广西一锰矿区土壤重金属的赋存形态研究

通过对锰矿区土壤重金属全量及其形态分布的分析,结果表明,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr 4种金属的含量达到《土壤环境质量标准》的二级标准,Cd含量超过《土壤环境质量标准》的二级标准。从各元素形态分布来看,Cu、Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态为主;Mn主要以铁锰结合为主;Zn、Cr主要以残渣态为主;Cd不同的样地各形态分布不一;从不同形态的重金属的生物有效性来看,Cu、Cd、Pb、Mn以可利用态和潜在可利用态为主,其中Mn潜在可利用态占为86.1%;Zn、Cr以不可利用态为主。锰矿区Cd与Mn 2种重金属是锰矿区污染土壤修复中主要修复对象。     

城市生活污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中重金属形态变化特征

利用蚯蚓处理城市生活污泥,研究了蚯蚓处理对污泥重金属总量及形态的影响。结果表明:污泥经蚯蚓处理后,污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮均有不同程度的降低,污泥重金属Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb含量分别降低了19.05%、12.10%、10.77%、24.90%。BCR连续提取结果表明:Cu以可氧化态为主,Zn及Ni以可交换态和可还原态为主,Pb以残渣态为主。蚯蚓处理对污泥重金属可交换态及可还原态影响不显著,但大幅降低了Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb可氧化态含量,降幅分别为19.79%、92.57%、35.18%、78.31%。蚯蚓处理总体上降低了重金属Cu、Ni、Pb的生物有效性。     

东北地区城市污水处理厂污泥中重金属的形态分布及其潜在生态风险评价

分析了东北地区7个城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn的含量,利用修正的BCR法研究了污泥中重金属的形态分布特征,并使用地累积指数(Igeo)法和内梅罗指数法(PI)评估了污泥在土地利用过程中重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,污水厂污泥中Zn含量超过了国家标准(GB4284—1984)限值,且污泥中Cu、Zn和Mn的含量远远超过东北耕地黑土中的背景含量.污泥中Cu和Cr的有机物结合态(即可氧化态)所占比例较大,可迁移形态含量最高的重金属是Zn,Ni广泛分布于可交换态、酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态中,Mn的残渣态在5种形态中所占比例最高.5种金属中迁移性最强的是Zn,其次为Mn,Cr的迁移性最差.内梅罗单项污染指数法和地累积指数法的评价结果表明,Cu、Zn和Mn是污泥土地利用过程中潜在的污染元素.内梅罗综合指数法的评价结果显示,种脱水污泥均对耕地黑土环境存在严重的潜7在生态风险.     

黄淮海地区鸡粪有机肥重金属含量特征及环境风险

本文调查黄淮海地区5省2市120种商品鸡粪有机肥样品,分析测定有机肥中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和As含量、形态分布以及浸提毒性.结果表明,有机肥中重金属含量差异较大,表现为ZnCuPbAsCd,与有机肥行业标准相比,Cd、As、Pb存在超标现象,分别为6.7%、47.05%和14.28%,不同省市间重金属含量差异明显.有机肥中Cd、Zn主要以铁锰结合态存在,分别占37.3%和43.79%(质量分数),而残渣态Pb、有机结合态Cu,交换态As比例较高.有机肥中TCLP-Zn、-Cu、-Cd、-Pb和-As含量分别为41.11、3.33、0.07、1.25和0.21 mg·kg~(-1),有机肥中Zn和Pb含量超标数为6和5个,分布在河北省和江苏省.有机肥中Zn、Cu、Cd和As总量与TCLP提取态含量存在显著相关性(P0.05).按鸡粪有机肥年施肥量15t·hm-2推算鸡粪有机肥安全使用年限:河南天津安徽=山东=江苏河北北京.     

