加筋板在复杂载荷下的振动疲劳寿命分析

目的研究航空工程结构部件——加筋板在准静态载荷和随机动载荷联合加载下的振动疲劳寿命预估问题。方法针对某铣制铝合金缺口加筋板,建立有限元模型,并采用时域法进行静动联合加载下的疲劳寿命分析。首先将准静态载荷分解为静力与正弦激励,以静力结果作为平均应力修正S-N曲线,再采用随机响应分析计算动载荷单独作用下结构危险点的应力PSD函数,通过逆傅里叶变换法,提取随机加载过程中的时域信号后,应用Von Mises等效准则,将其与正弦激励时域样本进行叠加,得到疲劳分析应力谱,再结合Miner线性累积理论和雨流循环计数法,计算得加筋板结构静动联合加载下的疲劳寿命。结果通过有限元仿真分析计算,得到加筋板在静动载荷共同作用下的疲劳寿命,对比试验寿命,误差基本在两倍界以内。结论由仿真与试验的结果对比说明,该方法可以有效预估试验件在静动载荷联合加载下的疲劳寿命,并能进一步推广到类似载荷下的疲劳寿命预估问题。     

公路运输振动环境下发动机粘接界面受载情况分析

目的 基于实测数据,分析公路运输时发动机粘接界面处受振动载荷情况,为振动试验提供依据.方法 采用加速度传感器记录公路运输下加速度数据,对信号进行时域统计分析,并完成载荷谱的构建,通过有限元软件,构建发动机简化模型,进行发动机模态分析和振动过程模拟.结果 对消除趋势项后信号进行统计分析,信号峰值大于3倍均方根值,表明振动数据中包含数值急剧变化的部分,信号峭度为9.34,属于超高斯分布,采集信号中包含冲击信号.将简化后PSD作为输入进行模态分析,结果表明,后封头底端粘接界面位移较大,通过选取的4个参考点上看,位移和加速度均方根值突变的频率在33 Hz附近.模拟实际振动过程发现,前封头及筒段处粘接界面所受应力较为均匀,约为25 kPa,在封头和圆筒段相接处应力值较大,特别是在后封头顶端,存在应力集中,应力值最大可达130 kPa.从应力历程上可以看出,药柱的松弛效应使得冲击过后应力幅值迅速变小.结论 通过实测数据与有限元软件结合,完成了发动机粘接界面模态分析和实际振动过程模拟,为后续振动试验提供了基础.     

长期立贮固体发动机药柱变形预估方法研究

目的 研究老化与颠振影响下长期立式贮存固体发动机药柱的蠕变特性,基于广义Kelvin模型,构建一种考虑老化和损伤因素的蠕变本构模型。方法 通过开展温度与应力加速蠕变试验、高温加速老化试验以及往复拉伸损伤试验,获得老化与损伤对蠕变的影响规律,建立蠕变预测模型,获取模型参数,并将其嵌入有限元软件。结果 利用所得蠕变本构模型计算了某型发动机立式贮存15 a后药柱蠕变的应力应变,结果表明,考虑老化因素后,发动机药柱的最大等效应力增大了96.84%,最大等效应变减小了4.07%,在同时考虑老化与损伤因素后,最大等效应力增加了82.77%,最大等效应变减小了3.62%。结论 对比不同条件下的仿真结果,老化和损伤对发动机蠕变状态的影响较大。使用该模型能够较好地体现出固体发动机药柱的老化硬化和损伤软化。     

卫星运输过程疲劳等效分析

利用当前广泛应用的雨流计数法原理结合Miner法则,在全程实测某卫星运输至发射场各路段载荷谱的基础上,利用雨流计数法对载荷谱进行预处理,然后给出基于Miner法则对运输过程产生疲劳进行分析和评判的应用实例。为基于加速度信号的路谱载荷提出了一种切实可行的疲劳等效分析方法,为在各种运输条件下,评估产品所经受的力学环境和可能产生的疲劳损伤提供依据。     

