组配改良剂对土壤-蔬菜系统铅镉转运调控的场地研究

以组配改良剂LS(石灰石∶海泡石=2∶1)为试验材料,通过对湘南某矿区附近铅镉复合污染旱地土壤进行现场改良钝化,研究施加不同量的LS(0、2、4、8 g·kg-1)对茄子和苋菜植株吸收累积Pb和Cd的影响以及对Pb和Cd在2种蔬菜植株各部位间转运的调控.结果表明:1施加LS能够显著提高土壤p H,降低土壤中交换态Pb和Cd的含量.2施加LS能显著降低2种蔬菜植株各部位中Pb和Cd的含量.LS施加量为2~8 g·kg-1时,茄子果实中Pb和Cd的含量分别降低44.7%~78.6%和36.0%~78.7%;苋菜植株茎叶中Pb和Cd的含量分别降低45.8%~59.1%和40.0%~87.2%.3LS的施加降低了2种蔬菜植株各部位间Pb和Cd的转运系数.2种蔬菜植株在根-茎-果实间或根-茎叶间转运Cd的能力大于Pb,且施加LS各处理下,同种蔬菜相同部位对Pb和Cd的转运能力大小关系保持不变.     

组配改良剂联合硅肥对Cd污染稻田的修复效果

选取湖南省浏阳市某Cd污染稻田进行田间试验,研究组配改良剂石灰石+海泡石（LS）、基施硅肥及叶面喷施硅肥对Cd污染稻田修复效果,结果表明：（1）基施硅肥90kg/hm²和叶面喷施硅肥（0.2,0.4g/L）对土壤pH值无明显影响,添加LS（2250,4500kg/hm²）的各处理均显著提高土壤pH值（P < 0.05）.（2）基施硅肥90kg/hm²分别降低土壤交换态、毒性特征浸出（TCLP）提取态Cd含量20.0%和18.5%,叶面喷施硅肥对土壤Cd两种提取态含量无明显影响,添加LS的各处理（2250,4500kg/hm²）分别使土壤交换态、TCLP提取态Cd含量降低25.8%~49.9%、26.4%~44.5%.（3）3种单一技术措施均能明显降低水稻各部位Cd含量,但降低糙米中Cd含量的效果低于3种技术措施的组合处理;“组配改良剂LS+基施硅肥+叶面喷施硅肥”各处理（JL1F1、JL1F2、JL2F1、JL2F2）使水稻糙米中Cd含量降低25.6%~70.5%.（4）“组配改良剂LS+基施硅肥+叶面喷施硅肥”的组合技术处理能显著降低土壤中Cd的有效性,显著降低水稻各部位中Cd含量,其中JL2F2处理效果最佳,能使对照糙米Cd含量从0.66mg/kg降低到0.19mg/kg,实现中重度Cd污染稻田的水稻安全生产.     

微碱性土壤施用烟秆生物炭与磷酸盐降低小麦籽粒镉积累

为探究烟秆生物炭（TSB）和磷酸氢二铵（DHP）对微碱性土壤镉（Cd）迁移转化机制,通过盆栽试验调查了其施用对土壤pH、有效态Cd、Cd赋存形态和小麦Cd积累的影响.结果表明：① TSB和DHP显著降低了土壤有效态Cd含量,10.12 t·hm^-2TSB可降低微碱性土壤（pH 7.8）有效态Cd含量的44%.② TSB和DHP显著改变了土壤Cd的赋存形态,6.75 t·hm^-2和10.12 t·hm^-2TSB分别降低可交换态Cd含量的48%和42%,分别增加铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量的47%~67%和22%~38%.所有处理均增加了残渣态Cd含量,以TSB和DHP配施增幅最大,为115%~217%.③ TSB和DHP显著降低小麦根系、叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、颖壳和籽粒Cd含量.10.12 t·hm^-2 TSB小麦籽粒Cd含量降低56%,产量不受影响.10.12 t·hm^-2TSB和DHP配施小麦可增产32%,籽粒Cd含量降低53%.结果说明在微碱性土壤上施用TSB和DHP可促进土壤Cd的形态转化,降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,降低小麦籽粒Cd积累.     

