酸热活化、有机化、柱撑改性海泡石对土壤中钒的吸附固定

采用酸热活化、巯基有机化、羟基铁铝柱撑3种方法对天然海泡石进行改性,研究不同改性方法对海泡石结构及比表面积的影响,并将其作为吸附剂加入土壤,采用批量吸附试验考察吸附剂添加量、吸附时间、初始钒V（Ⅴ）离子浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,探究添加改性海泡石的土壤对V（Ⅴ）的吸附效果及机理。研究结果表明:改性后海泡石比表面积增大,部分结构发生改变,吸附能力增强;添加羟基铁铝柱撑、酸热活化、巯基有机化改性海泡石的土壤对V（Ⅴ）的最大吸附量分别为2159.71,1619.57,936.57 mg/kg;吸附方式为单分子层物理吸附;解吸试验表明,添加羟基有机化改性海泡石的土壤解吸率最高,酸热活化和羟基铁铝柱撑海泡石次之。添加柱撑及酸热活化海泡石的土壤对V的吸附效果较好,用量5%时对V（Ⅴ）的固化率分别为30.24%、22.67%,但柱撑海泡石的稳定性仍有待提升。     

羟基铁柱撑膨润土处理含磷废水的研究

以羟基铁为柱化剂对天然膨润土进行柱撑改性制备了羟基铁柱撑膨润土,研究了其对废水中磷的吸附性能和影响因素。结果表明:羟基铁能够进入到膨润土的层间,使其层间距增大,表面积增加;羟基铁柱撑膨润土对废水中的磷有很好的去除效果,在常温下,当改性膨润土投加量为4 mg/L,溶液pH值为5,反应时间为60 min,处理质量浓度为20 mg/L的含磷废水时,磷的去除率达到93.9%。平衡吸附量与平衡质量浓度之间的关系更好地符合Langmuir等温吸附方程所描述的规律。     

羟基铝柱撑膨润土负载纳米铁还原Cr(Ⅵ)

用具有良好吸附能力的羟基铝柱撑膨润土作载体,通过FeSO₄与NaBH₄反应制得羟基铝柱撑膨润土负载的纳米铁(nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on Al-pillared bentonite,NZVI/Al-PILC).用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller,BET)法对NZVI/Al-PILC进行了结构表征.以Cr(Ⅵ)为目标污染物,考察了NZVI/Al-PILC与Cr(Ⅵ)反应过程中,介质pH、不同起始浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)对其去除率的影响,并与相同铁含量的纳米铁(nanoscale zero-valent iron,NZVI)进行了比较.结果表明,在相同实验条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)与NZVI/Al-PILC反应120　min后去除率接近100%,不仅高于相同铁含量NZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率(63.0%),而且也明显优于相同铁含量的NZVI和相同含土量的羟基铝柱撑膨润土对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的加和(75.4%).     

水合氧化铈铝柱撑锂皂石对氟的吸附性能研究

以锂皂石为层间黏土原料,通过微波插层反应,制备了水合氧化铈铝柱撑锂皂石新型层柱材料,采用FTIR、XRD、SEM等分析手段对材料的结构进行了表征,并研究了该材料对氟的吸附性能.结果表明,水合氧化铈铝进入锂皂石层间,形成具有层状微晶结构的柱撑锂皂石材料.随着铈铝柱化剂与锂皂石质量比(Xm)的增大,材料片层结构的层间距扩大、结晶度提高、表面结构更丰富.该材料对F-的吸附率随Xm、吸附剂用量的增大而提高,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程;当Xm达到0.1、吸附剂用量为0.2g/L时,该材料在60min内对F-的吸附率可达到90%,吸附量达13.5mg/g,该吸附作用受温度、pH值的影响不大.     

聚羟基铝柱撑硅藻土的制备及其对水溶液中Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附特性

鉴于天然硅藻土因理化构造缺陷而导致的吸附性能局限性和传统物化方法对硅藻土改性效果的有限性,为了显著改善硅藻土的吸附性能,采用聚羟基铝对硅藻土实施了柱撑改性.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析了硅藻土柱撑前后理化特性的变化,并考察了柱撑前后硅藻土表面性能及其对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)吸附特性的差异.结果表明,硅藻土最佳柱撑条件为n(OH-)/n(Al3+)=2.2、KCl浓度1.8 mol·L~(-1)、Al/土比10 mmol·g~(-1)、反应温度60℃、反应时间24 h、老化温度200℃、老化时间0.5 h.柱撑后,聚羟基铝被成功置入硅藻壳体内部,形成了有效柱体,增大了孔道间距,拓展了吸附反应界面,使微孔表面羟基数量增多,表面活性增强.柱撑前后硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的等温吸附特性均符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学特性均符合二级动力学模型.柱撑后硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附容量分别达到7.491 mg·g~(-1)、11.312mg·g~(-1),较柱撑前分别提高了32.9%、33.3%,硅藻土吸附性能得到了极大的改善.     

