长沙市白蚁种类及危害情况调查

报道了长沙市区危害房屋及园林树木的白蚁种类及危害状况，经5年调查(2000年-2004年)结果表明：长沙市(不包括长、望、浏、宁四县)共有白蚁2科17种．主要危害房屋的为散白蚁及台湾乳白蚁，危害园林树木的是黑翅土白蚁及黄翅大白蚁．讨论了区系特点及近年危害新状况。     

若尔盖湿地畜牧业对两栖类食性的影响

比较若尔盖湿地3种两栖类——高原林蛙(Ranaku kunoris)、岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanica)和倭蛙(Narorana pleskei)的食物组成,分析畜牧业对其食性的影响.根据猎物的数量、体积比例和出现频率,蜉金龟科、蚁科、毛蚊科、象甲科昆虫和某些昆虫幼虫是3种两栖类食谱的主要组成部分,其中最重要的蜉金龟以藏牦牛粪为主要食物和寄居场所.3种两栖类猎物的出现频率和数量比例存在显著性差异.高原林蛙主要取食蜉金龟,在其食谱中,蜉金龟比例占据绝对优势(相对重要性指数IRI:35.28);而倭蛙的食性生态位宽度较宽,蜉金龟科(IRI:13.41)、蚁科、毛蚊科、昆虫幼虫以及狼蛛科均占有一定比例;岷山蟾蜍最重要的猎物是蚂蚁(IRI:85.54),次之是蜉金龟.结果说明:畜牧业对若尔盖湿地的3种两栖类食性存在不同影响,高原林蛙能从畜牧业发展中获得更多的好处;作为取食的泛化者,倭蛙受畜牧业的影响比高原林蛙小;岷山蟾蜍主要取食蚂蚁,受牧场变化影响也较小.     

5%阿维菌素乳油对台湾乳白蚁毒力测定的SPSS分析

台湾乳白蚁(Copotermes formosanus)是海南省危害房屋建筑最为严重的白蚁之一,为此研究防治药剂对台湾乳白蚁的毒力,减轻其对房屋建筑的危害将有重要意义。通过药膜法和毒土穿透法测定了5%阿维菌素乳油对台湾乳白蚁的毒力,用45%毒死蜱乳油做药剂对照,应用SPSS软件中的Probit模块,统计分析了5%阿维菌素乳油对台湾乳白蚁的毒力测定数据,从而得出毒力回归方程,LC_(50)、LC_(95)以及95%置信区间,对数单位与概率单位的关系图。结果表明:5%阿维菌素乳油防治台湾乳白蚁的最低有效浓度为15.625 mg·kg~(-1),与对照药剂45%毒死蜱乳油相近,其LC_(50)、LC_(95)分别为11.58和135.66 mg·kg~(-1)。由于阿维菌素对环境污染小,很可能会取代毒死蜱成为防治台湾乳白蚁的主要灭治药剂。     

南岳自然保护区兽类资源考察报告

南岳自然保护区野生兽类动物资源丰富,共有33种,包括7目16科,属东洋界的25种,占75.8 %,属古北界的7种,占24.2 %.区内珍稀动物种类多,有大灵猫、小灵猫、野猪、穿山甲、林麝、獐等6种国家二级保护动物,12种湖南省重点保护动物.区内兽类动物由于偷猎乱捕,有些种类如华南虎、云豹已灭绝,有些动物种类已濒临灭绝,采取措施保护已刻不容缓.     

江西三清山台湾松+白豆杉-猴头杜鹃植物群落研究

对三清山台湾松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata)-白豆杉(Pseudotaxus chienii(Cheng)Cheng)-猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行野外调查和分析,结果表明,(1)从群落组成、外貌、结构分析看该群落是保存较好的典型中亚热带针阔叶混交林,地理成分构成以热带属占52.60%,温带属占46.08%;按重要值计算,群落优势种组成以杜鹃花科(24.38%)、松科(22.93%)、山茶科(19.45%)、壳斗科(10.27%)占优势,而建群种、优势种主要为猴头杜鹃(64.53%)、台湾松(56.11%)、白豆杉(29.36%)、荷木(19.68%)、黑柃(15.99%)、细叶青冈(15.82%)和厚叶红淡比(15.79%)。(2)Simpson物种多样性指数为1.00,Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数为3.66,频度值分析为A>B>CE,同Raunkiaer标准频度定律有一定差异。(3)群落组成以多优势种为特征,从年龄结构图看均为衰退种群,衰退程度为:台湾松>猴头杜鹃>荷木>白豆杉>黑柃>细叶青冈>厚叶红淡比,且前三种衰退程度很高。(4)群落生活型以高位芽植物占绝对优势(70.21%),地上芽植物次之(25.32%),地面芽植物(2.13%)和隐芽植物(2.13%)较少。(5)群落的乔木层明显分为2层,高度在10~18m,以台湾松、荷木、细叶青冈优势,7~10m以白豆杉、黑柃、猴头杜鹃占优势。猴头杜鹃优势度极大,覆盖度达0.6~0.98,较大的荫闭环境对其它优势种如台湾松、白豆杉等幼苗的更新造成极大的影响。(6)从总体上看,该台湾松、白豆杉群落是一个典型的亚热带地带性常绿阔叶林,群落物种多样性、均匀度较高,在演替上实际上处于一种相对稳定的状况。     

吡虫啉防治家白蚁的试验研究

10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂与河沙混合成含有效成分(%)0.10、0.05、0.025、0.0125,家白蚁饲养其上,48～72h内100%死亡,浓度越高,死亡越快;白蚁也不能穿过以上述浓度配制的长10cm沙土管,对照则穿行自如;以上述浓度药液浸的杉木块,也完全防止白蚁取食,对照则严重被食.在室外(2004.5～2005.5),家白蚁不能通过含0.05%及0.10%药液淋浇(1000ml/40×50cm)的土壤,去取食试区中心的无药木块.吡虫啉可湿性粉剂不用有机溶剂,无刺激气味,运储施工方便,可以认为它是当前最高效的环保型白蚁防治药剂,并建议生产中以0.05%(10%可湿性粉剂稀释200倍)用于室内防治,0.10～0.05%(稀释100～200倍)用于室外防治.     

