含砂海水对40Cr钢加速冲刷腐蚀性能影响

目的研究40Cr钢在实际海水中的冲刷腐蚀性能。方法采用自制旋转冲刷实验装置,模拟实际海洋环境对40Cr钢进行实验。试验介质为含有质量分数为0.15%、0.3%、1%石英砂(300目左右)的青岛海域天然海水,冲刷流速分别为1、3、5 m/s。用交流阻抗谱和极化曲线测试检测其冲刷腐蚀性能,采用失重法测量冲刷腐蚀速率,并用扫描电镜观察其表面形貌,用XRD、EDS技术检测腐蚀产物成分。结果当流速一定,石英砂的质量分数为0.3%时,腐蚀速率最小,交流阻抗谱和极化曲线结合分析显示,此时最耐腐蚀,腐蚀产物成分为FeO(OH)。当含砂量一定时,随着流速的增加,试样腐蚀速率快速增加,耐蚀性逐渐下降,腐蚀产物主要成分为Fe O(OH)。结论流速对40Cr的冲刷腐蚀速率影响较大,而含砂量对冲刷腐蚀速率的影响较小。     

船舶海水管路冲刷腐蚀仿真分析及预测

目的 获取船舶海水管路系统中弯管在不同因素影响下的冲刷腐蚀规律,预测其冲刷腐蚀速率.方法 采用试验测试和数值仿真相结合的方法,研究管路系统中弯管在不同海水流速、管径、弯径比影响下的冲刷腐蚀规律,采用灰色关联分析各因素对冲刷腐蚀影响的严重程度,最后建立冲刷腐蚀速率预测方程.结果 随流速增加,最大冲刷腐蚀速率先增大、后趋于平稳;随管径增加,管壁最大冲刷腐蚀速率逐渐减小;随弯径比增加,管壁最大冲刷腐蚀速率先减小后略有增加.不同因素对冲刷腐蚀速率影响的严重程度由大到小为弯径比、流速、管径.结论 数值仿真方法可快速获取管路参数变化对冲刷腐蚀速率的影响,基于仿真结果建立的冲刷腐蚀速率预测方程可以很好地预测不同因素影响下的弯管冲刷腐蚀,有较高的预测精度.     

基于CFD的化工管道内介质流态模拟

以某炼化企业一套200万t/a连续柴油加氢装置中加热炉出口至反应器入口之间的管道P1110为例,借助CFD软件对该管道内介质进行了流态模拟,并研究了易发生冲刷腐蚀的管道部件如异径管、三通接头、弯头等部位的流场特性。结果表明,流体流经管道部件后,其流态会发生较大变化,导致管道易发生冲刷腐蚀。     

环烷酸腐蚀动态模拟实验研究

通过环烷酸动态腐蚀模拟装置,研究了动态高温条件下流速和酸值变化对腐蚀的影响.结果表明:含有Mo的316L、317L耐环烷酸冲刷腐蚀性能明显优于304L和16MnR,流速30 m/s,温度300 ℃,304L不锈钢存在发生腐蚀速率突变的临界酸值,酸值(以KOH计)在2.5 ～4.3 mg/g之间.在酸值8.3 mg/g,300℃条件下,16MnR发生腐蚀速率急剧变化的临界流速≤10 m/s,304L不锈钢的临界流速应在10 ～30 m/s之间.     

三种流速下高强钢与微弧氧化钛电偶腐蚀研究

目的研究三种流速下微弧氧化钛和高强钢的电偶腐蚀行为。方法在面积比为1:1情况下进行1,3,7 m/s流速下的电化学测试和电偶腐蚀试验研究。结果随着流速的增大,偶合电流、总腐蚀速率和电偶腐蚀速率增大。当流速为7 m/s时,高强钢总腐蚀速率和电偶腐蚀速率分别达到8.64 mm/a和0.39 mm/a,与静态相比分别增大146倍和15.6倍,与1 m/s流速下相比分别增大8.6倍和5倍。结论在面积比为1:1时,冲刷腐蚀速率远大于电偶腐蚀速率。     