铝钛柱撑系列改性膨润土处理含铬废水的应用研究

以钠基膨润土为原料,制备了铝钛无机柱撑、铝钛有机柱撑系列改性膨润土,比较了膨润土原土及铝钛无机有机柱撑改性膨润土处理含铬废水的性能,探讨了改性膨润土用量、pH值、搅拌时间等因素对膨润土吸附Cr(Ⅵ)实验的影响。结果表明:有机柱撑改性膨润土、无机柱撑改性膨润土对废水的处理效果明显好于原土;膨润土用量、废水的pH对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效率影响很大;在无机柱撑改性中,当pH为4,投加量为6g L,搅拌时间为30min,Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为30mg L时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达到66 5%;在有机柱撑改性中,当pH为5,投加量为6g L,搅拌时间为30min,Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为30mg L时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达到94 6%;铝钛无机、有机柱撑改性膨润土对铬离子水样处理的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,饱和吸附量和Langmuir常数分别为9 823,8 790mg g和4 5167,4 327。      

羟基铝蒙脱石去除染料弱酸性深蓝GR的研究

在[OH^-]/[A1³⁺]=2.4的反应条件下,利用A1³⁺与碱液反应制备出Keggin离子,并由此制备出羟基铝蒙脱石.XRD-衍射数据表明:羟基铝蒙脱石的层间距由原来的12.58A(d₀₀₁)增加到18.63A.研究了染料弱酸性深蓝GR在7种改性蒙脱石上的吸附.结果表明:酸性条件下,羟基铝蒙脱石处理有机污染物的去除率高,用0.0200g处理25ml弱酸性深蓝GR溶液,去除率可高达95%以上.由等温吸附线可知:弱酸性深蓝GR在不同改性蒙脱石上的吸附机理主要为表面吸附、离子交换和分配作用.     

Fe(Ⅲ)掺杂Mg/Al-LDO作为氮磷吸附剂的研究

针对污水厂尾水脱氮除磷问题,采用共沉淀法制备了镁铝铁类水滑石（Mg/Al/Fe–LDHs）,在450℃下焙烧3h得到焙烧态类水滑石（Mg/Al/Fe–LDO）.研究了Fe（Ⅲ）掺杂对Mg/Al-LDO吸附氮磷的影响及吸附特性.结果表明,当Mg/Al/Fe物质的量比为3：0.6：0.4时,Mg/Al/Fe-LDO对氮磷吸附性能较好,最大吸附容量分别为28.57mg/g和231.46mg/g.吸附过程均符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,拟合相关系数（R²）达到0.99以上.根据XRD、FTIR的表征结果可以推断,Mg/Al/Fe–LDO是通过“记忆效应”、静电引力作用完成对氮磷的吸附,对磷的吸附还包括离子交换作用.     

羟基铁柱撑蒙脱石同时吸附水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)的研究

为同时去除水溶液中的Cd（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅴ），采用羟基铁柱撑改性获得改性蒙脱石，并深入研究了其吸附性能和吸附机理.同时，采用BET比表面积、SEM、XRD和XPS等手段分析了改性前后蒙脱石的结构特征；采用批实验分别研究了改性蒙脱石对水体中Cd（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅴ）的吸附动力学和热力学特征，并探讨了Cd（Ⅱ）-As（Ⅴ）复合体系中镉、砷相互作用对改性蒙脱石等温吸附镉、砷的影响.结果表明，改性蒙脱石的比表面积较改性前增加了28.2%，XPS测试结果表明改性蒙脱石成功引入羟基铁.改性蒙脱石单一吸附Cd（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅴ）的最优初始pH分别为6.5和5.5，且25℃时分别在10 h和5 h内达到吸附平衡，吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程；Langmuir等温吸附模型能更好地描述改性蒙脱石对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附，最大吸附量为21.36 mg·g^-1，该吸附过程是离子交换和化学络合共同作用的结果；Freundlich等温吸附模型能更好地解释改性蒙脱石对As（Ⅴ）的吸附，最大吸附量为11.45 mg·g^-1，该吸附过程是化学络合作用的结果（改性剂投加量均为2 g·L^-1）.在Cd（Ⅱ）-As（Ⅴ）复合体系中，镉、砷之间存在相互作用，pH为5.5时，吸附量高于改性蒙脱石对单一Cd（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅴ）的吸附量，分别增加了14.4%和23.7%，表明合成的羟基铁柱撑蒙脱石对镉、砷复合污染农田具有同时去除Cd（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅴ）的修复潜力.     