基于大田试验的土壤-水稻镉对不同调理剂的响应

为探究土壤调理剂对酸性镉(Cd)污染土壤中Cd的迁移特征的影响,基于大田试验,研究施加天象1号(TX1)、石灰(Li)、硅肥(Si)、诺地康(NDK)和钙镁磷肥(CaMg-P) 5种土壤调理剂对土壤-水稻系统中Cd累积与转运和水稻产量的影响.结果表明：(1)与对照处理相比,各处理土壤pH值提升0.41～0.68个单位,土壤有效态Cd(DTPA-Cd)含量降幅为11.2%～39.7%,其中Li和NDK处理DTPA-Cd差异达显著水平(P <0.05).(2)与空白对照相比,施用土壤调理剂可以显著降低水稻体内Cd总量,根系、其他叶、穗轴、颖壳和糙米中Cd含量均显著低于CK处理(P <0.05),各部位间Cd转运系数表现为TF根-其他节> TF_{根-第一节}> TF_{根-其他叶}>TF_根-穗轴> TF_根-颖壳≈TF_根-剑叶> TF_根-糙米,且糙米Cd含量均符合《食品安全国家标准》(GB 2762-2017)中限量标准(0.2 m...     

组配改良剂对污染稻田中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn钝化效果持续性比较

为研究组配改良剂碳酸钙+海泡石(LS)对稻田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn钝化效果的持久性,通过一次性施用0、2、4、8 g·kg-1的LS,并分别于2012年(第一季)、2013年(第二季)和2014年(第三季)连续种植水稻,在湘南某矿区附近污染稻田进行了一个3 a的大田修复试验.结果表明:1LS能显著提高三季土壤p H值,且LS对土壤p H值提高效果为:第一季第二季第三季.2LS能显著降低三季水稻土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn的交换态含量,且第三季水稻土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn的交换态含量分别降低32.6%~97.7%、8.3%~71.4%和10.9%~83.5%,但对降低三季土壤中Cu的交换态含量无显著影响;LS降低三季土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn交换态含量的效果均为:PbZnCdCu.3LS使第三季水稻糙米中Pb和Cd含量分别降低26.7%~66.7%、59.1%~80.3%,这种降低效果均随着改良剂LS添加量的增加而增大,但对糙米中Cu和Zn含量无明显影响.LS降低糙米中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量的效果为:第一季,PbCdCuZn;第二季,PbCdCuZn;第三季,CdPbZnCu.LS降低三季水稻糙米中重金属含量的整体效果为PbCdCuZn.4随着时间的延长,LS对土壤中Pb和Cd具有更稳定的钝化效果.因此,LS对治理Pb和Cd污染的土壤具有良好的持久性.     

开花后小麦地上部镉、砷分布及其转运特征

为了探明小麦开花后叶片和茎节对籽粒中镉(Cd)和砷(As)累积的影响效应,采用田间小区试验,研究了山农28(SN28)和济麦22(JM22)两个小麦品种地上部各器官Cd和As的分布规律和迁移特征.结果表明,在灌浆期,小麦地上部的Cd主要分布在节中,Cd由节间3到节2、节间2到节1和叶鞘1到节1的转运能力显著强于其他部位.在成熟期,Cd主要分布于叶片中,Cd由叶鞘到叶片和由节1到穗轴的转运能力显著增强.此外,JM22中颖壳到穗轴和穗轴到籽粒的Cd转运能力显著低于SN28,使JM22的穗轴、颖壳和籽粒中Cd含量与SN28相比分别显著降低了22.3%、 40.8%和44.4%.同时,从灌浆期到成熟期小麦地上部的As主要分布于叶片中,且JM22颖壳和籽粒中As含量显著低于SN28,降幅分别为25.8%和33.3%.在灌浆期和成熟期,小麦中As转运系数由叶鞘到节显著高于叶到叶鞘和节到节间,平均增幅为438%和190%.此外,JM22中As由颖壳到籽粒和穗轴到籽粒的转运系数分别比SN28显著降低40.6%和44.4%.总之,开花后小麦旗叶、节1和穗轴调控了Cd转运及其在籽粒的累积,而小麦的叶3、旗...     

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.     

