亚硫酸盐/紫外体系的还原脱卤效能

水合电子(e-aq)是已知活性最强的还原物种之一.基于SO_3~(2-)受紫外光激发活化会释放e-aq的性质,提出了SO_3~(2-)/UV高级还原体系,用于降解稳定污染物.以7种卤乙酸为目标物,从卤素取代种类、卤代程度、实际水质本底影响等角度,考察了该体系对毒性卤代有机物(HOCs)的降解及脱卤效能,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:HOCs的降解至少有直接光解和e-aq还原两条途径.卤素取代种类与卤化程度决定了HOCs的直接光解特性,其速率随氯、溴、碘取代顺序及卤化程度的增加而加快.SO_3~(2-)/UV体系显著提高了HOCs的降解及脱卤效率;对于直接光解慢的HOCs,其降解与脱卤主要由e-aq还原引起.SO_3~(2-)/UV体系在两种地表水质本底下仍具有较高的脱卤效能.     

UV体系中3种微量类固醇雌激素的竞争降解及同趋转化

采用UV体系(UV、UV/H2O2和UV/H2O2/TiO2)降解水中同时存在的3种微量类固醇雌激素雌酮(E1)、17-β雌二醇(E2)和17-α乙炔基雌二醇(EE2),结果表明,降解过程均符合一级反应动力学,通过不同UV系统对比发现,关键因素对混合污染降解的影响顺序为H2O2>光强>TiO2.E1光解特性良好,在混合基质中可优势降解;E2和EE2直接光解效果较差,优劣顺序受到光强的影响,光强升高EE2略占优势.H2O2和催化剂TiO2的投加可提高3种物质的降解效果及降解速率常数,但竞争条件下E2和EE2的去除率提高有限.E1,E2和EE2的光化学降解过程具有相似的转化趋势,均可生成与E1结构类似的副产物.     

UV/H2O2/微曝气联用工艺对BP的去除

采用新型工艺UV/H2O2/微曝气对水中内分泌干扰物(EDCs)4-叔丁基苯酚(BP)的降解进行研究.结果表明,UV/H2O2/微曝气工艺比UV/H2O2工艺可以更为有效地去除水中BP;UV/H2O2/微曝气联用工艺降解BP受BP初始浓度值、UV光强、初始H2O2投加浓度以及溶液初始pH影响较大.随着光强的增大,BP的降解速率呈线性增长;在329～882μg/L浓度范围内,k1随着浓度的增大而逐步降低;随着初始H2O2投加浓度从1mg/L上升到20mg/L,k1几乎呈线性增长;当BP溶液pH值为3.94时,UV/H2O2/微曝气对BP的降解速率最大.     

水中安乃近高级氧化法去除及其产物的毒性评价

在实验室规模下,利用UV、H2O2、UV/H2O2、Fenton和UV/Fenton等高级氧化技术降解安乃近并对其降解产物进行毒性评价.在对各参数(pH值、H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、光照时间)优化的基础上,用TOC去除率和降解率对降解效果进行评价.安乃近及其光催化降解中间产物在水溶液中的毒性通过其对普通小球藻的生长抑制作用评价,并以96h的半数效应浓度(EC50)表示.结果表明,UV/Fenton对安乃近的降解率最大(96%),最佳降解条件为pH3,Fe2+、H2O2浓度分别为2,140mg/L.初期降解产物的生物毒性比母体化合物大,其EC50达到最小值(13.65mg/L),随降解时间的延长,EC50值逐渐增大,在180min为44.07mg/L,小球藻生长状况良好,表明含低浓度安乃近的水溶液经过UV/Fenton法处理后对水中生物已不具有危害作用.     

UV/H_2O_2工艺降解微囊藻毒素-LR

采用UV/H2O2联合工艺,研究了光强、初始浓度、H2O2投加量、pH及阴离子对微囊藻毒素-LR (MC-LR)去除率的影响.结果表明,单独H2O2对MC-LR基本无去除效果;单独UV工艺可以一定程度上降解MC-LR;而UV/H2O2联合工艺由于发生协同作用明显提高降解效率.试验发现,随着光强的增大,MC-LR的去除率不断提高;随着MC-LR初始浓度的增大,其去除率不断降低;随着H2O2投加量的增大,降解速率常数逐渐增大,当H2O2投加量由1 mmol/L增大到3 mmol/L时,降解速率常数由0.0844上升到0.1664;当pH为3.13时,在相同条件下MC-LR的去除效果最好;阴离子的投加不利于MC-LR的降解,其中CO2-3、NO-3影响最大.     