铁柱撑累托石的制备及其对活性艳蓝的降解

以天然粘土矿物累托石为载体、以铁盐作交联剂,利用水溶液插层方法制备了铁/累托石复合物。采用FT-IR和XRD两种表征方法对铁/累托石复合物进行了表征,分析了复合物的结构变化和层间间距变化,并探讨了复合物制备条件以及反应过程中溶液初始浓度、溶液初始pH、复合物投加量和H2O2浓度因素对催化降解活性艳蓝的影响。研究表明:铁聚合物插入到累托石的层间结构中,扩大了累托石的层间距;当Na+/Fe3+比值为0.5,Fe3+/累托石比值为10 mmol/g,p H为3左右,催化剂用量为0.5 g/L时,H2O2浓度为100 mg/L时,活性艳蓝的去除率达到90%以上。实验表明,铁柱撑累托石/UV/Fenton工艺对活性艳蓝具有良好的降解效果。     

Pb(II) removal from water using Fe-coated bamboo charcoal with the assistance of microwaves

Bamboo charcoal(BC) was used as starting material to prepare iron-modified bamboo charcoal(Fe-MBC) by its impregnation in FeCl 3 and HNO 3 solutions simultaneously,followed by microwave heating.The material can be used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) contaminants removal in water.The composites were prepared with Fe molar concentration of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mol/L and characterized by means of N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM-EDS),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and point of zero charge(pH pzc) measurements.Nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the BET specific surface area and total pore volume increased with iron impregnation.The adsorbent with Fe molar concentration of 2 mol/L(2Fe-MBC) exhibited the highest surface area and produced the best pore structure.The Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption process of 2Fe-MBC and BC were evaluated in batch experiments and 2Fe-MBC showed an excellent adsorption capability for removal Pb(Ⅱ).The adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) strongly depended on solution pH,with maximum values at pH 5.0.The ionic strength had a significant effect on the adsorption at pH < 6.0.The adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir isotherm model well,and the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ) was 200.38 mg/g for 2Fe-MBC.The adsorption processes were well fitted by a pseudo second-order kinetic model.Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) onto Fe-MBC was feasible,spontaneous,and exothermic under the studied conditions,and the ion exchange mechanism played an significant role.These results have important implications for the design of low-cost and effective adsorbents in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from wastewater.     

季磷盐改性蒙脱土去除球形棕囊藻的实验研究

用L9(34)正交实验对季磷盐改性蒙脱土制备的工艺进行了优化,在60℃、搅拌时间6h、pH7、季磷盐与蒙脱土的阳离子交换容量比为1.5:1.0的条件下,制备得到的季磷盐改性蒙脱土,并考察了其对球形棕囊藻去除效果和影响因素.结果表明,作用48 h后, 20.0mg/L的改性蒙脱土除藻率可以达到93.2%以上.通过FT-IR、XRD和SEM等方法表征发现,季磷盐插入蒙脱土的层间,能够有效降低黏土颗粒与藻细胞间的静电斥力,使其吸附藻细胞性能提高.对比除藻实验结果显示,季磷盐改性蒙脱土除藻效果明显优于未改性蒙脱土、季磷盐改性高岭土和季铵盐改性蒙脱土.     

A comparative study and evaluation of sulfamethoxazole adsorption onto organo-montmorillonites

Three organo-montmorillonites were prepared using surfactants, and their adsorption behaviors toward sulfamethoxazole（SMX） were investigated. The surfactants used were cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide（CTMAB）, 3-（N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonio） propane sulfonate（HDAPS） and 1,3-bis（hexadecyldimethylammonio）-propane dibromide（BHDAP）. The properties of the organo-montmorillonites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and N2adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements. Results showed that the interlayer spacing of montmorillonite was increased and the surface area as well as the morphology were changed. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the surfactant loading amount had a great effect on the adsorption of SMX. The adsorption process was p H dependent and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at p H 3 for HDAPS-Mt, while CTMAB-Mt and BHDAP-Mt showed a high removal efficiency at 3–11. The adsorption capacity increased with the initial SMX concentration and contact time but decreased with increasing solution ionic strength.Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo second-order model. Equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir model, and the Freundlich constant（n） indicated a favorable adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of SMX was 235.29 mg/g for CTMAB-Mt, 155.28 mg/g for HDAPS-Mt and 242.72 mg/g for BHDAP-Mt. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to evaluate the spontaneity and endothermic or exothermic nature. The adsorption mechanism was found to be dominated by electrostatic interaction,while hydrophobic interaction played a secondary role.     