气液固多相流对法兰接缝处的腐蚀行为研究

目的揭示不同条件下法兰接缝处的腐蚀速率。方法基于流动动力学数值模拟软件,分析法兰接缝处的流场变化、不同因素的电化学腐蚀速率和冲刷腐蚀速率。结果在文中的研究条件下,随着接缝深度的增加,法兰接缝处的流速分布分为0～0.6 mm和0.6～5 mm两个阶段,在法兰接缝表面均存在明显的压力梯度层和温度梯度层。同时随着固体杂质质量流量的增大,法兰处腐蚀速率呈直线增大,当其质量流量大于4kg/s时,其腐蚀速率达到最大值;而含砂流体流速与腐蚀速率基本符合正态分布规律。结论对于气液固多相流条件下法兰处的腐蚀,主要是由于电化学腐蚀和冲刷腐蚀相互作用产生的,并且其冲刷腐蚀速率远远大于电化学腐蚀速率。     

缓蚀剂在流动条件下的缓蚀性能研究进展

为了延长管道寿命、降低生产成本,在油气集输过程中往往会添加缓蚀剂抑制管道的内腐蚀,但流动条件下的缓蚀剂性能并不理想。简要介绍了有机缓蚀剂的作用机理以及研究缓蚀性能的常用方法,对砂、流速、流型、油相等因素对缓蚀性能的影响和作用机理进行了综述和讨论,并对以后的研究方向做了展望。     

流速和弯曲角度对弯头腐蚀行为影响仿真研究

目的研究不同弯度的铜镍合金管道在海水冲刷下的腐蚀规律,为弯头腐蚀控制奠定基础。方法以铜镍合金在海水中的极化曲线作为边界条件,通过k-ε湍流模型模拟30°、45°和90°三种弯头在不同流速下的腐蚀行为。结果流体进入弯头后,内侧流速明显加快,外侧流速减小,导致内管壁腐蚀严重。内侧局部强腐蚀区随弯曲角度的增大而后移,相应的腐蚀速率也会增加。同时,随着入口流速的增加,弯头管壁的腐蚀速率会加快,但不改变弯头内的最大腐蚀部位。结论弯头腐蚀速率与流速、弯曲角度密切相关。流速越高,弯曲角度越大,管壁的腐蚀速率越大。     

硫磺回收装置腐蚀机理与防护分析

目的对硫磺回收装置的腐蚀机理进行细化研究。方法研究NH4HS垢下腐蚀、CO2-H2O腐蚀、H2S-H2O腐蚀、H2SO4/H2SO3腐蚀、硫高温腐蚀等几种腐蚀情形,为预防设备管线腐蚀提供相应的理论依据,并且通过硫磺回收装置的液硫及管线腐蚀、高温掺和阀腐蚀、阀门腐蚀及点火枪部位腐蚀等典型案例进行详尽分析。结果通过能谱(EDS)对现场损坏管线分析得知,在液硫界面产生的氧、碳、硫等腐蚀产物导致液硫池蒸汽管线和伴热管腐蚀断裂、液硫泵壳腐蚀。该部分腐蚀产物与液硫池中的水发生反应,生成多种酸(硫酸、亚硫酸等)造成腐蚀。随着液位逐渐升高,腐蚀范围不断上升和扩大。结论由于高温掺和阀阀芯基本处于800~1000℃的高温环境中,大量的单质硫、二氧化硫、硫化氢及有机硫物质在高温环境中,形成高速气流,设备经过高速气流的冲刷,造成严重的腐蚀。同时NH4HS结晶在阀门或点火枪部位析出,在流速较低的部位发生沉积,导致设备功能下降和电化学垢下腐蚀。通过分析硫磺回收装置的工艺原理、腐蚀机理及腐蚀现状,结合具体案例分析,提出相对应的防护措施。     

海水管路冲刷腐蚀数值模拟研究现状

分析了海水管路冲刷腐蚀主要影响因素,总结了国内外学者在海水管路冲刷腐蚀数值模拟方面的研究成果,并在此基础上对海水管路冲刷腐蚀数值模拟研究方向作出了展望。随着计算流体力学的发展,有效地结合试验数据与数值模拟对海水管路冲刷腐蚀现象进行研究,可以更好地预测海水管路冲刷腐蚀发生的部位及腐蚀速度。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.