UV/H2O2工艺降解水中17α-乙炔基雌二醇

采用UV/H2O2间歇式光氧化反应器去除饮用水中低浓度17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2).结果表明,在原水中EE2浓度约为650μg/L、UV光强154μW/cm2、H2O2投加量5mg/L、反应时间30min条件下,EE2的去除效率可达到90%;光降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学模型;EE2的光降解速率常数随着H2O2投加量和光强的增加而增加.较低的反应液pH值有助于EE2的光降解.UV/H2O2联用工艺对EE2的去除具有协同作用.阴离子HCO3-、NO3-、Cl-、SO42-对EE2光降解反应有抑制作用.     

纳米TiO2光催化氧化酸性嫩黄研究

采用纳米TiO2光催化降解酸性嫩黄.当进水中嫩黄质量浓度为20 mg·L-1时,通过速率常数的比较得出反应的最佳条件为:TiO2的投加质量浓度为600 mg·L-1,pH值为3.56.当向UV/TiO2体系中投加H2O2对,UV/TiO2体系与H2O2具有协同作用.向溶液中充氧也能提高酸性嫩黄的光催化降解速率,但效果不如投加H2O2明显.     

UV/O_3/Fe~(2+)处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液实验研究

采用UV/O3/Fe2+工艺去除垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液混凝出水中的COD,考察O3加入量、初始溶液p H、催化剂投加量、紫外光强度、反应时间等因素对废水处理效果的影响,确定适宜的工艺条件。实验结果表明,在O3氧化体系中UV和催化剂Fe2+的引入有利于浓缩液中有机物的降解。在臭氧加入量为1.3 g/h·L,Fe2+的投加量为80 mg/L,p H为3.0,紫外光强度为36W,反应时间为60 min的条件下,UV/O3/Fe2+体系对废水中COD的去除率可达79.96%,比单独的O3体系、UV/O3体系、O3/Fe2+体系分别提高44.43%、35.9%、18.75%。     

UV协同ClO2去除三氯生及其降解产物的研究

采用UV/Cl O2工艺对三氯生(TCS)的去除进行了研究,考察了初始p H、Cl O2投加量、TCS初始浓度、腐殖酸(HA)在UV/Cl O2联用工艺中对TCS降解的影响.研究表明,UV/Cl O2工艺可以有效去除TCS且具有协同作用,光强为6.5μW·cm-2、Cl O2投加量为0.5 mg·L-1和TCS浓度为300μg·L-1时,单独UV和Cl O2在1 min内对TCS的去除分别为5.23%和84.93%,UV/Cl O2联用工艺TCS在1 min内去除可达到99.13%.实验范围内(p H 6~9)随着p H的增大TCS去除率从99.4%升到99.63%;增大Cl O2投加量可以提高TCS的去除,Cl O2投加量从0.5~1.5 mg·L-1时TCS去除率由98.1%提高到99.89%;TCS初始浓度与去除率呈负相关,初始浓度从100~500μg·L-1时TCS去除率由99.98%下降到94.39%;低浓度的腐殖酸有利于TCS的去除,高浓度的腐殖酸则相反.GC/MS对TCS的UV、Cl O2和UV/Cl O2的降解产物分析表明,TCS的主要降解产物包括2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,7-二氯代二苯并-对-二英(2,7-DCDD)等.     

油田采出水中萘和芴的紫外光催化和·OH氧化降解过程影响因素与条件优化分析

在UV/H2O2和UV/Ti O2/H2O2两大氧化体系中,利用·OH的氧化原理,研究了不同影响因素(UV波长、p H、H2O2)对油田采出水中多环芳烃萘和芴降解效率的影响,找出处理萘和芴的最佳优化条件和组合。对萘和芴而言,UV/H2O2体系下双氧水的最佳条件分别为0.001,0.1 mol,UV/Ti O2/H2O2的优化组合是UVC,p H=8.5,O3=10g/L。实验结果表明:与UV/H2O2相比,UV/Ti O2/H2O2对油田采出水中的多环芳烃萘和芴的降解效果好。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.