A green method to synthesize flowerlike Fe(OH)3 microspheres for enhanced adsorption performance toward organic and heavy metal pollutants

Dyestuffs and heavy metal ions in water are seriously harmful to the ecological environment and human health.Three-dimensional(3 D) flowerlike Fe(OH)_3 microspheres were synthesized through a green yet low-cost injection method,for the removal of organic dyes and heavy metal ions.The Fe(OH)_3 microspheres were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) techniques.The adsorption kinetics of Congo Red(CR) on Fe(OH)_3 microspheres obeyed the pseudo-second-order model.Cr~(6+) and Pb~(2+) adsorption behaviors on Fe(OH)_3 microspheres followed the Langmuir isotherm model.The maximum adsorption capacities of the synthesized Fe(OH)_3 were 308,52.94,and 75.64 mg/g for CR,Cr~(6+),and Pb~(2+) respectively.The enhanced adsorption performance originated from its surface properties and large specific surface area of 250 m~2/g.The microspheres also have excellent adsorption stability and recyclability.Another merit of the Fe(OH)_3 material is that it also acts as a Fenton-like catalyst.These twin functionalities(both as adsorbent and Fenton-like catalyst) give the synthesized Fe(OH)_3 microspheres great potential in the field of water treatment.     

白果壳遗态Fe/C复合材料对水中磷的吸附特征

为研究PBGC-Fe/C-G（白果壳遗态Fe/C复合材料）对水中磷的吸附特征,以PBGC-Fe/C-G为吸附剂,对吸附剂投加量、溶液体系pH、初始磷质量浓度、温度和吸附剂粒径为影响因素进行静态吸附试验分析,并结合SEM、EDS、XRD和FT-IR等手段对吸附前、后材料进行表征,以揭示PBGC-Fe/C-G的吸附除磷机制.结果表明:①当初始磷质量浓度 < 10 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为0.2 g/（50 mL）、溶液为酸性（pH=3）、反应温度为45℃、吸附剂粒径 < 0.149 mm时,吸附效果最佳,吸附量达1.62 mg/g.②准二级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温模型能较好地模拟PBGC-Fe/C-G对磷的吸附过程.③热力学结果显示,ΔG < 0、ΔS>0和ΔH>0,说明PBGC-Fe/C-G对磷的吸附过程是自发、熵增的吸热过程.研究显示,PBGC-Fe/C-G吸附除磷主要通过配位作用、静电引力、等电荷离子交换和物理作用4种协同完成,其中Fe活性位与磷酸根离子的配位反应为主要的反应过程.      

毛竹基Fe-Co/C复合材料对水体中阿特拉津的去除

以毛竹为载体、铁钴复合盐溶液为前驱体,采用水热浸渍法制备了毛竹基Fe-Co/C复合材料,并用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和比表面积分析仪(BET)对样品进行了表征分析。通过批量实验研究了Fe-Co/C复合材料对阿特拉津的吸附特性。该吸附材料对水体中阿特拉津显示了良好的吸附性能。在阿特拉津初始浓度为10.0 mg/L,溶液pH为7.0,吸附剂用量为0.4 g/L,反应温度为25℃时,阿特拉津的平衡吸附量为21.89 mg/g。吸附过程符合二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温式。热力学结果表明,Fe-Co/C复合材料对阿特拉津吸附是自发吸热过程。红外结果表明,氢键是Fe-Co/C复合材料对阿特拉津吸附的主要作用力,孔隙效应和л-л电子共轭作用也可能促进复合材料对阿特拉津的吸附。     