耕层重构对小麦籽粒镉累积的影响和应用风险

小麦富镉(Cd)问题受到广泛关注,耕层重构技术具备降Cd潜力。通过大田实验,探究耕层重构和深翻耕技术对土壤-小麦系统Cd污染的控制效果及其风险。结果表明：土壤耕作层(0～20 cm)中的Cd总量是影响小麦籽粒Cd含量的关键因子。耕层重构技术通过互换深层土壤(30～60 cm)和表层土壤(0～30 cm),能够显著降低耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤Cd总量和Cd有效态含量,并使小麦籽粒Cd含量降低17.3%～24.6%。深翻耕技术通过混匀0～30 cm土壤,能够降低耕作层土壤Cd总量,但会导致土壤Cd有效态含量升高,进而促进小麦籽粒Cd富集。耕层重构和深翻耕对小麦营养元素吸收影响均较小。耕层重构技术的处理深度较大而深翻耕处理深度不足,因此耕层重构技术的土壤降Cd能力、小麦降Cd能力和不确定性均优于深翻耕处理,适用于中轻度Cd污染[ρ(Cd)>1.2 mg/kg]农田修复。耕层重构技术与补施Ca、Mg肥等农艺措施的组合应用可有效提高降Cd效率。     

不同改良剂对微碱性土壤镉形态及小麦吸收的影响

研究过磷酸钙、石灰和硅钙镁肥单一施用对土壤Cd形态和小麦植株不同器官Cd含量的影响,以期为微碱性Cd污染土壤安全利用提供理论参考.通过盆栽试验,研究不同改良剂对小麦成熟期土壤Cd形态以及二乙基三胺五乙酸（DTPA）提取态镉含量的影响,分析小麦不同器官中Cd的含量.结果表明：过磷酸钙显著降低了土壤的pH值,石灰和硅钙镁肥显著提高了土壤的pH值.3种改良剂均可以显著降低土壤DTPA提取态镉含量,其中施用硅钙镁肥（3%）的效果最好,降幅为73.60%.添加硅钙镁肥可显著降低土壤可交换态镉含量,同时增加残渣态镉含量,其中硅钙镁肥（3%）处理效果最佳,土壤可交换态镉含量降幅为63.30%,残渣态镉含量增幅为56.20%.3种改良剂均可显著降低小麦地上部、地下部Cd含量,其中硅钙镁肥处理对小麦地上部及地下部Cd含量降低效果最佳.硅钙镁肥（1.2%）处理对小麦籽粒镉含量降低效果最好,降幅为90.85%.土壤pH值与土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量达到了极负显著水平,土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量与小麦各器官中Cd呈极显著正相关.因此,施用不同改良剂可不同程度的降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性和小麦植株不同器官中Cd的含量,缓解Cd对植株的胁迫效应. 3种改良剂在同等剂量水平下,硅钙镁肥对小麦器官中镉的降低效果最佳.     

模拟酸雨对钝化剂修复镉污染土壤效果研究

采用土柱试验和盆栽试验方法,研究模拟酸雨淋溶和水淋溶1a期间,海泡石、生物炭和有机肥对四川(SC)和湖南(HN)镉(Cd)污染农田土壤稳定效果及小白菜富集Cd的影响.结果表明:与水淋溶相比,酸雨淋溶降低SC和HN土壤淋出液pH值,增加淋出液电导率(EC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和Cd含量,其中SC和HN土壤淋出液Cd含量增加幅度分别为48.85%~77.16%和50.92%~73.44%;而且酸雨淋溶降低两种土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,增加土壤Cd有效态含量(CaCl₂-Cd)和溶出量(TCLP-Cd),促进土壤Cd由残渣态向酸溶态转化,SC和HN土壤残渣态Cd含量平均降低3.61%和2.81%.无论是水淋溶还是酸雨淋溶,海泡石和生物炭均能显著降低两种土壤CaCl₂-Cd和TCLP-Cd含量(P<0.05),但有机肥仅对HN土壤Cd的固定效果显著.与水淋溶相比,酸雨淋溶后抑制小白菜的生长,促进小白菜对Cd的富集.添加海泡石和生物炭后两种土壤的小白菜产量显著增加(P<0.05),且小白菜可食部位Cd含量平均降低58.85%和43.08%.酸雨淋溶后SC土壤加海泡石和生物炭处理,小白菜可食部位Cd含量均满足国家安全食用标准(GB2762-2017) (Cd≤0.2mg/kg),HN土壤仅海泡石处理的小白菜可食部位Cd含量满足国家安全食用标准.本研究表明酸雨淋溶影响钝化剂对Cd的固定效果,进行污染土壤原位修复时要关注酸雨的影响,根据污染土壤性质选择合适的钝化剂.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.