好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

广州城市污泥中重金属的存在特征及其农用生态风险评价

分析了广州7种城市污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni的含量,研究了其中5种污泥中重金属的形态特征,并利用地累积指数（Igeo）和潜在生态危害指数法（RI）对污泥农用过程中重金属的潜在生态风险进行了综合性评价. 结果表明,广州不同来源城市污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni含量较高,变化幅度较大,而Pb、Cr含量较低. 除一种污泥中Cu超标外,其他重金属基本符合国家农用控制标准（GB18918-2002）,但所有污泥中重金属含量都超过珠江三角洲耕地土壤均值.不同重金属在不同污泥中的形态分布差异较大. 其中,含工业污水污泥中Cu、Cr还原态占很大的比例,Pb、Fe主要以还原态和残渣态存在;生活污水污泥中重金属主要以可氧化态和残渣态存在,酸可交换态中Mn的比例较高,易还原态中Zn的比例较高;5种污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn潜在迁移性最强.Igeo和RI评价结果表明,污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn是潜在的强生态风险元素,污泥在农用过程中具有一定生态风险性. Igeo和RI用于污泥农用过程中重金属的生态风险评价是可行的,与其它评价方法相比较, RI能更好地反映污泥中重金属对生态环境的综合影响.     

纳米TiO2对土壤重金属释放及形态变化的影响

通过室外模拟淹水实验研究纳米Ti O_2对土壤重金属迁移转化的影响,分析了两种纳米Ti O_2对三峡水库典型消落区土壤中Cr、Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd释放和形态变化的影响.结果表明,淹水两个月后,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石和锐钛矿颗粒处理均导致约30%的Cr释放到水中,主要促进可氧化态和残渣态Cr的溶出,从而促进土壤Cr的活化,大大提高其生态风险;另外,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石颗粒处理导致酸可交换态和可氧化态Pb含量分别下降25.92%和33.09%,增强其迁移性;但添加锐钛矿颗粒处理促进土壤中可氧化态Zn的生成,含量提高约30%,有利于Zn的固定;此外,两种纳米Ti O_2颗粒对Cu和Cd的形态均没有明显的影响.因此,纳米Ti O_2对土壤中Cr释放和形态变化影响最大,其次是Pb和Zn,在进行重金属污染土壤的修复及其风险评估时需要特别注意.     

传统酸浸和微波酸浸处理飞灰重金属的效果及重金属的形态变化特征

采用HCl作为浸出剂,在不同的浸出条件下对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属进行浸出试验,并采用连续提取程序对酸浸稳定化处理前后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn进行形态分析,研究了传统酸浸和微波酸浸对7种重金属的浸出效率及处理前后的形态变化特征.结果表明,酸浸处理能够有效地从飞灰中提取重金属,浸出效率依次为Zn≈Pb＞Cd＞Mn＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni.微波效应可以明显提高大部分重金属的浸出效率,在液固比(L/S)=25 mL/g、时间7 min和1 mol·L-1HCl条件下Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的浸出率分别为80.17%、15.05%、58.25%、62.42%、8.88%、89.25%和93.03%.对飞灰酸浸残渣进行的连续提取实验表明,传统和微波酸浸处理后飞灰中重金属的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态明显减少,重金属以残留态存在为主,飞灰稳定性显著提高.     

鸡粪堆肥处理对重金属形态的影响

选用鸡粪和玉米秸秆作为堆肥原料,进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了堆肥处理对鸡粪中重金属形态的影响.结果表明,堆肥过程中,堆料的总质量下降,重金属含量相对增加,但绝对量变化不明显,因此堆肥处理并不能减少堆肥体系中重金属的绝对量.但对重金属形态有一定的影响,Ni、Cd的铁锰氧化物结合态比例提高了5.0%～8.7%;Cu的有机结合态比例增加达到14.1%～19.1%,Cr的有机结合态比例增加达到22.0%～28.7%;Hg、Pb、As、Zn的残渣态比例均有不同程度提高.Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Cu和Zn等6种元素的稳定形态比例均有所上升,其中Cu的上升幅度最大,最高达到10.9%,说明堆肥处理能够降低重金属的生物活性和毒性.所添加的复合菌剂对鸡粪中重金属形态未有显著影响.     

畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在水稻土中的有效性动态变化和形态归趋

通过温室土壤培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在水稻土中有效性动态变化过程和形态归趋,为科学评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入稻田后的生态风险提供理论依据.试验结果表明,施用畜禽粪便有机肥12个月后,水稻土p H提高了0.4~0.9.施用鸡粪降低了水稻土中有效态Cu含量,而猪粪的施用增加了水稻土中有效态Cu含量.水稻土中有效态Zn含量随畜禽粪便有机肥施用量的增加而增加.与重金属无机盐相比,鸡粪处理中Cu的有效性低于等量无机盐处理,猪粪处理中Cu、Zn和鸡粪处理中Zn的有效性与等量无机盐处理相同.形态归趋过程研究结果表明,畜禽粪便有机肥带入到水稻土中Cu、Zn的量较低时,Cu在有机质结合态中有显著的积累,Zn则在碳酸盐结合态中有显著的积累;带入的Cu、Zn的量较高时,Cu、Zn在各个形态中均有积累;无机盐带入水稻土的Cu、Zn在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态中均有积累.畜禽粪便有机肥带入的Cu、Zn积累在有机结合态中的量与等量无机盐处理无显著差异.培养12个月时,有机肥处理的交换态Cu含量均显著高于等量无机盐处理,表明畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu的潜在有效性更高.     