两种天然矿物改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附特性

为了提升天然非金属矿物对Cd2+的吸附性能,采用MT（蒙脱石）和HP（海泡石）为前驱材料,依次通过酸纯化和SDS（十二烷基磺酸钠）改性后合成了有机非金属矿物材料,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等手段对2种改性材料〔SDS-MT（十二烷基磺酸钠改性蒙脱石）和SDS-HP（十二烷基磺酸钠改性海泡石）〕吸附Cd2+的机制进行探究,并对吸附过程分别进行了动力学拟合和等温吸附方程拟合.结果表明:①SDS-MT和SDS-HP吸附模拟废水中Cd2+的效果分别比未改性的MT和HP平均提升约40%和19.5%. ②改性过程没有改变2种前驱材料的基本结构,但引起其元素质量分数、阳离子交换量和比表面积的改变. ③SDS-MT、SDS-HP对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附量受溶液的pH影响较大,最大吸附量分别达16.54、9.24 mg/g,2种改性材料对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附过程能较好地满足准二级动力学方程,并且其平衡传质时间较短. ④SDS-MT对模拟废水Cd2+的吸附模型较满足于Freundlich吸附等温模型,推测SDS-MT是一种有限吸附位点的吸附剂,吸附过程为单分子层吸附,而SDS-HP则较好的满足Langmuir吸附等温模型.研究显示,对2种天然非金属矿物材料的有机改性能够有效提升材料对Cd2+的吸附容量,发挥材料的实际运用价值.      

响应曲面法优化Fe(Ⅲ)改性卡氏变形杆菌吸附去除Sb(Ⅴ)及其机理

水环境中过量Sb（Ⅴ）所引起的环境危害受到越来越多的关注.为了考察工艺参数对铁盐改性生物吸附剂吸附Sb（Ⅴ）效果影响、交互作用及其机理,以Fe（Ⅲ）改性卡氏变形杆菌吸附剂（简称“FMPAs”）为研究对象,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法对FMPAs吸附处理合成含Sb（Ⅴ）废水的吸附时间、FMPAs投加量、pH、温度及Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度等因素进行优化,确定了最优吸附条件,并对吸附过程的等温模型、动力学模型及吸附机理进行了研究.结果表明:①FMPAs吸附Sb（Ⅴ）的最优条件为吸附时间3.0 h、FMPAs投加量1 910.04 mg/L、pH 2.31、温度45.0℃、Sb（Ⅴ）初始浓度24.80 mg/L,且最优条件下Sb（Ⅴ）的去除率高达97.03%.②FMPAs对Sb（Ⅴ）的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,其最大吸附容量（q_max）为60.506 mg/g,其吸附动力学过程可采用准一级动力学模型拟合,属于单层吸附和化学吸附.③FMPAs吸附Sb的机理主要为Fe（Ⅲ）改性卡氏变形杆菌生成了Fe—O—OH、Polyose—Fe、Polyose—O—Fe（OH）₂等化合物,这些物质中羟基被Sb（Ⅴ）取代生成新的配合物Fe—O—Sb,使Sb（Ⅴ）得到吸附去除.研究显示,FMPAs对Sb（Ⅴ）具有较高的吸附容量,是一种极具潜在应用价值的绿色生物质吸附剂,可用于处理含Sb（Ⅴ）废水.      

High phosphate removal using La(OH)3 loaded chitosan based composites and mechanistic study

Our present study was to prepare a biomass-supported adsorbents with high adsorptive capacity and high selectivity to prevent the accelerated eutrophication in water body. To this end, different metal hydroxide (La, Zr and Fe) first was successfully loaded on chitosan microspheres. Then the quaternary ammonium group with different content was introduced into the adsorbent by polymerization. By comparison of adsorption properties, chitosan-La(OH)₃-quaternary ammonium-20% (CS-La-N-20%) has strong adsorption to phosphate (160 mg/g) by immobilizing nano-sized La(OH)₃ within a quaternary-aminated chitosan and it maintain high adsorption in the presence of salt ions. The pH results indicated that the CS-La-N-20% would effectively sequestrate phosphate over a wide pH range between 3 and 7 without significant La³⁺ leaching. What's more, adsorption capacity on the introduce of positively charged quanternary-aminated groups was significantly higher than that of the unmodified adsorbents at alkaline conditions. The column adsorption capacity reached 1300 bed volumes (BV) when phosphate concentration decreased until 0.5 mg/L at 6 BV/hr. The column adsorption/desorption reveals that no significant capacity loss is observed, indicating excellent stability and repeated use property. Characterizations revealed that phosphate adsorption on CS-La-N-20% through ligand exchange (impregnated nano-La(OH)₃) and electrostatic attraction (positively charged quanternary-aminated groups). All the results suggested that CS-La-N-20% can serve as a promising adsorbent for preferable phosphate removal in realistic application.