秦王川盆地土壤重金属来源、分布及污染评价

为探究秦王川盆地土壤重金属的来源、分布及污染情况,测定了研究区51个表层土壤样品的8种重金属（Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cd）总量和pH值;采用多元统计、地质统计方法和GIS技术对重金属的来源、空间变异结构和分布进行了研究,利用污染指数法和模糊综合评判法对重金属污染进行了评价.结果表明：Zn、Ni含量均值大于当地背景值,其余重金属含量均值都低于背景值;Cd属于强变异,其余均为中等变异,Zn、Cr服从对数正态分布,其余均服从正态分布;Cr、Cu、As、Pb、Mn主要为成土母质等自然来源,Cd、Ni主要来源于工业、交通污染,Zn主要来源于农业生产;Zn、As、Ni、Cd的空间分布呈岛状,Cu、Mn呈带状分布,Cr、Pb呈岛状和带状分布相结合的特点;污染指数评价结果为Cr、Cu、Pb处在警戒线,As、Mn、Ni属于轻度污染,Cd为中度污染,Zn为重度污染;模糊综合评判得出1个土样为轻度污染,2个为警戒程度,其余为安全;土壤质量标准是反映土壤质量的依据,总体看,研究区土壤重金属环境质量良好,均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准.     

某试验场土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

试验场重金属污染是广受关注的环境问题之一.选取吉林某试验场的静爆试验区、落弹区和生活保障区作为研究对象,检测了112个表层土壤样品及两个土壤剖面中的重金属(As、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)含量,分析了重金属分布特征并对其进行了源解析,采用多个污染指数评价法对重金属的污染程度及潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,静爆试验区土壤中As、 Cd、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量的平均值高于吉林省背景值,且Cu、 Zn、 As和Cd含量表现出较强的空间异质性;落弹区土壤中As、 Cd和Ni含量的平均值超出背景值;生活保障区土壤中As和Cd含量的平均值高于背景值,并且Pb、 Cd、 Zn和Cr变异系数较强,表明其可能受到人类活动的影响.在不同的试验区,土壤中As、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量具有显著差异(P<0.05),静爆试验区较落弹区受到试验活动影响更为强烈,土壤剖面表层重金属含量明显偏高,土壤剖面中重金属未发生明显垂向迁移.多元统计和APCS-MLR源解析分析表明,Zn、 Pb和Cd主要受到试验活动相关的污染源影响,Cr和Ni主要受成土母质自然源影响,As和Cu来源较为...     

锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染特征、来源解析及风险评价

为了解锰矿周边农田土壤重金属污染和生态风险情况,采集某矿区周边174份农田土壤样品,分析了土壤中8种重金属(Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cr、 Ni、 Mn、 As和Hg)的含量,采用主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)分析土壤重金属的来源,通过单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和人体健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属生态环境风险.结果表明,研究区农田土壤Cu、 Zn、 Cr、 Ni、 Mn和Hg含量的均值均高于贵州省土壤背景值,100%样本Zn和38.86%样本Cu均超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值.源解析显示农田土壤重金属的主要来源为矿业开采排放源,其次为农业活动和交通运输混合源、自然源和农业活动源.风险评价结果表明,土壤中Ni、 Cr、 Pb和As属于清洁水平,Hg和Cu属于轻度污染水平,Zn属于偏中度污染水平,Mn属于偏重污染水平.Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cr、 Ni、 Mn和As存在轻微潜在生态风险,Hg存在强潜在生态风险.研究区整体存在强潜在生态风险,8种重金属存在致癌风险和0～5岁儿童非致癌风险,主要贡献因子分别是Cr和Mn.     