Parasitoid-induced mortality of Araneus omnicolor (Araneae, Araneidae) by Hymenoepimecis sp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in southeastern Brazil

All species included in the Polysphincta genus-group develop as ectophagous parasitoids of active spiders, killing their hosts prior to pupation. However, little information regarding natural history and ovipositing behavior of most species are available. In this study we inspected 85 webs of Araneus omnicolor to evaluate the frequency of parasitism and host size preferences of the wasp Hymenoepimecis sp. We also described the web characteristics of normal and parasitized spiders and the wasp ovipositing behavior. About 41% of the adult females of A. omnicolor inspected were parasitized. The highest incidence of parasitism was observed among relatively small females while no egg or larva was found in large individuals. Araneus omnicolor builds a strong web composed of an orb and barrier threads, where the spider rests within a curled leaf. The parasitoid larva builds its cocoon within this refuge, and modified cocoon webs were not observed. The ovipositing behavior of Hymenoepimecis sp. was very similar to that of Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga parasitizing Leucauge argyra, including the position of the sting, the killing of a previously attached larva, and the expelling of the egg from the base of the ovipositor.     

黄土高原两种针叶树种不同器官水碳氮磷分配格局及其生态化学计量特征

植物不同器官水、碳、氮、磷等元素含量及其生态化学计量特征能够反映植物的生态策略及其环境适应性。本研究以黄土高原两种乡土树种油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和柴松(Pinus tabulaefirmis f.shekanensis)为研究对象,分析了研究区两种树种水、碳、氮和磷在不同器官的含量及其生态化学计量特征,探讨了两种树种基于水、碳、氮和磷分配格局的生态适应策略。结果表明:(1)油松和柴松对水分和碳素的分配格局总体表现为根和叶最大,其次为枝和干,树皮最小;对氮、磷的分配格局则表现为叶片显著高于其他器官。(2)油松将更多的水和氮分配给叶、根等生产性器官,而柴松将更多的水和碳分配给枝、干等防御性器官,反映了柴松较油松具有更加保守的生长策略,能够更好适应逆境条件。(3)植物器官不同元素间通过相互耦合后可以表现出较好的相关性,反映了植物元素之间具有高度复杂的协同关系,这种协同关系的体现形式可能与植物类型及其对外界环境变化的生长适应策略密切相关。     

Spatial heterogeneity of cyanobacterial communities and genetic variation of Microcystis populations within large, shallow eutrophic lakes (Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, China)

Cyanobacteria, specifically Microcystis, usually form massive blooms in eutrophic freshwater lakes. Cyanobacterial samples were collected from eight sites of both Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu in late summer to determine the diversity and distribution pattern of cyanobacteria and Microcystis in large, shallow, entropic lakes with significant spatial heterogeneity and long-term Microcystis bloom. Molecular methods based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis were used. A similar heterogeneous distribution pattern of cyanobacteria in both lakes was observed. Most parts of these two lakes with high trophic level were dominated by Microcystis. However, in the regions with low trophic levels as well as low concentrations of chlorophyll a, Synechococcus occupied a considerable percentage. Different morphospecies and genotypes dominated the bloom-forming Microcystis populations in these two lakes. Microcystis viridis and Microcystis novacekii were dominant in Lake Chaohu, whereas Microcystis flos-aquae was dominant in Lake Taihu. Only 2 of the13 Microcystis operational taxonomic units were shared between these two lakes. Analysis of molecular variance based on 16S to 23S internal transcribed spacer sequences indicated the significant genetic differentiation of Microcystis between these two lakes (F_st = 0.19, p < 0.001). However, only 19.46% of the genetic variability was explained by the population variation between lakes, whereas most (80.54%) of the genetic variability occurred within the lakes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no phylogeographic structure of Microcystis population in these two lakes, as illustrated by their cosmopolitan nature. Our results revealed that spatial heterogeneity within lakes has more impact on the cyanobacterial diversity than geographical isolation in a local scale.     

