进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响

在SBR反应器中接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段提高进水中氨氮浓度,研究了进水氨氮浓度对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,确定系统对进水氨氮负荷的承受能力。结果表明,进水氨氮浓度低于45mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好的性能,TP去除率在96%以上,COD去除率在89%以上,出水TP浓度和COD浓度分别在0.4mg·L-1和25mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径在950μm以上,SVI在45mL·g-1以下;进水氨氮浓度为60mg·L-1时,TP去除率在95%以上,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径为760μm,SVI为56mL·g-1,系统中生物除磷颗粒出现部分解体,PAOs代谢和生长开始受到抑制。进水氨氮浓度达到70mg·L-1时,TP去除率为70%,出水TP浓度在3mg·L-1左右,颗粒粒径为570μm,SVI为75mL·g-1,PN/PS值达到7.50左右,系统中生物除磷颗粒严重解体,PAOs代谢和生长被严重抑制。随着进水氨氮浓度上升,导致生物除磷颗粒中微生物分泌蛋白质增加和多糖减少,PN/PS值增大,出现生物除磷颗粒解体,颗粒粒径减小和SVI上升,生物除磷颗粒的结构和功能被破坏。     

不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统的COD需求

本试验采用SBR反应器,接种成熟的生物除磷颗粒,通过分阶段改变进水中总磷(TP)和COD浓度,研究了不同磷浓度条件下COD负荷对生物除磷颗粒系统的影响,得出不同磷浓度下生物除磷颗粒系统具有良好性能所需最低COD浓度.结果表明,进水TP浓度为10 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统维持良好性能所需最低COD浓度为175 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.5mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为1 020μm和36 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量(以MLSS计)分别为78 mg·g~(-1)和39 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.进水TP浓度为6 mg·L-1时,生物除磷颗粒系统良好除磷性能所需最低COD浓度为150 mg·L-1,出水TP浓度在0.3 mg·L-1以下,颗粒粒径和SVI分别为960μm和35 m L·g-1,PN和PS含量分别为75 mg·g~(-1)和35 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS较低,颗粒具有较好的结构和性能.整个运行过程中,COD去除率在83%以上,出水COD浓度在25mg·L-1以下.在不同磷浓度条件下,随着进水COD浓度降低,微生物分泌PN和PS含量均减少,PN/PS增大,颗粒粒径减小,SVI增加,颗粒的结构和性能恶化.     

除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺启动及性能恢复

针对生活污水低碳氮比的水质特点,采用SBR反应器接种低温储存的强化生物除磷颗粒污泥,来启动除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺,通过控制曝气强度及污泥龄实现除磷亚硝化的稳定运行,为后置CANON或厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)提供进水.污泥龄为30 d的条件下实现了出水TP小于0. 5 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度小于50 mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸盐氮积累率达到了90%以上.实验还得出,过高的曝气强度使除磷亚硝化性能恶化,可采用降低曝气强度和减小污泥龄的方式来改善除磷性能.污泥龄为40 d可以实现生活污水除磷亚硝化中的亚硝化性能进一步恢复,最终实现出水磷浓度保持在0. 5 mg·L~(-1)以下,COD及TP去除率分别稳定在80%及95%,亚硝酸盐积累率保持在90%以上,SVI值从初始的63 m L·g~(-1)降低到35 m L·g~(-1),颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,颗粒粒径在整个运行过程中保持在1 000μm以上.     

