地下水饮用水源地分级分区防控对策研究

地下水饮用水源的污染严重,对人类的各方面造成严重的影响。加大地下水环境防控力度,对解决中国地下水环境和人类生存问题具有现实的指导意义。分析地下水主要环境问题及目前防控政策现状,弥补当前地下水分级分区防控措施的缺点,改善划分方法,提出了利用层次分析法与主成分分析法相结合的方法对地下水饮用水源地进行污染源风险等级评价,根据风险等级形成三级防控体系,以及对地下水饮用水源地进行三级防护区划分的建议与构想。     

Application of cleaner production technology in chemical industry: a near zero emission

The main objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate opportunities for implementation of pollution prevention and waste minimization in a chemical industrial company producing poly sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde which is used as a super plasticizer for concrete. Environmental problems encountered were mainly the highly polluted wastewater and a semi-solid cake containing considerable amount of the final product. Possible modules for remedial measures and their cost estimation were investigated. The proposed remedial modules included recycling of retained water discharge in filter press, recycling of washing water of reaction vessels (reactors), closed circuit cooling system for high-pressure pump, good housekeeping through control of leakage of raw material, products and water and finally utilization of retained residual product from the solid waste. The implemented pollution control measures proved to be cost effective and have short payback periods. Also, minimization of the hydraulic and organic loads in the final effluent was achieved.     

牡丹江南湖水系面源污染控制技术与对策

分析了牡丹江南湖水系改造前后水环境污染的状况,其主要污染物为氨氮、总磷、CODcr和BOD5。通过对水环境基本情况的分析,探明问题所在。最后对结果进行了初步分析,并提出了相应的污染防治对策和治理措施,以期为制定水环境可持续利用及区域经济发展规划提供必要的科学依据。     

中国钢铁行业大气污染与温室气体协同控制路径研究

随着我国温室气体减排形势的日益严峻,以及大气污染物减排工作的日益深化,寻求能够同时削减温室气体和局地空气污染物的减排措施成为重要的研究方向。过去的减排工作经验教训表明,单一的末端治理措施难以实现多污染物控制目标。文章以我国钢铁行业为例,在协同控制理念指导下,构造大气污染物协同减排当量指标APeq评价某项技术措施对SO2、NOX和CO2的综合减排效果,并针对APeq、SO2、NOX、CO2,基于单位(边际)污染物减排成本和减排潜力估算,讨论协同控制分析方法和技术措施减排路径。结果表明,相比末端控制技术,前端和过程控制技术可实现3种污染物协同减排,因而单位(边际)污染物减排成本较低,优先度排序靠前,而末端治理措施缺乏协同性,单位(边际)污染物减排成本较高,优先度排序靠后。仅靠前端和过程控制措施,NOX减排目标能够实现,而SO2、CO2和APeq减排目标则难以实现,尚须实施部分成本较高的末端控制措施,或借助结构调整和规模控制手段。     

Utilization of publicly owned treatment works to promote pollution prevention

Industrial production processes contribute the most diverse group of emissions to air, water, and land pollution. These forms of pollution were the initial focus of environmental regulations requiring control efforts. Under optimum conditions, industrial waste streams pass through some type of treatment to minimize toxicity prior to being released into the environment. Business, government, and interest groups have previously assumed that industrial productivity and environmental quality were diametrically opposed. In other words, enhanced industrial productivity resulted in environmental damage and, conversely, environmental protection resulted in costs to business. However, companies that have implemented pollution prevention (P2) strategies to address their environmental problems have usually found that their facility's productivity can improve, while at the same time waste and pollution can be reduced. Where previous environmental strategies focused on end-of-pipe control efforts, P2 strategies are implemented at the design or process phase. While there are many examples of individual companies successfully implementing P2, consensus shows P2 adoption by the business community advancing at a rate far slower than expected. Most government agencies that currently promote P2 are not typically viewed as credible sources of innovation by industry. Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), however, may be able to capitalize on their dual status as respected members of the local community as well as experts in waste management thus serving as credible proponents of P2. The paper discusses how POTWs are working with industrial users to promote P2, as well as their interest in doing so and their requirements for technical assistance. Survey results are provided that describe how POTW personnel in the State of Illinois believe they could best promote P2.     

