基于Hydrus-1D不同气候区城市绿色屋顶径流调控效益研究

气候条件是影响绿色屋顶径流调控效益的重要因素,目前国内尚缺乏不同气候区城市绿色屋顶径流调控效益的对比研究.基于北京市区搭建的绿色屋顶在2017—2019年实测降雨-径流数据,率定和验证Hydrus-1D绿色屋顶降雨-径流模型,并采用该模型模拟分析6个不同气候区城市（兰州、北京、沈阳、合肥、上海和深圳）绿色屋顶在不同设计暴雨条件下的降雨-径流过程,定量分析气候条件对绿色屋顶径流调控效益的影响.结果表明：基于Hydrus-1D可准确模拟绿色屋顶径流过程,模型率定与验证的纳什效率系数平均值分别为0.73和0.67;不同气候区城市绿色屋顶径流削减率、洪峰削减率和产流延迟时间随暴雨重现期增加而降低,兰州绿色屋顶的峰现延迟时间随重现期增加明显降低,而其他城市绿色屋顶的峰现延迟时间较短,均在0～2 min;半干旱气候区城市兰州绿色屋顶的径流削减率（23.89%～68.73%）和洪峰削减率（44.15%～88.21%）均明显高于其他湿润、半湿润气候区城市;兰州绿色屋顶的产流延迟时间最高（37～52 min）,依次高于北京、合肥、沈阳、上海和深圳.随气候条件由湿润到干旱,绿色屋顶的径流调控效益逐渐提高....     

绿色屋顶基质层截流减污效应分析

绿色屋顶作为"第五立面",有效地缓解了城市面源污染、排水系统的压力及屋顶的热负荷,其基质层不仅为植物提供生长营养,又起着调控径流水质、水量的作用。基质材料、厚度、屋顶坡度、降雨强度、季节、植被等因素都能够影响绿色屋顶的截流减污效应。而绿色屋顶基质层对其滞蓄、净化效果有着不可忽视的影响。简单介绍了应用较广泛的绿色屋顶基质材料及其优缺点,并根据绿色屋顶基质层截流减污效应的机制,详细分析了绿色屋顶基质材料类型、材料配比、保水剂添加及基质厚度对截流效应的影响,并探讨了绿色屋顶基质层对雨水径流水质TN、NH+4-N、TP、COD的净化效果分析。     

不同降雨条件下植被对绿色屋顶径流调控效益影响

植被是绿色屋顶的重要组成部分,可通过截留雨水和蒸散耗水等过程影响绿色屋顶的径流调控效益.本文基于太阳花(Portulaca grandiflora)、佛甲草(Sedum lineare)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)和无植被等4种植被覆盖类型绿色屋顶2017年雨季26场降雨径流过程的监测数据,从径流和洪峰削减、产流和峰现时间延迟四方面定量分析植被在不同降雨条件下对绿色屋顶径流调控效益的影响.结果表明,绿色屋顶径流削减率与降雨量呈显著负相关(P 0. 01),降雨量10 mm时,绿色屋顶径流削减率等于或接近100%;降雨量超过30 mm,所有绿色屋顶的径流削减率降低到70%以下;当降雨量达到监测期内最大的81. 4 mm时,各绿色屋顶径流削减率都低于55%.植被覆盖类型对绿色屋顶径流调控效益的影响随降雨条件而改变,大雨条件下不同植被覆盖类型绿色屋顶的径流削减率差异最大,中雨和暴雨条件下次之,小雨条件下因各绿色屋顶几乎都不产流而无明显差异.在中雨、大雨和暴雨条件下,有植被覆盖绿色屋顶的径流削减率、洪峰削减率、产流和峰现时间延迟等4个指标都明显优于无植被覆盖的绿色屋顶.株高和单位面积地上生物量最高的太阳花绿色屋顶的径流调控效益优于佛甲草绿色屋顶.     

绿色、蓝色和蓝-绿屋顶径流水质特征

屋顶占据大量城市不透水面,实施生态屋顶建设,有利于缓解城市化造成的生态和环境问题.在北京市区搭建不同类型生态屋顶(绿色屋顶、蓝色屋顶和蓝-绿屋顶),基于对2019年雨季降雨特征、各类生态屋顶径流量以及径流中营养盐和重金属浓度的监测,计算不同生态屋顶径流污染负荷和径流水质指数(RQI),定量对比分析不同类型生态屋顶径流的综合水质差异.结果表明,在2019年雨季,各生态屋顶均表现出良好的雨水滞留能力,平均径流削减率在75.7%～78.9%之间,且不同生态屋顶的径流削减率无显著差异(P>0.05);相较雨水,各生态屋顶均为NH⁺₄-N、 DZn和DCd的汇,累积负荷削减率分别在63.8%～96.4%、68.6%～90.7%和39.8%～54.5%之间,但均为NO^-₃-N、 DCr、 DFe和DNi的释放源;蓝色屋顶是DCu的汇(累积负荷削减率为21.9%),但对雨水径流中PO^3-₄-P的累积负荷无明显影响,而绿色和蓝-绿屋顶均为PO^3-     

岛屿硬化集水面雨水弃流方案与分质收集策略研究

通过研究海南岛文昌市水泥屋顶和水泥路面上的雨水径流特征,建立了岛屿地区不同硬化集水面的雨水弃流方案和分质收集策略.在降雨初期,水泥路面和水泥屋顶均发生明显的冲刷效应,水泥路面雨水径流污染物浓度远高于水泥屋顶,且不同硬化集水面上前30%雨水中的污染物浓度均高于后70%的雨水.通过与相关水质指标对比得出,水泥屋顶雨水径流可作为饮用水水源,水泥路面雨水径流经处理可作为城市杂用水使用.通过建立雨水径流污染物累积-冲刷经验模型,可计算不同硬化集水面的弃流雨量,并以此为依据制定了弃流方案.以两种典型硬质化集水面径流污染物传输特征、水质特征和弃流方案为基础,分别提出了屋顶雨水收集方案和多种生态方法协同作用的路面雨水收集方案,可为岛屿地区的雨水收集利用方案提供参考依据.     