固体发动机药柱应力应变仿真与试验验证研究

目的研究某导弹固体发动机药柱在不同环境温度下的性能演变规律。方法利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,仿真计算了药柱在-40,20,50℃下的应力应变情况,在此基础上通过推进剂拉伸应力松弛试验对仿真结果进行验证分析。结果最大应力应变发生在头部人工脱粘层的根部,药柱内部沿径向越靠近内孔表面,应力应变的数值越大,沿药柱的轴向,内孔表面的最大应力应变发生在靠近药柱中间位置。结论线粘弹性本构关系模型在较低应变水平下可以很好地模拟出推进剂的力学行为,当应变水平在14.3%以下时,试验和仿真的相对误差能控制在10%以内。     

固体装药头部人工脱粘层应力应变仿真分析

目的研究固体发动机药柱头部人工脱粘层在50,20,-40℃等3种温度下的应力应变。方法基于线性粘弹性有限元方法,利用ABAQUS分析软件对药柱应力应变进行仿真。结果得到了人工脱粘层在3种温度条件下的Mises和最大主应力应变云图,及Ⅰ,Ⅱ界面轴向、周向和径向的应力应变对比曲线。结论最大应力应变出现在人工脱粘层根部,应力与环境温度的变化成线性关系,温度变化对Ⅰ界面上脱粘层轴向应变、Ⅱ界面上径向应变影响最大。     

贮存老化条件下固体火箭发动机内弹道性能变化

研究了某型固体火箭发动机在贮存期间内弹道性能受推进剂药柱老化影响的变化规律。通过热加速老化试验．研究了HTPB推进荆的燃烧速度受老化影响情况：基于药柱材料的粘弹性本构关系,并考虑贮存环境温度波动、内压载荷和自重效应。对复合固体推进剂药柱完全固化后贮存老化条件下的变形进行了三维有限元分析。基于加速老化试验数据和数值仿真分析结果．对老化后固体火箭发动机的内弹道性能进行了分析。     

固体发动机典型环境载荷分析

分析了固体发动机在贮存、运输、发射等使用条件下的环境载荷,为下一步编制固体发动机环境载荷谱和试验研究提供了基础。     

装药结构试验器设计和低温老化试验研究

目的探索固体火箭发动机装药低温老化试验方法和机理,为固体发动机寿命预测和延寿提供支撑。方法设计方便取样测试的结构试验器,通过仿真计算确定具有一定应变水平的装药内孔尺寸,开展-10℃和-35℃低温老化试验。老化后首先对结构试验器进行无损检测,再取出药柱制取推进剂标准试样,进行常温和低温快速拉伸力学性能测试。结果设计完成三段连接式结构试验器,既不破坏药柱所承受的应力载荷,又保证取样方便、安全。无损探伤表明,经过低温长期贮存的结构试验器药柱没有产生裂纹和脱粘现象。推进剂的常温力学性能无明显变化,低温的最大抗拉强度有所升高,最大伸长率降低明显,-10℃和-35℃低温老化试验后,最大伸长率分别降低了24%和40%。结论推进剂内部产生了微损伤,承受低温快速应变(对应低温点火冲击状态)能力下降明显,应引起高度关注。     

固体火箭发动机全寿命环境载荷分析

目的对固体火箭发动机全寿命环境载荷情况进行分析,掌握其特性和变化规律。方法在分析固体火箭发动机使用环节主要环境载荷因素基础上,对实测获取的典型固体火箭发动机服役区域的环境载荷数据进行分析。依据固体火箭发动机全寿命服役历程情况,给出全寿命环境载荷的编制方法。结果根据发动机典型服役历程环境载荷特点和服役历程,可以有效掌握发动机全寿命周期内的环境载荷情况。结论该方法具有较好的可操作性,从而为固体火箭发动机结构完整性评价和寿命试验评估提供基础数据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.