Effects of the reduction of pollution emissions on the economic performance of firms: an empirical analysis focusing on demand and productivity

This paper analyzes whether the reduction of pollution emissions improves a firm’s economic performance through the increase in sales to environmentally conscious customers and the cost reductions associated with the improvement in productivity. Because the selection of the control (end-of-pipe) or prevention (cleaner production) approach differently influences the effect through the improvement in productivity, this is also considered. Using panel data for Japanese manufacturing firms over the period 2002–2008, the findings indicate that firms that have reduced their pollution emissions can increase their economic performance through the increase in demand for their products and an improvement in productivity. However, the latter is conditional, and so the prevention approach is preferred.     

浅析县级环境监测站的污染状况及防治措施

针对目前中国县级环境监测站存在的污染种类及危害,阐明环境监测站是一种不容忽视的污染源,其污染物种类多样、成分复杂、毒害较大,并针对不同的污染提出相应的治理办法,提出对县级环境监测站加强污染防治,推行绿色实验室。     

广州市报废机动车回收企业二次污染现状及污染防治对策

界定机动车维修、报废过程中产生的固体废物、废水、土壤污染为机动车二次污染,并通过实地调查、监测分析广州市12家定点报废汽车回收公司,开展机动车二次污染现状研究。研究表明,报废机动车回收过程中对资源化金属的回收利用成效较好,但对用途不大的部件随意渠道转移,对危险废物和严控废物未能较好处理;大多没有完善废水处理设施,废水直接排放;土壤多项特征污染物超标严重。针对广州市机动车二次污染现状,提出了加强法规建设、环境监控、行业管理、清洁生产等防治措施。     

水污染防治领域的技术预见

针对水污染防治领域开展了技术预见研究。通过德尔菲调查法所获数据及其结果分析,确定出排名最高的10项技术课题,作为未来水污染防治领域的关键技术课题,其中共涉及6个领域:城镇污水处理与回用,饮用水净化与安全,工业废水处理与回用,农村、农业污水处理与回用,地下水体污染控制以及微量有毒物质的防控。分析表明,10项关键技术课题的预期实现时间集中在2014年-2018年;领先国家或地区主要是美国、日本和欧盟;发展路径选择最多的是集成创新的方式;技术本身可行性、市场需求、政策支持是最主要的3个制约其发展的因素;目前所处的阶段主要是实际应用阶段。     

江苏太湖流域畜禽养殖及农业氮磷污染防治示范区构建技术研究

畜禽养殖废弃物及农业氮磷流失造成的环境面源污染已经成为太湖流域湖泊和水体污染的主要来源之一.通过现场勘查、文献查阅、实地调研等方法,对以太仓为代表的江苏太湖流域畜禽养殖及农业氮磷流失造成的农村生态环境污染问题进行了分析,研究提出了污染防治示范区构建的指导思想、基本原则、技术路径、技术及模式创新点,用五大发展新理念指导污染防治示范区构建,创新畜禽养殖废弃物及农业氮磷污染防治的产业化模式、区域分散畜禽粪便收集服务的社会化体系、覆盖农业氮磷污染防治全程的可控化技术体系.     

澜沧江流域水环境综合整治研究

以水体水质功能和自净能力为基础,从便于管理和治理出发,将澜沧江划分为4个水环境功能区,从“管、治、防、用”4方面入手,针对不同的环境问题,围绕各自的水环境功能和水质保护目标,分区进行整治,以抑制水污染恶化的趋势。     

Pollution prevention and cleaner production in the mining industry: an analysis of current issues

This paper examines the major pollution prevention and Cleaner production (CP) issues in the mining industry. Past problems with pollution has made waste minimization an issue of enormous importance for many mining companies. Since the advent of the first major environmental legislation circa-1970, there has been substantial improvement in environmental performance at the mine sites of these firms, including a reduction in noxious air emissions, a decrease in levels of toxic contaminants in effluent discharges, and a major upgrading in land management. All of these improvements are directly attributed to a corporate abandonment of conventional, end-of-pipe apparatuses, and subsequent integration of cleaner technologies and strategies, including highly efficient environmental equipment, heavily retrofitted control systems, and comprehensive environmental management plans. Although hundreds of mining districts have already benefited from installing systems that foster pollution prevention and CP, in select instances, these have not proven to be realistic waste management remedies. Major barriers, particularly economic, technologic, and legislative ones, have both individually and collectively impeded the implementation of pollution prevention and CP strategies in such cases. Many of these barriers appear insurmountable but improved planning, employee education, and increased government intervention would spell continued success in an industry that has already made enormous strides in the arena of environmental management.     