不同配置绿色屋顶径流水质特征及综合评价

绿色屋顶是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一,但植被和基质等配置因素对其径流水质的综合影响尚不清楚,这限制了绿色屋顶的推广.通过在北京市区搭建3种植被类型［佛甲草（Sedum lineare）、大花马齿苋（Portulaca grandiflora,马齿苋）和无植被（对照）］、3种基质类型［田园土、改良土和轻质生长基质（轻质基）］和2种基质厚度（15 cm和10 cm）的12个绿色屋顶,基于2019年雨季降雨特征、各绿色屋顶径流量以及径流中营养盐和重金属浓度的监测,构建绿色屋顶径流水质指数（RQI）定量分析不同绿色屋顶配置对径流水质的综合影响.结果表明,植被可提高绿色屋顶径流削减率和有效降低径流中NO₃^--N的浓度,佛甲草和马齿苋绿色屋顶的RQI接近,径流水质均优于对照绿色屋顶;基质材料显著影响绿色屋顶径流削减率和径流中污染物浓度,轻质基绿色屋顶的径流削减率最低且径流中NH₄⁺-N、DFe、DMn和DZn的浓度均值最高,其径流水质劣于改良土和田园土绿色屋顶;基质厚度为15 cm的绿色屋顶径流削减率更高,其径流水质优于10 cm的绿色屋顶.研究结果可为绿色屋顶设计及径流水质综合评价提供科学依据.     

大纵坡城市道路透水边带截留能力试验

道路是城市重要的交通纽带,一旦发生积水内涝,将导致城市交通瘫痪,甚至危及生命财产安全,特别是山地城市道路普遍存在纵坡大、雨水口截留效率低等突出问题,发生积水内涝和马路洪水的风险较高。针对上述问题,提出了利用透水边带提高大纵坡城市道路雨水径流截留效率的方法。在实验室搭建了城市单车道物理试验模型(比例1∶1),采用人工模拟降雨方法,系统研究了不同透水面积比、不同重现期降雨条件下透水边带对雨水径流的截留效率,并与传统道路雨水口截留能力进行了比较。试验结果表明:相同透水面积比条件下,雨水径流截留能力随着重现期的增大而减小;相同重现期条件下,雨水径流截留能力随着透水面积比的增加而增大,在重现期P=5 a时,透水边带面积比从12.5%增加到50%,雨水径流截留率从72.3%增加到79.3%。与传统雨水口截留能力相比,增加透水边带后雨水径流截留能力可提高30%左右。因此,大纵坡城市道路在不影响交通安全的条件下,可根据道路空间布局特征,通过设置透水边带来提高雨水径流的截流效率。     

简单式绿色屋顶对径流水量水质调控能力研究

通过长历时天然降雨监测以及人工模拟降雨实验研究了不同基质层及排水层材料对简单式绿色屋顶径流滞留、峰值削减、污染物浓度及负荷削减能力的影响及规律。结果表明:使用改良土作为绿色屋顶基质层材料时径流滞留能力与峰值削减能力均优于超轻量基质,而使用陶粒作为绿色屋顶排水层材料时仅会降低其峰值削减能力。3类装置对悬浮物(SS)的污染物浓度削减能力相似,但改良土装置的SS负荷削减能力更高;径流中COD负荷均高于雨水,故认为本研究中绿色屋顶是COD的源。     

不同配比基质层的雨水径流滞蓄截污效益研究

基质配比是影响粗放式绿色屋顶对雨水径流滞蓄截污效益的重要因素之一。文章采用泥炭土作为营养基质,蛭石作为吸附基质,构建了9个不同配比泥炭土蛭石基质层小试装置,研究在南昌市降雨特征的9个不同深度模拟降雨事件中,装置对雨水径流的滞蓄截污效益。结果表明,不同配比泥炭土和蛭石基质层能发挥优秀的雨水径流滞蓄效益、雨水径流中的NH4+-N削减和TP截留效益。其中20%泥炭土+80%蛭石的基质层小试装置在整个实验过程中的平均径流削减率为43.53%,平均NH4+-N削减率为75.07%,平均TP截留率为68.00%,且相对其他不同配比基质层小试装置有更强的抑制TN淋失能力。     

粗放式绿色屋顶雨水径流滞蓄截污效果影响因素研究进展

绿色屋顶作为海绵城市低影响开发措施之一,在实际降雨事件中表现出一定的雨水径流滞蓄截污效果,能有效缓解城市内涝和面源污染的现状。且粗放式绿色屋顶因其对屋顶荷载要求低、后期维护较易、成本低等一系列优点,适合实际工程应用,因此对粗放式绿色屋顶雨水径流滞蓄截污效果的影响因素进行研究,对今后的工程应用具有一定的实际指导意义。通过综述近几年国内外关于粗放式绿色屋顶雨水径流滞蓄截污影响因素的研究,指出目前进行相关研究的不足之处和对今后的研究与实践提出展望。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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