HRT对改良式A2/O-BAF反硝化除磷脱氮的影响

研究HRT(水力停留时间)对改良式A~2/O-BAF双污泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮的影响.进水COD、NH~+_4-N和TP分别为189.6、 60.4和5.1mg·L~(-1),HRT分别为9、 8、 7和6 h时,COD出水平均浓度均小于42mg·L~(-1),NH~+_4-N出水平均浓度分别为2.4、 2.8、 3.3和6.5mg·L~(-1),TP出水平均浓度分别为0.3、 0.4、 0.7和0.8mg·L~(-1);系统缺氧段反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例(DPAOs/PAOs)从76.8%递减到48.8%;HRT为8 h时,通过数理统计方法得出反硝化除磷脱氮比(ΔPO~(3-)_4/ΔNO~-_3-N)的概率密度高达37.5%,缺氧段ΔPO~(3-)_4/ΔNO~-_3-N为1.24(理论值1.41),此时反硝化脱氮除磷效果最佳;在整个试验过程中SVI值均低于100 mL·g~(-1),而MLVSS/MLSS从0.74逐渐下降到0.63,表明污泥活性逐渐降低.     

多次进水-曝气的好氧颗粒污泥系统实验

选用SBR反应器R1和R2接种污水处理厂活性污泥,以生活污水为进水,分别采用一次进水-曝气策略和多次进水-曝气策略运行,对运行过程中粒径变化及处理效果进行研究.实验表明,运行56和39 d后R1和R2成功实现污泥颗粒化;稳定运行后R1和R2中出水COD、 TN和TP浓度(mg·L~(-1))分别为29.7、 13.7、 0.31和19.2、 8.1、 0.37,去除率分别为87.7%、 75.6%、 95.1%和90.1%、 85.6%、 94.2%,其中颗粒平均粒径达到740μm和791μm.结果表明,相同运行时间下,R2中的出水NO~-_3-N浓度和出水TP浓度低于R1.运行后期,R1和R2中DPAO占全部PAOs的比值由最初11.17%分别增至25.47%和34.08%.与一次进水-曝气策略相比,采用多次进水-曝气策略运行在启动初期系统内NO~-_3-N浓度较低,PAOs受到的冲击更小,DPAO富集情况更好,除磷性能更好,利于AGS的形成.     

水蚯蚓微生物共生系统处理城镇污水工程规模试验研究

在生物接触氧化池中接种霍甫水丝蚓形成水蚯蚓与微生物的共生系统,水蚯蚓附着在填料的外层.当水蚯蚓湿重质量浓度为31.3 g/L左右时,系统中形成"污染物-微生物-水蚯蚓"循环食物链并基本达到平衡.长时间处理水量为20·000 m~3·d~(-1)的现场大规模对比工程试验研究表明,水蚯蚓可全面提高出水水质.当进水COD为130～459 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N为14.21～27.46 mg·L~(-1),TP 为1.60～6.93 mg·L~(-1),SS为60～466 mg·L~(-1)时,可使COD去除率提高8.7%,SS去除率提高13.6%.水蚯蚓会使系统的氨氮有所增加,适当的运行方式可使氨氮出水稳定在5mg·L~(-1)以下.水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统具有很好的除磷效果,有很强的抗冲击负荷能力及较大的处理潜能.     

碳源胁迫下脱氮除磷颗粒污泥性能变化及其机制

在SBR反应器中,逐步提高颗粒污泥反应器进水葡萄糖比例(醋酸钠/葡萄糖比分别为1∶0、3∶1、1∶1、1∶3和0∶1,以COD计)研究碳源胁迫下,5个阶段污泥的物理性能、生化反应性能、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)、磷组分以及反应器脱氮除磷等变化.反应器运行705 d结果表明,阶段Ⅳ污泥结构松散,平均粒径仅为0.5 mm,污泥释/吸磷速率、反硝化速率及总磷(total phosphorus,TP)含量最低,系统脱氮除磷效果最差;阶段Ⅰ和Ⅱ,污泥释/吸磷速率和反硝化速率较快,TP在72.36 mg·g~(-1)以上,EPS高达350 mg·g~(-1)左右,系统氮和磷去除率在94%以上;阶段V中,生化速率略慢于阶段Ⅰ和Ⅱ,污泥TP 69.60 mg·g~(-1),糖原高达224.18 mg·g~(-1),EPS约为200 mg·g~(-1),系统表现出良好的脱氮除磷性能.各阶段污泥中,与Ca结合态磷(Ca-P)是污泥中磷的主要构成,无机磷(inorganic phosphorus,IP)对颗粒污泥除磷有重要影响.     