一株降解微囊藻毒素的缺陷短波单胞菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从太湖水华腐烂蓝藻中筛选出一株能够降解MC-LR的细菌,将其编号为Q3.经形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为缺陷短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas diminuta).研究发现,在实验条件下该菌能以MC-LR为唯一碳源和氮源生长;7 d内可将初始浓度为0.96 mg·L-1的MC-LR降解为0.37 mg·L-1,降解效率达到61.5%.同时,本研究首次发现缺陷短波单胞菌能够降解藻毒素,并且在此菌种中扩增出了降解过程的关键基因mlr A,推测该菌可能与已报道的Sphingomonas sp.ACM-3962等菌具有相同的降解机制.     

1株扑热息痛降解新菌株的选育及其代谢特性研究

通过选择性富集培养,从活性污泥样品中选育到1株能以扑热息痛为唯一碳源生长的好氧细菌F1.根据菌株F1的形态特征、生理生化特性、16S rRNA基因序列分析及和Biolog测试,初步鉴定为亲铜(Cupriavidus necator)菌属.菌株F1降解扑热息痛最适pH值和温度分别为7.0和30℃;菌株降解扑热息痛的过程遵...     

Intrageneric differences in the four stereoisomers of stenusine in the rove beetle genus, Stenus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

Most species of the rove beetle genus Stenus employ the spreading alkaloid stenusine as an escape mechanism on water surfaces. In the case of danger, they emit stenusine from their pygidial glands, and it propels them over the water very quickly. Stenusine is a chiral molecule with four stereoisomers: (2′R,3R)-, (2′S,3R)-, (2′S,3S)-, and (2′R,3S)-stenusine. The percentile ratio of these four isomers is only known for the most common species of the genus: Stenus comma. With the intention of determining the stereoisomer ratios of five additional species from the two subgenera, Stenus and Hypostenus, we used GC/mass spectrometry measurements with a chiral phase. The results showed that the ratio differs among the genus. These findings can be a basis for chemotaxonomy. It is also possible that the biological function of stenusine, e.g., as antibiotic or fungicide, varies with changing stereoisomer composition.

渤海龙口湾沉积物中烃类物质的分布特征、来源解析及风险评价

随着《山东半岛蓝色经济区发展规划》（国函[2011]）的实施,龙口湾的海洋开发活动得到空前发展,人类活动不仅影响了其潮汐和沉积环境,也使石油类成为该海域主要污染物之一.采用网格布点法采集了龙口湾表层（0~5 cm）沉积物样品,使用GC-MS对烃类物质（正构烷烃和多环芳烃）进行研究,通过其特征参数和比值丰度识别沉积物中有机物来源及污染排放源,并对沉积物进行生态风险评价.结果表明:正构烷烃参数碳优势指数（CPI_25-35）最大值为1.5（< 4）,陆海比（TAR）和海洋与水生输入比（P_mar-aq）的范围分别为0.15~1.08和0.28~0.74,指示沉积物中有机物的海源性浮游动植物贡献较大;nC₁₆指数〔w（∑C_11-36）/w（nC₁₆）〕最大值为20.76（< 30）,且71%站位的天然正构烷烃比率（NAR）值小于0,说明海洋开发活动造成了石油类污染物注入.沉积物中2环、3环PAHs（多环芳烃）的占比均超过50%,16种PAHs的总浓度范围为460.03~2 448.29 ng/g,平均值为1 328.60 ng/g,且86%的站位达到PAHs的中度、重度污染;PAHs的特征比值分析指示,龙口湾沉积物中PAHs属于石油和燃烧源的混合来源.以沉积物中PAHs含量为基础,与加拿大土壤质量指南比较,结果显示低分子量PAHs（Acy、Ace、Flu、Phe和Ant）偶尔会产生生态危害;致癌性PAHs比重（∑Car-PAHs）和BaP毒性当量（TEQ_BaP）综合评价表明,在当前的经济开发活动下龙口湾沉积物中PAHs具有一定的潜在毒性,但处于安全水平内.研究显示,龙口湾沉积物中正构烷烃属于陆源、海源和石油烃混合来源;PAHs主要属于石油和燃烧源的混合来源,其生态风险处于安全水平.      