蘑菇渣和稻秸堆肥中DOM与Cu2+的络合机制

堆肥中溶解性有机质(DOM)对重金属具有显著的络合作用,影响其在环境中的迁移和转化。研究采用三维荧光-平行因子(EEM-PARAFAC)结合二维相关光谱(2DCOS)分析方法,系统解析蘑菇渣堆肥(MRC)及水稻秸秆堆肥(RSC)中DOM与Cu²⁺的络合机制。EEM-PARAFAC结果表明,MRC-DOM和RSC-DOM主要由类腐殖酸(C1)、类富里酸(C2)和类蛋白质(C3)组成,各组分分别占MRC-DOM总荧光强度的43%、32%和25%,占RSC-DOM的39%、29%和32%。2种堆肥DOM与Cu²⁺作用过程中,3类组分荧光强度均呈不断降低趋势,表明它们均与Cu²⁺发生了显著的络合作用。2种堆肥中不同荧光组分(C1～C3)与Cu²⁺的有效猝灭常数(lg K)在4.54～4.76之间,均表现为C3>C1>C2,表明类蛋白组分(C3)与Cu²⁺结合能力最强,其次为类腐殖酸(C1),类富里酸(C2)最低。2DCOS结果显示,堆肥DOM中类蛋白荧光组分与Cu^...     

泸型酒酒醅与窖泥中乳酸菌群落结构差异

乳酸菌对泸型酒风味品质的发酵形成具有重要作用.为促进对酒醅和窖泥中乳酸菌群落物种组成、发酵演替规律以及表型差异的深入认识,采用分子生态学技术,在种水平上对比和揭示同一窖池酒醅和窖泥中乳酸菌群落的结构差异和演替规律,并运用BugBase预测酒醅和窖泥乳酸菌群落主要表型的差异.结果显示,窖池中共检出6科16属乳酸菌.酒醅发酵过程中乳酸菌平均丰度为65.21%±29.47%,而窖泥中乳酸菌仅占细菌总量的4.06%±4.24%. 0-3 d酒醅中优势乳酸菌是乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus,占乳酸菌丰度44.01%)、魏氏菌属(Weissella,27.33%),其后乳杆菌属丰度维持在91.06%以上,窖泥中优势乳酸菌为乳杆菌属(95.67%±9.17%). OTU0和OTU3是窖池中乳杆菌属的优势物种,其丰度占乳酸菌总量的76.08%±29.21%.酒醅与窖泥乳酸菌需氧类型不同,发酵初期(0-5 d)的酒醅中好氧乳酸菌相对丰度显著高于后期酒醅和窖泥样品(P 0.01),窖泥中兼性厌氧乳酸菌的丰度高于酒醅样品.综上所述,酒醅和窖泥中乳酸菌群落存在时空异质性,可能影响酒醅和窖泥对泸型酒风味的贡献.(图4参34)     

阊江河1～6级支流大型底栖无脊椎动物取食功能团演变特征

河流连续性概念(rivercontinuumconcept,RCC)将自然河流生态系统视为物理和生物的连续体,河流物理环境的梯度变化决定了生物的演变格局.为探索自然河流系统受人类干扰后大型底栖无脊椎动物的演变规律,作者于2002年5月、8月、11月对安徽省祁门县阊江河1~6级支流的大型底栖无脊椎动物进行了调查,共获7纲57科101属119种,计8813头,并详细记载了各级支流样点的栖境特点.运用“河流连续性概念”理论分析结果表明该河1~6级支流大型底栖无脊椎动物各取食功能团演变趋势符合该理论,但上游至下游的生物区系演替程度明显小于未受干扰的自然河流,1~6级支流各功能团的分布(P/%)梯度变化趋于平缓,仅捕食者数量分布与理论预测模式比较接近.各级支流相同取食功能团的优势类群各异,其种类的耐污能力随河流级别的增加总体呈上升趋势.同级支流各取食功能团的分布(P/%)比例存在季节性差异.图2表3参15     

湖南省特有植物的分布

湖南省特有植物共计235种(含种下等级;下同),归110属52科,其中蕨类植物25种,裸子植物3种,被子植物207种(双子叶植物和单子叶植物各计125和82种),主要集中于Theaceae,Rosaceae,Dryopteridaceae,Urticaceae,Ericacaeae,Gesneriaceaea,Labiatae(=Lamiaceae)和Gramineae(=Poaceae)等8科,共计155种,占全省总特有种数的65.96%.湖南特有植物所归的属的分布区类型以北温带,热带亚洲,泛热带及中国特有成分为主,分别占总数的20.00%,19.09%,13.64%和13.64%.从水平分布上看,湖南省特有植物主要分布于西北部,计77种,占全省总特有种数的32 17%;其次是西南部与南部,各有51和50种,分别占全省总特有种数的21.70%和21.28%,从垂直分布上看,它们主要分布于中山地带(海拔800-1 600m),计108种,占全省总特有种数的45.80%;其次是低山地带(海拔300-800m),计84种,占全省总特有种数的35.88%。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.