承德市滦河流域土壤重金属地球化学基线厘定及其累积特征

选择承德市滦河流域为研究区,系统采集了351个表层土壤样品(0～20cm),测定了Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Hg、V、Ti、Mn、As和Co共12种重金属的含量,运用基于参比元素的标准化方法和累积频率曲线法确定了12种重金属元素的地球化学基线值,结合主成分分析法与地统计方法统计结果,分析了重金属的空间结构和分布特征,利用地累积指数法对不同土壤类型和土地利用方式表层土壤重金属累积程度进行了分类评价.结果表明,滦河流域表层土壤V、Ti、Cd、Pb、Mn和Co元素地球化学基线值高于河北省背景值,As、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni和Hg元素地球化学基线值低于河北省背景值.表层土壤重金属总体累积程度由强至弱为:Cd Pb Cu Ti Mn Zn Cr Ni Co V Hg As,80%以上的土壤样品中Pb、Ti、V、As和Co元素属无累积-中度累积水平,70%以上土壤样品中Hg、Mn、Ni、Cu、As、Cd和Cr元素属无累积-中度累积水平.土壤重金属总体累积程度在棕壤、褐土和潮土中依次增大;在工矿用地、灌木林地中较高,林地、草地中相对最低.农用地表层土壤中Pb、Cd元素累积程度相对较高,分别有27. 69%和25. 38%的样品属中等以上累积水平.滦河流域表层土壤Ti、V、Co、Ni和Cr元素同源性较高,与原生高地质背景相关; Cd、Pb、Zn,Mn、Cu和As元素污染累积受成土母岩和人为因素共同作用影响,Hg元素累积则主要来源于人为活动.     

滇黔桂岩溶区河漫滩土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险

利用全国地球化学基准计划在滇黔桂岩溶区35个点位采集的70件河漫滩表、深层土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素含量特征,探究了重金属来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属元素含量大部分均高于全国土壤背景值,在滇东南地区含量最高,桂西北地区最低.表层土壤Cd、Hg明显富集,As、Cr、Cu、Ni与深层土壤含量相当;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn在农田、菜地中明显高于深层土壤,Cr、Cu和Ni在各类土地中与深层土壤相当.因子分析结果显示,表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni受地质背景控制,As、Pb、Zn既与地质背景有关,也受人为活动影响,Hg受人为活动影响较严重;深层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn继承了区域母岩特征,As、Hg和Pb受地质背景和人为活动双重影响.地累积指数法和富集因子法污染评价结果表明,研究区河漫滩表层土壤中Cd、Hg污染较重,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn大部分为轻度污染或无污染.各重金属潜在生态风险指数高低顺序依次为Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn,Cd和Hg的生态风险指数之和占综合指数的82.43%,生态风险最高;滇东南地区重金属潜在风险综合指数最高,具重度生态风险.     

开都河下游绿洲耕地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险

开都河下游绿洲采集98个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量.基于地统计法,污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法研究耕地土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并对重金属的来源进行讨论.结果表明:(1)研究区Cd含量平均值超出《国家土壤环境质量标准》中Ⅱ级标准的11.08倍.Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的55.42、1.32、1.36、3.40和5.14倍.重金属元素空间分布各不相同,部分区域出现高值区,表明人类活动对耕地土壤环境具有负面效应.(2)研究区耕地土壤Cd呈现重度污染,Pb呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn呈现轻度污染,As和Mn呈现无污染态势.Cd是污染面积最大,污染程度最高的元素.研究区污染负荷指数PLI的平均值为1.68,呈现轻度污染.(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数(E)的平均值从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr与Zn.研究区综合生态风险指数(RI)的平均值为355.31,属于较强生态风险.(4)研究区耕地土壤As、Cd、Pb和Zn主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制.Cd是研究区耕地土壤主要的污染因子,对PLI和RI的贡献很大,耕地土壤中Cd污染必须关注.     