除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺启动及性能恢复

针对生活污水低碳氮比的水质特点,采用SBR反应器接种低温储存的强化生物除磷颗粒污泥,来启动除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺,通过控制曝气强度及污泥龄实现除磷亚硝化的稳定运行,为后置CANON或厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)提供进水。污泥龄为30d的条件下实现了出水TP小于0.5mg·L-1,COD浓度小于50mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐氮积累率达到了90%以上。实验还得出,过高的曝气强度使除磷亚硝化性能恶化,可采用降低曝气强度和减小污泥龄的方式来改善除磷性能。污泥龄为40d可以实现生活污水除磷亚硝化中的亚硝化性能进一步恢复,最终实现出水磷浓度保持在0.5mg·L-1以下,COD及TP去除率分别稳定在80%及95%,亚硝酸盐积累率保持在90%以上,SVI值从初始的63mL·g-1降低到35mL·g-1,颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,颗粒粒径在整个运行过程中保持在1000μm以上。     

污水处理厂SNAD工艺小试

在污水处理厂室外,以A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)生物滤柱反应器.反应器启动成功后,进水中投加葡萄糖作为有机碳源,启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺,研究SNAD生物滤柱处理城市生活污水的效果.结果表明,第119～128 d,CANON工艺氨氮去除率大于95%,最大出水总氮浓度为13. 0 mg·L~(-1),超过了北京市地标一级A排放标准.第129 d在进水中投加葡萄糖30 mg·L~(-1)启动SNAD工艺,第133～187 d时SNAD工艺总氮去除率在85%左右,出水总氮浓度为5. 5～7. 3 mg·L~(-1).第195d观察到滤柱出现堵塞现象,在第196 d对反应器进行反冲洗,反冲洗后的30d期间,反应器总氮去除率大于85%,出水总氮浓度维持在6. 2～7. 2 mg·L~(-1).与CANON工艺相比,SNAD工艺提高了总氮去除率,将出水总氮浓度降低了6 mg·L~(-1),使出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到北京市地标一级A标准.     

阶梯曝气对城市污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

为实现低C/N城市污水的同步脱氮除磷,采用SBR反应器以厌氧/好氧(A/O)为运行方式,在保持总曝气量900 L不变的条件下调整曝气策略[将均匀曝气2. 81 L·(h·L)-1改为先高强度4. 22 L·(h·L)-1后低强度1. 88 L·(h·L)-1的"高/低曝气"和先低强度1. 88 L·(h·L)-1后高强度4. 22 L·(h·L)-1的"低/高曝气"].试验考察了不同曝气策略下系统的脱氮除磷性能及污泥特性.结果表明,高/低曝气下系统的脱氮除磷效果最佳,出水NH_4+-N、NO_2--N、NO_3--N和TP浓度分别为0、0. 15、8. 12和0. 04 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)去除率分别为78. 33%和99. 19%,同步硝化内源反硝化(SNED)作用明显,SNED率为77. 08%.且相比于均匀曝气,系统硝化速率及反硝化速率均增加,反硝化速率(以N/VSS计)达到整个运行过程中的最大值,为14. 33 mg·(g·h)-1,同时颗粒污泥密实度、沉降性能及稳定性提高,污泥容积指数(SVI)为23. 49 m L·g~(-1).调整曝气策略为低/高曝气后,系统脱氮除磷性能变差,TN和TP去除率均降至最低,分别为51. 26%和58. 32%,但此时系统硝化性能最佳,氨氧化速率和硝酸盐生成速率均达到整个运行过程中的最大值,分别为14. 92 mg·(g·h)-1和7. 50 mg·(g·h)-1,同时颗粒污泥中丝状菌大量繁殖、结构松散、沉降性及稳定性均变差,SVI升至40. 76 m L·g~(-1).故采取高/低阶梯曝气策略有利于AGS系统高效脱氮除磷及提高稳定性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...