流域水污染防治绩效评估体系研究

以环境绩效评估为基础,从总量削减、水环境质量保护、公众参与、环境治理4个方面选择指标,采用层次分析法进行水污染防治绩效评估.结果表明,赣江流域水污染防治效果明显,水环境质量呈逐年变好趋势;从环境管理来看,情况有所改善,但还存在一些问题,环保投资指数成为影响水污染防治效果的主要控制因子.     

Eco-efficiency and industrial symbiosis – a counterfactual analysis of a mining community

Complex utilization, a production model analogous to those described by industrial symbiosis, was planned at the Russian Kola Science Center in mid-1980. The model integrates the waste streams of mining industries in the Kola Peninsula in such a way that waste from one industrial operator becomes raw material for another. Using a counterfactual method, this article determines the eco-efficiency of the model between the years 1985 and 2005. A parallel study of the eco-efficiency of the actual system, i.e. in the absence of complex utilization, is then performed for the same time period. The study shows that complex utilization would indeed have yielded increased eco-efficiency, even though not all environmentally harmful emissions would have decreased. As a result of market collapse and the use of upstream pollution prevention together with traditional end-of-pipe technologies, however, the actual system shows net emission reductions similar to those modeled in complex utilization. It is suggested that in systems like the mining industry of the Kola Peninsula, with high production volumes and poorly developed environmental technologies, upstream pollution prevention together with traditional end-of-pipe technologies may prove more attractive than industrial symbiosis, despite the substantial increases in eco-efficiency of the latter.     

秦皇岛市非点源污染问题初探

在分析了秦皇岛市的非点源污染问题及其特点的基础上,对非点源污染负荷进行了初步的估算。计算结果表明,该市非点源污染负荷在水环境污染负荷中占有很大份量,还提出了秦皇岛市非点源污染防治措施。      

城市环境保护中污水治理的相关问题研究

随着我国向工业型国家转型的进程加快,我国作为一个水资源贫乏的国家,水污染的问题日益突出。因此,对于我国城市污水处理问题进行研究探讨,对于实现我国可持续发展战略有着重大的意义。本文主要对目前我国城市污水处理中存在的问题进行了分析研究,并在此基础上,对我国的城市污水处理提出了一些有针对性地对策与措施。     

细河污染特征与整治对策的探讨

细河是伴随沈阳市铁西区老工业基地的发展而形成一条排污河流,2002年前污染非常严重,2002年后通过综合整治及仙女河污水处理厂和西部污水处理厂相继建成并投入使用,使大部分细河污水得到处理,但细河的污染问题仍不容乐观,本文通过细河纳污总量的核定、细河源头水的保护与利用、底质的清理与无害化处置、新污染控制与防范等措施使细河水质得到一个可持续的、良好的改善。     

地下水环境影响评价导则执行过程中遇到的问题及建议

对中国各地区地下水的水质情况进行了调查,分析了地下水环境管理和保护工作中的问题,指出地下水污染防治工作的重要性、迫切性。对《环境影响评价技术导则地下水环境》(HJ 610-2011)的工作等级划分、环境影响识别、环境现状调查、影响评价及污染防治等内容进行了简要介绍,汇总了评价导则执行后,对各类项目进行地下水评价过程中遇到的困难和问题,并在对各种问题进行分析的基础上,提出了有针对性的解决方法和建议。     

关于环境生物技术在水污染治理中的研究与应用

分析了国内外关于微生物遗传学、酶学在环境生物技术领域中的研究进展以及环境生物技术在污水治理学的开发与应用及其发展趋势，为选择实用的污水处理技术提供了参考依据。     

北京市2000年-2012年水环境质量及污染规律研究

环境质量和污染结构演化与城市社会经济发展之间存在内在联系,抓住三者间的关系可以更好地规划指导环境保护,甚至影响城市规划。本文分析了2000年以来首都水环境质量及水环境污染演变规律,研究了环境质量和污染结构演化与城市社会经济发展之间的内在联系,在此基础上识别并分析了北京市主要水环境问题和成因,提出了水环境保护的综合对策和建议。研究将为解决北京市水环境问题提供有力支撑。