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989, on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers. The findings highlight heterogeneous and fragmented emergency management models within the Italian university system, underlining the need for a stricter framework of standardised safety protocols and emergency management guidelines. The study also points out that enhancing emergency planning and preparedness in Italian universities entails increasing safety leadership, employee engagement and individual responsibility for safety and security; essentially, it necessitates improving the culture of risk prevention.     

The 1928 Eruption of Mount Etna Volcano, Sicily, and the Destruction of the Town of Mascali

In November 1928 there was an eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily, which led to lava largely destroying the town of Mascali, situated low on the eastern flank of the volcano. Destruction of the town took just over a day but there was an orderly evacuation of its inhabitants and, with help from the military, families were able to remove furniture and fittings from their houses. Evacuees were relocated to nearby towns staying with relatives, friends or in hired apartments. Rebuilding Mascali provided an opportunity for the fascist government of the time to demonstrate efficient centralised planning. A completely new town was built on a grid-iron plan with many of the buildings reflecting the 'fascist architecture' of the time. The town was complete by 1937 and housing condztzons were very advanced in comparison with other towns in the region. The 1928 eruption is important as it was the most destructive on Etna since 1669 when the city of Catania was overwhelmed. In terms of hazard and risk assessment the 1928 eruption demonstrates that lava can reach the lower flanks of the volcano within a short period after the onset of an eruption.     

丹水撇洪渠右岸边坡的稳定性分析

长阳县丹水撇洪渠右岸边坡沿途多处有变形严重的现象,研究其稳定性对确保渠道安全有重要意义。综合应用刚体极限平衡法和有限单元法分析和评价了该边坡的稳定性。计算分析表明,局部边坡段在各种工况下整体稳定性均不能满足规范要求,并提出了有关治理措施的建议。     

大型公共场所风险评价研究现状与展望

大型公共场所由于人群高度密集和财富高度集中的特点,其防灾减灾问题一直是城市防灾减灾的重点和难点,其风险性研究直接影响到城市防灾减灾安全工程建设及管理策略的制定实施.全面调研了国内外大型公共场所风险评价指标体系及评价方法的研究现状,分析了大型公共场所风险评价的重要地位,指出了大型公共场所风险评价方面存在的问题,并提出了有关大型公共场所风险评价方面的几点建议.     

流域防洪体系防洪安全评价研究

提出了防洪安全评价的概念，建立了防洪安全评价指标体系；提出利用熵值法确定指标权重，采用多层次模糊优选评价模型对防洪安全进行评价；以辽宁省辽河流域为例，对不同历史时期防洪安全状况进行了比较，结果与实际相符。     

A fresh perspective on food safety in Canada: risk communication,public involvement,and the impact of the 2008 listeriosis outbreak

While the listeriosis outbreak of 2008 brought attention to food safety decision making in Canada, little of that attention was placed on public involvement and risk communication. With a primary focus on Health Canada (HC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), this article describes the state of microbial-related public involvement and risk communication undertakings and suggests ways in which improvements can be made. The findings show that public involvement and risk communication activities have been strengthened since the outbreak, but they have become neither dialogical nor highly participatory. HC engages with experts to a far greater extent than with the lay public and it has fallen short in fulfilling its stated commitment to openness and transparency. Furthermore, both HC's and the CFIA's approach to risk communication has been overly general, has failed to provide opportunities for dialogue with vulnerable and more general groups with whom it is communicating and is not rooted in foodborne surveillance data. Public involvement in food safety governance would be improved if HC provided the lay public with a seat on advisory committees and improved its public involvement reporting methods. HC and the CFIA could also make risk communication improvements by creating opportunities for dialogue between officials and the general public, and by exploring alternative risk communication vehicles, such as food labels.