腐蚀损伤结构复合材料修补构型优选试验研究

设计了模拟含腐蚀损伤和机械损伤的铝合金结构复合材料修补试验件,开展了各种修补构型预腐蚀的静拉伸试验.通过对比分析,获得了腐蚀环境下最佳复合材料修补构型设计,为严酷腐蚀环境与载荷环境下海军飞机金属结构腐蚀损伤和机械损伤的复合材料修补设计提供了指导.     

一种海洋气候环境-摩擦载荷耦合试验设备的研制

目的研制一台海洋气候环境-摩擦载荷耦合试验设备。方法针对相对运动部件在海洋环境下的服役条件,为评价其材料腐蚀磨损性能,分析摩擦载荷与气候环境可能对运动部件造成的交互作用,从机械结构上进行创新,研制一台海洋气候环境-摩擦载荷耦合试验设备。结果该设备可在一定范围内实行载荷、速度控制,利用传感器和数据采集系统完成对摩擦力、摩擦系数、温湿度的采集。设备包含6套下试样夹具,可实现6个样品轮转试验。结论该设备适用于研究服役于海洋气候环境下的材料的腐蚀磨损性能。     

5%NaCl盐雾环境对铝合金铆接防护结构性能影响研究

目的研究2024铝合金在5%NaCl盐雾环境下的腐蚀疲劳性能。方法开展2024铝合金5%NaCl盐雾环境下的腐蚀疲劳试验,采用"疲劳加载-腐蚀环境"交替循环的试验模式,通过试验测试铝合金铆接结构在5%NaCl盐雾环境下的腐蚀疲劳寿命值,分析不同疲劳载荷大小对铝合金连接结构的腐蚀疲劳寿命影响。结果 5%NaCl盐雾环境对于铝合金铆接结构疲劳寿命有较大影响,疲劳载荷对防护涂层防护性能和腐蚀疲劳载荷的滞后效应等两方面影响,0.25P破坏载荷相较于0.3P破坏载荷,涂层防护作用影响更小,低载锻炼效应更强,腐蚀疲劳寿命降低量更少。结论 2024铝合金铆接结构耐腐蚀性能与结构载荷和防护涂层特性有重要关系。     

金属材料腐蚀疲劳研究进展

首先归纳了金属材料的腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生机理和扩展机制,从材料自身因素、外界力学因素和环境因素三方面分析了腐蚀疲劳影响因素,简要介绍了环境腐蚀-疲劳载荷交互试验和环境腐蚀-疲劳载荷协同试验研究现状及重要性,并展望了金属材料腐蚀疲劳今后研究的重要方向,为金属材料腐蚀疲劳的试验开展、机理探索和工程应用奠定基础。     

装备关重件腐蚀-疲劳环境/载荷试验谱编制方法研究

目的 研究装备关重件大气腐蚀-动态疲劳协同加载的环境/载荷试验谱编制方法。方法 依据装备构件服役寿命-环境剖面,分析腐蚀环境与疲劳应力协同作用的特点,归纳出腐蚀-疲劳环境/载荷谱的设计原则和编制方法。结果 利用环境/载荷谱编制方法制定了某装备结构件腐蚀环境与疲劳载荷协同作用的加速试验谱。结论 建立的腐蚀-疲劳协同作用的环境/载荷谱编制方法及当量加速试验谱,可用于研究装备关重件的腐蚀-疲劳协同环境效应及加速试验评价方法等工作。     

关于深海环境下金属结构腐蚀的研究新进展

对于深海环境下金属结构工程腐蚀的研究新进展做了综述性描述,归纳了国内外在深海腐蚀研究领域所取得的最新成果,系统总结了溶解氧、温度、盐度等深海腐蚀环境因素的特征及变化规律,分析了深海环境因素的差异对金属结构腐蚀行为的影响。简要介绍了深海腐蚀实验技术以及深海环境因素对金属结构的腐蚀行为的影响,并对深海腐蚀技术的未来前景做了合理性的推测。     

油箱积水环境对油箱结构疲劳安全寿命的影响研究

目的 摸索飞机服役条件下油箱积水环境对油箱结构疲劳寿命的影响,评估基于常规疲劳寿命除以理论分散系数确定的安全寿命是否可以保证服役环境下的飞行安全.方法 首先通过试验确定加速腐蚀试验中飞机油箱积水介质浓度,并结合飞机使用特点,确定战斗机机翼梁结构腐蚀-腐蚀疲劳试验环境-载荷谱.以此环境-载荷谱为基础,试验模拟油箱结构在地面停放和空中飞行所经历的腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳过程.采用结构和载荷谱分离的可靠性分析方法,研究腐蚀-腐蚀疲劳作用下结构的疲劳寿命.结果 对常温疲劳试验结果与腐蚀-腐蚀疲劳试验结果的对比分析,表明腐蚀环境虽然降低了结构疲劳品质,导致疲劳中值寿命降低,但对结构寿命分散基本无影响.结论 严重谱下疲劳分散系数可保证油箱结构的安全.     

一种海洋气候环境-扭转疲劳试验设备的研制

目的研制一种海洋气候环境-扭转疲劳试验设备。方法针对海洋环境下服役的装备材料及结构承受环境腐蚀-扭转载荷耦合作用的特点,采用液压伺服闭环控制原理,通过特定结构布置、液压动力系统和伺服扭转疲劳系统的合理设计,研制一种海洋气候环境-扭转疲劳试验设备。结果该设备可实现扭转角度、扭矩、频率等试验参数的精确控制,准确表征工作在海洋大气环境中的材料及结构扭转性能。结论新研制的设备适用于海洋大气环境下服役的材料及构件扭转性能试验验证与评估。     

基于腐蚀损伤表征因子的疲劳寿命衰减影响研究

应用MIT（Mean Impact Value）方法对LY12CZ铝合金试件疲劳寿命产生影响的腐蚀损伤表征因子进行筛选,得到了对疲劳寿命衰减影响较大的5个腐蚀损伤表征因子。定义了腐蚀疲劳寿命累积衰减函数与疲劳寿命衰减速率函数,建立了寿命累积衰减模型,验证了该模型的准确性,并以腐蚀损伤表征因子和腐蚀累积衰减函数为数据样本,用BP神经网络、自适应滤波的LMS算法分别预测了不同年限下的疲劳寿命。与实验测得的疲劳寿命数据对比后得出,BP神经网络、LMS方法计算产生的误差在工程上可以接受。     

腐蚀对30CrMnSiNi2A钢结构疲劳寿命的影响

采用周期浸润加速腐蚀试验与疲劳试验相结合的方法,研究了腐蚀及腐蚀与疲劳交替作用对某型飞机30CrMnSiNi2A机翼主梁疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明,腐蚀环境的影响会引起30CrMnSiNi2A高强度结构钢的疲劳寿命明显降低.与未腐蚀状态相比,预腐蚀5、10、15天后,某型飞机机翼主梁模拟件的平均疲劳寿命分别下降了17.3%、20.5%、33.2%;而在腐蚀与疲劳交替作用下,其平均疲劳寿命下降了22.8%.在给定的腐蚀环境和疲劳载荷谱作用下,平均疲劳寿命N50随预腐蚀时间t的变化可以用N50=1044.541-219.978t描述.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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