新疆和硕绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险

新疆和硕绿洲采集82个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量。采用地统计法、污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并讨论重金属主要来源。结果表明:(1)和硕绿洲农田土壤所有重金属元素含量平均值均未超出国家二级标准的限值,Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的2.0、1.51、1.18、2.13和8.47倍。(2)农田土壤Cd与Zn呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。研究区PLI平均值呈现轻度污染。(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Cr、Zn与Pb。农田RI平均值属于轻微生态风险。重金属元素含量、污染与生态风险空间分布格局各不相同。(4)和硕绿洲农田土壤As、Pb和Zn主要受到人为因素的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学作用的影响,Cd受人为污染和自然因素共同影响。Cd是研究区农田土壤主要的污染因子之一,对农田土壤污染及潜在生态风险的贡献较大,农田土壤Cd污染值得关注。     

南京不同功能区街道路面积尘重金属污染评价与源分析

以南京不同功能区(商业区、居住区、交通区、风景区、文教区、工业区和城乡结合区)的街道路面积尘为研究对象,测定其w(Cd),w(Cr),w(Cu),w(Ni),w(Pb),w(Zn),w(Mn),w(As),w(V),w(Fe)和w(Ti). 通过富集因子法和综合污染指数法评价重金属污染水平,采用主因子分析法分析重金属可能的污染源. 富集因子法评价结果表明,Cr和Ni为中度富集,其中Cr在商业区的富集程度最大,Ni在工业区的富集程度最大. Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn和As为显著富集,其中Cd在居住区的富集程度最大,Cu,Pb,Zn和As在商业区的富集程度最大. 内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果表明,Cr在警戒限内,属于尚清洁;Cu,Ni和Zn属于轻度污染;Cd为重度污染. 不同功能区的内梅罗污染指数各不相同,如商业区、居住区和交通区的Pb,Zn,Ni和Cd的内梅罗污染指数较高. 主因子分析结果显示,污染可能来自3个方面:Ni,Mn,Fe,Ti和V可能来自于当地的土壤;Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn和As可能来自于混合源;Cr可能来自于石化工业源.      

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型解析黄河下游文化公园土壤重金属污染特征及来源分析

选取黄河下游典型人类扰动区——黄河文化公园为研究区域,系统采集表层土壤样品,测定土壤中7种(Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb和As)重金属含量,利用地累积指数研究公园土壤重金属污染特征,应用克里格空间插值法、绝对因子分析-多元线性回归模型(APCS-MLR)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析黄河文化公园土壤重金属的来源.结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属(Cd、 Zn、 Cu、 Pb和As)含量平均值高于黄河下游潮土区土壤元素背景值,分别是背景值的4.62、 1.78、 1.41、 1.08和1.03倍.除Zn外,其他元素含量均低于黄河流域沿线不同区域土壤相应元素值.7种元素地累积指数递减趋势为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>As=Cr,元素Cd属于偏中污染,在表层土壤中积累明显.空间分布特征及源解析结果显示,Cr、 Ni和Cu为自然源因子,主要受成土母质影响;Cd和Pb为交通源,Zn和As属于受少量人类活动和自然叠加影响的混合源.APCS-MLR的分析结果显示：自然源贡献率为46.67%,交通源贡献率为24.11%,混合源贡献率为16.12%,...     

西南某铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属空间主成分分析及生态风险评价

以西南某铅锌矿区周边农田土壤作为研究对象,采集土壤表层(0~20 cm)149个土壤样品,分析测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn共8种重金属含量.采用多元统计分析,揭示了研究区农田土壤重金属污染的主要来源及各元素之间的相关性;并应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,对农田土壤生态风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Zn含量相对处于极高水平,均值分别为15.56、419.4、933.4 mg·kg~(-1),污染十分严重;Hg和As的均值分别为0.13 mg·kg~(-1)和37.3 mg·kg~(-1),属于中度污染;Cu、Ni、Cr的均值分别为26.1、14.3、33.4 mg·kg~(-1),未超过云南省土壤环境背景值;多元统计分析结果显示Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg、As这5种元素来源相似,主要来源于矿山开采和工业活动;Cu、Ni、Cr这3种元素来源相似,主要是自然来源;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI的均值为2 294.8,整体上处于极高生态风险水平.矿区开采和工业活动对农田土壤造成了严重的重金属污染.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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