Community fire use,resource change,and livelihood impacts: The downward spiral in the wetlands of southern Sumatra

Fire is an important community wetland management tool in Indonesia, but its increasing use in the wetlands of southern Sumatra is degrading the landscape and diminishing household incomes and livelihood options. We studied evolving community land and fire use, resource and livelihood impacts on two sites of roughly 250 km² each using satellite image analysis and biological and socio-economic surveys. Uncontrolled fire use expanded over time in relation to sonor or swamp rice cultivation, logging, fishing, grazing, and annual cropping on drained wetlands. As a result, most of the landscape has been subject to repeated fires of varying intensities, more extensive in El Niño years. Direct burning by companies played a smaller transitory role in fire ignition over the two decades. But company activities and other large-scale developments contributed to expanding community fire-based land use by bringing in more people, improving access to remote wetlands or making them more flammable. Widespread, repeated fires have transformed the landscape from mature high swamp forests to uniform stands of fire-resistant Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) forests and thickets, open savannas and grasslands. These new types of land cover are also degrading. Local communities have rapidly adapted to the changing resources and new opportunities. Logging and fishing declined in importance, and sonor and harvesting of Gelam expanded. But resource depletion has led to falling incomes and fewer livelihood options. The impacts extend beyond local areas as workers migrate into neighbouring forests to extract resources. Large-scale developments, community fire-based management practices and landscape transformation are spreading from accessible to formerly more remote wetlands.     

Effects of nature organic matters and hydrated metal oxides on the anaerobic degradation of lindane, p, p '-DDT and HCB in sediments

Effects of natural organic matters(NOM) and hydrated metal oxides(HMO) in sediments on the anaerobic degradation of γ-666,p, p‘-DDT and HCB were investigated by means of removing NOM and HMO in Liaohe River sediments sequentially. The results showed that the anaerobic degradation of γ-666, p, p‘ -DDT and HCB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics in different sediments. But, the extents and rates of degradation were different, even the other conditions remained the same. Anaerobic degradation rates of γ-666, p, p ‘-DDT and HCB were 0.020 d^-1, 0.009 d^-1 and 0.035 month^-1 respectively for the sediments without additional carbon resources. However, with addition ofcarbon resources, the anaerobic degradation rates of γ-666, p, p‘-DDT and HCB were 0.071 d^1, 0.054 d^-1 and 0.088 month^-1 in the original sediments respectively. After removing NOM, the rates were decreased to 0.047 d^-, 0.037 d^-1 and 0.066 month^-1 ; in thesediments removed NOM and HMO, the rates were increased to 0.067 d^-1 , 0.059 d^-1 and 0.086 month^-1 . These results indicated that NOMin the sediments accelerated the anaerobic degradation of γ-666, p, p‘-DDT and HCB ; the HMO inhibited the anaerobic degradation of γ-666,p, p ‘-DDT and HCB.     

1株耐油甲醛降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

烹饪油烟的健康危害一直以来受到广泛关注.以甲醛为代表的醛类污染物是烹饪油烟排放的主要污染物之一.微生物法降解甲醛具有工艺简单、成本低及无污染等优点.本研究从烹饪油烟冷凝液中分离筛选出1株具有甲醛降解能力的菌株XF-1,经序列鉴定结合菌落形态特征及生理生化试验,该菌株被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp.）.该菌株具有能耐受高油环境的性能,最大耐受浓度为900 g·L^-1.在甲醛浓度为100 mg·L^-1的培养基中,菌株XF-1在34 h内的甲醛降解率为95.80%;当甲醛初始浓度<300 mg·L^-1时,菌株XF-1能够在120 h以内完全降解溶液中的甲醛;甲醛浓度为800 mg·L^-1时,在96 h,菌株XF-1的降解率达到73.01%,并可耐受1.5 g·L^-1浓度的甲醛.通过单因素（pH、接种量、甲醛浓度和温度）试验,得到该菌株最佳生长温度为30℃、最佳生长pH为6左右,最佳接种量为10%.利用GC-TOF-MS进一步分析测定了菌株的胞外代谢产物,推测该菌株降解甲醛的途径可能为核酮糖单磷酸（RuMP）同化途径.结果表明,从烹饪油烟冷凝液中筛选得到的甲醛降解菌XF-1对甲醛具有良好的降解能力,并能够耐受高油环境.该菌对利用生物技术处理烹饪油烟中的甲醛具有良好的开发应用前景.